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57-969: Magahi ( 𑂧𑂏𑂯𑂲 ), also known as Magadhi ( 𑂧𑂏𑂡𑂲 ), is a Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bihar , Jharkhand and West Bengal states of eastern India , and in the Terai of Nepal . Magadhi Prakrit was the ancestor of Magahi, from which the latter's name derives. It has a very rich and old tradition of folk songs and stories. It is spoken in approx eleven districts of Bihar ( Gaya , Bhagalpur , Patna , Jehanabad , Aurangabad , Nalanda , Sheikhpura , Nawada , Lakhisarai , Arwal , Jamui ), eight districts of Jharkhand ( Hazaribag , Palamu , Chatra , Koderma , Jamtara , Bokaro , Dhanbad , Giridih ) and in West Bengal 's Malda district . There are around 20,700,000 speakers of Magahi, including 12 million Magahi speakers and 8 million Khortha speakers, which

114-532: A lexicostatistical study of the New Indo-Aryan languages based on a 100-word Swadesh list , using techniques developed by the glottochronologist and comparative linguist Sergei Starostin . That grouping system is notable for Kogan's exclusion of Dardic from Indo-Aryan on the basis of his previous studies showing low lexical similarity to Indo-Aryan (43.5%) and negligible difference with similarity to Iranian (39.3%). He also calculated Sinhala–Dhivehi to be

171-819: A branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family . As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated east of the Indus river in Bangladesh , North India , Eastern Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Maldives and Nepal . Moreover, apart from the Indian subcontinent , large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in Northwestern Europe , Western Asia , North America ,

228-591: A good number of ballads. The introduction of Urdu meant a setback to local languages as its Persian script was alien to local people. The first success in spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced Urdu as the official language of the province. After independence, Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950 ignoring the state's own languages. There are several dialects of Magahi. It

285-529: A space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the zero-width non-joiner . As part of the russification of Central Asia , the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s. The alphabet has remained Cyrillic since then. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik

342-499: A standardised and Sanskritised register of Dehlavi , is the official language of the Government of India (along with English ). Together with Urdu , it is the third most-spoken language in the world. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Magadhan languages, are spoken throughout the eastern subcontinent, including Odisha and Bihar , alongside other regions surrounding the northwestern Himalayan corridor. Bengali

399-613: A subfamily of Indo-Aryan. The Dardic group as a genetic grouping (rather than areal) has been scrutinised and questioned to a degree by recent scholarship: Southworth, for example, says "the viability of Dardic as a genuine subgroup of Indo-Aryan is doubtful" and "the similarities among [Dardic languages] may result from subsequent convergence". The Dardic languages are thought to be transitional with Punjabi and Pahari (e.g. Zoller describes Kashmiri as "an interlink between Dardic and West Pahāṛī"), as well as non-Indo-Aryan Nuristani; and are renowned for their relatively conservative features in

456-400: A word that ends with a vowel, letters ع , ه and و respectively become the proxy letters for zebar , zir and piš , e.g. نو ( now , meaning "new") or بسته ( bast-e , meaning "package"). Nunation ( Persian : تنوین , tanvin ) is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics to a noun or adjective to indicate that the word ends in an alveolar nasal sound without

513-659: Is cursive , meaning most letters in a word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letter forms. The Persian alphabet is directly derived and developed from the Arabic alphabet . The Arabic alphabet was introduced to the Persian-speaking world after the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century. Following which,

570-661: Is 10 last letters not corresponding to a letter in the Phoenician alphabet and also the Northwest Semitic abjad as well as the Arabic alphabet. The names of the letters are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is he , which is used for both ح and ه . For clarification, they are often called ḥä-ye jimi (literally " jim -like ḥe " after jim ,

627-583: Is considered a dialect of Magahi. Magahi derived from the ancient Magadhi Prakrit , which was created in the ancient kingdom of Magadha , the core of which was the area south of the Ganges and east of Son River . Though the number of speakers in Magahi is about 12.7 million, it has not been constitutionally recognised in India. In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters. Magahi

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684-591: Is dear" (Mayrhofer II 182), Priyamazda ( priiamazda ) as Priyamedha "whose wisdom is dear" (Mayrhofer II 189, II378), Citrarata as Citraratha "whose chariot is shining" (Mayrhofer I 553), Indaruda/Endaruta as Indrota "helped by Indra " (Mayrhofer I 134), Shativaza ( šattiṷaza ) as Sātivāja "winning the race price" (Mayrhofer II 540, 696), Šubandhu as Subandhu "having good relatives" (a name in Palestine , Mayrhofer II 209, 735), Tushratta ( tṷišeratta, tušratta , etc.) as *tṷaiašaratha, Vedic Tvastar "whose chariot

741-656: Is in many cases somewhat arbitrary. The classification of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial, with many transitional areas that are assigned to different branches depending on classification. There are concerns that a tree model is insufficient for explaining the development of New Indo-Aryan, with some scholars suggesting the wave model . The following table of proposals is expanded from Masica (1991) (from Hoernlé to Turner), and also includes subsequent classification proposals. The table lists only some modern Indo-Aryan languages. Anton I. Kogan , in 2016, conducted

798-458: Is not certain when exactly it took place. It was probably such an unidentified period during which modern Indian languages begin to take modern shape. By the end of the 12th century, the development of Apabhramsa reached its climax. Gujarati , Marathi, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Assamese, Oriya, Maithili and other modern languages took definite shape in their literary writings in the beginning of the 14th century. The distinct shape of Magadhi can be seen in

855-547: Is spoken by non-tribal populace in North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand which comprises districts of Bokaro , Chatra , Dhanbad , Giridih , Hazaribagh , Koderma and Ramgarh . People of Southern Bihar and Northern Jharkhand are mostly speakers of Magahi. Magahi is also spoken in Malda district of West Bengal . According to 2011 Census, there were approximately 12.7 million Magahi speakers. Apart from India it

912-602: Is spoken in the area which formed the core of the ancient kingdom of Magadha - the modern districts of Patna , Nalanda , Gaya , Jehanabad , Arwal , Aurangabad , Lakhisarai , Sheikhpura and Nawada . Magahi is bounded on the north by the various forms of Maithili spoken in Mithila across the Ganga. On the west it is bounded by the Bhojpuri , On the northeast it is bounded by Angika . A blend of Magahi known as Khortha

969-570: Is spoken in various districts of south eastern Nepal. Indo-Aryan language Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes simply Indic languages ) are

1026-577: Is suggested that "proto-Munda" languages may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain , and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east. Marathi-Konkani languages are ultimately descended from Maharashtri Prakrit , whereas Insular Indo-Aryan languages are descended from Elu Prakrit and possess several characteristics that markedly distinguish them from most of their mainland Indo-Aryan counterparts. Insular Indo-Aryan languages (of Sri Lanka and Maldives ) started developing independently and diverging from

1083-418: Is the earliest stage of the Indo-Aryan branch, from which all known languages of the later stages Middle and New Indo-Aryan are derived, some documented Middle Indo-Aryan variants cannot fully be derived from the documented form of Old Indo-Aryan (on which Vedic and Classical Sanskrit are based), but betray features that must go back to other undocumented dialects of Old Indo-Aryan. Persian alphabet It

1140-653: Is the most notable exception to this. During the colonization of Central Asia, many languages in the Soviet Union , including Persian, were reformed by the government. This ultimately resulted in the Cyrillic-based alphabet used in Tajikistan today. See: Tajik alphabet § History . Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on

1197-568: Is the official language of Gujarat , and is spoken by over 50 million people. In Europe, various Romani languages are spoken by the Romani people , an itinerant community who historically migrated from India. The Western Indo-Aryan languages are thought to have diverged from their northwestern counterparts, although they have a common antecedent in Shauraseni Prakrit . Within India, Central Indo-Aryan languages are spoken primarily in

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1254-567: Is the seventh most-spoken language in the world, and has a strong literary tradition; the national anthems of India and Bangladesh are written in Bengali. Assamese and Odia are the official languages of Assam and Odisha , respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa and ultimately from Magadhi Prakrit . Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages , while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. It

1311-661: Is vehement" (Mayrhofer, Etym. Wb., I 686, I 736). The earliest evidence of the group is from Vedic Sanskrit , that is used in the ancient preserved texts of the Indian subcontinent , the foundational canon of the Hindu synthesis known as the Vedas . The Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni is of similar age to the language of the Rigveda , but the only evidence of it is a few proper names and specialized loanwords. While Old Indo-Aryan

1368-588: The Arabic language became the principal language of government and religious institutions in Persia , which led to the widespread usage of the Arabic script. Classical Persian literature and poetry were affected by this simultaneous usage of Arabic and Persian . A new influx of Arabic vocabulary soon entered the Persian language. In the 8th century, the Tahirid dynasty and Samanid dynasty officially adopted

1425-745: The Caribbean , Southeast Africa , Polynesia and Australia , along with several million speakers of Romani languages primarily concentrated in Southeastern Europe . There are over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages. Modern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Old Indo-Aryan languages such as early Vedic Sanskrit , through Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Prakrits ). The largest such languages in terms of first-speakers are Hindi–Urdu ( c.  330 million ), Bengali (242 million), Punjabi (about 150 million), Marathi (112 million), and Gujarati (60 million). A 2005 estimate placed

1482-539: The Dohakosha written by Sarahapa and Kauhapa. Magadhi had a setback due to the transition period of the Magadha administration. Traditionally, strolling bards recite long epic poems in this dialect, and it was because of this that the word "Magadhi" came to mean "a bard". Devanagari is the most widely used script in present times, while Bengali and Odia scripts are also used in some regions and Magahi's old script

1539-518: The Miscellaneous Symbols range. In Unicode 1.0 this symbol was known as SYMBOL OF IRAN . It is a stylization of الله ( Allah ) used as the emblem of Iran . It is also a part of the flag of Iran . The Unicode Standard has a compatibility character defined U+FDFC ﷼ RIAL SIGN that can represent ریال , the Persian name of the currency of Iran . The Persian alphabet has four extra letters that are not in

1596-553: The state language . In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian , placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed adoption. In 1999,

1653-404: The 6 vowels of Farsi. See Persian Phonology In Farsi, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an inflection , when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent alef which carries the short vowel, e.g. اُمید ( omid , meaning "hope"). In

1710-739: The Arabic alphabet: / p / , / t͡ʃ / ( ch in chair ), / ʒ / ( s in measure ), / ɡ / . An additional fifth letter ڤ was used for /β/ ( v in Spanish huevo ) but it is no longer used. Persian uses the Eastern Arabic numerals , but the shapes of the digits 'four' ( ۴ ), 'five' ( ۵ ), and 'six' ( ۶ ) are different from the shapes used in Arabic. All the digits also have different codepoints in Unicode : sefr yek do se čahâr panj šeš haft hašt no Typically, words are separated from each other by

1767-592: The Arabic script for writing Persian, followed by the Saffarid dynasty in the 9th century, gradually displacing the various Pahlavi scripts used for the Persian language prior. By the 9th-century, the Perso-Arabic alphabet became the dominant form of writing in Greater Khorasan . Under the influence of various Persian Empires, many languages in Central and South Asia that adopted the Arabic script use

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1824-750: The Mittani are either in Hurrian (which appears to have been the predominant language of their kingdom) or Akkadian (the main diplomatic language of the Late Bronze Age Near East), these apparently Indo-Aryan names suggest that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the Hurrians in the course of the Indo-Aryan expansion . If these traces are Indo-Aryan, they would be the earliest known direct evidence of Indo-Aryan, and would increase

1881-663: The Persian Alphabet as the basis of their writing systems. Today, extended versions of the Persian alphabet are used to write a wide variety of Indo-Iranian languages , including Kurdish , Balochi , Pashto , Urdu (from Classical Hindostani ), Saraiki , Panjabi , Sindhi and Kashmiri . In the past the use of the Persian alphabet was common amongst Turkic languages , but today is relegated to those spoken within Iran, such as Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Qashqai , Chaharmahali and Khalaj . The Uyghur language in western China

1938-486: The addition of the letter nun. Taught in Islamic nations to complement Quran education. The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the lâm alef . As to ﺀ ( hamza ), it has only one graphical form since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vâv , ye or alef , and in that case,

1995-612: The context of Proto-Indo-Aryan . The Northern Indo-Aryan languages , also known as the Pahari ('hill') languages, are spoken throughout the Himalayan regions of the subcontinent. Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in the northwestern region of India and eastern region of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken predominantly in the Punjab region and is the official language of the northern Indian state of Punjab , in addition to being

2052-471: The continental Indo-Aryan languages from around 5th century BCE. The following languages are otherwise unclassified within Indo-Aryan: Dates indicate only a rough time frame. Proto-Indo-Aryan (or sometimes Proto-Indic ) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans . Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be

2109-689: The final form and the letter و vâv takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and ز also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word. Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics : zabar / æ / ( fatḥah in Arabic), zēr / e / ( kasrah in Arabic), and pēš / ou̯ / or / o / ( ḍammah in Arabic, pronounced zamme in Western Persian ), tanwīne nasb / æ n / and šaddah ( gemination ). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords in Persian. Of

2166-425: The following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter ا alef is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا injâ ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated alef . In the case of امروز emruz ("today"), the letter ر re takes

2223-482: The four Arabic diacritics, the Persian language has adopted the following three for short vowels. The last one, sukūn , which indicates the lack of a vowel, has not been adopted. (Farsi/Dari) ^a. There is no standard transliteration for Persian. The letters 'i' and 'u' are only ever used as short vowels when transliterating Dari or Tajik Persian. See Persian Phonology ^b. Diacritics differ by dialect, due to Dari having 8 distinct vowels compared to

2280-405: The horse race). The numeral aika "one" is of particular importance because it places the superstrate in the vicinity of Indo-Aryan proper as opposed to Indo-Iranian in general or early Iranian (which has aiva ). Another text has babru ( babhru , "brown"), parita ( palita , "grey"), and pinkara ( pingala , "red"). Their chief festival was the celebration of the solstice ( vishuva ) which

2337-465: The left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word. These include the 22 letters corresponding to a letter in the Phoenician alphabet or the Northwest Semitic abjad, 6 extra letters not in any of the 22 letters of the Phoenician alphabet or the Northwest Semitic abjad and 4 extra letters not in any of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet . These combined total letters

Magahi language - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-468: The modern language. The development of the Magahi language into its current form is unknown. However, linguists have concluded that Magahi along with Assamese , Bengali , Bhojpuri , Maithili and Oriya originated from the Magadhi Prakrit during the 8th to 11th centuries. These different but sister dialects differentiated themselves and took their own course of growth and development. But it

2451-502: The most divergent Indo-Aryan branch. Nevertheless, the modern consensus of Indo-Aryan linguists tends towards the inclusion of Dardic based on morphological and grammatical features. The Inner–Outer hypothesis argues for a core and periphery of Indo-Aryan languages, with Outer Indo-Aryan (generally including Eastern and Southern Indo-Aryan, and sometimes Northwestern Indo-Aryan, Dardic and Pahari ) representing an older stratum of Old Indo-Aryan that has been mixed to varying degrees with

2508-582: The most widely-spoken language in Pakistan. Sindhi and its variants are spoken natively in the Pakistani province of Sindh and neighbouring regions. Northwestern languages are ultimately thought to be descended from Shauraseni Prakrit , with influence from Persian and Arabic . Western Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in central and western India, in states such as Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan , in addition to contiguous regions in Pakistan. Gujarati

2565-497: The name for the letter ج that uses the same base form) and hâ-ye do-češm (literally "two-eyed he ", after the contextual middle letterform ـهـ ), respectively. Historically, in Early New Persian , there was a special letter for the sound / β / . This letter is no longer used, as the /β/ -sound changed to / b / , e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβān/ > زبان /zæbɒːn/ 'language'. Another obsolete variant of

2622-542: The newer stratum that is Inner Indo-Aryan. It is a contentious proposal with a long history, with varying degrees of claimed phonological and morphological evidence. Since its proposal by Rudolf Hoernlé in 1880 and refinement by George Grierson it has undergone numerous revisions and a great deal of debate, with the most recent iteration by Franklin Southworth and Claus Peter Zoller based on robust linguistic evidence (particularly an Outer past tense in -l- ). Some of

2679-651: The precision in dating the split between the Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages (as the texts in which the apparent Indicisms occur can be dated with some accuracy). In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the deities Mitra , Varuna , Indra , and the Ashvins ( Nasatya ) are invoked. Kikkuli 's horse training text includes technical terms such as aika (cf. Sanskrit eka , "one"), tera ( tri , "three"), panza ( panca , "five"), satta ( sapta , seven), na ( nava , "nine"), vartana ( vartana , "turn", round in

2736-581: The predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as Vedic and Mitanni-Aryan . Despite the great archaicity of Vedic, however, the other Indo-Aryan languages preserve a small number of conservative features lost in Vedic . Some theonyms, proper names, and other terminology of the Late Bronze Age Mitanni civilization of Upper Mesopotamia exhibit an Indo-Aryan superstrate. While what few written records left by

2793-435: The seat behaves like an ordinary vâv , ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamza is not a letter but a diacritic. Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently. Unicode has accepted U+262B ☫ FARSI SYMBOL in

2850-545: The theory's skeptics include Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Colin P. Masica . The below classification follows Masica (1991) , and Kausen (2006) . Percentage of Indo-Aryan speakers by native language: The Dardic languages (also Dardu or Pisaca) are a group of Indo-Aryan languages largely spoken in the northwestern extremities of the Indian subcontinent. Dardic was first formulated by George Abraham Grierson in his Linguistic Survey of India but he did not consider it to be

2907-402: The total number of native speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages at nearly 900 million people. Other estimates are higher suggesting a figure of 1.5 billion speakers of Indo-Aryan languages. The Indo-Aryan family as a whole is thought to represent a dialect continuum , where languages are often transitional towards neighboring varieties. Because of this, the division into languages vs. dialects

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2964-473: The twenty-sixth letter گ / g / is ݣ‎ which used to appear in old manuscripts. ^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only; in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. ^ii. Persian yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below. Seven letters ( و , ژ , ز , ر , ذ , د , ا ) do not connect to

3021-554: The western Gangetic plains , including Delhi and parts of the Central Highlands , where they are often transitional with neighbouring lects. Many of these languages, including Braj and Awadhi , have rich literary and poetic traditions. Urdu , a Persianised derivative of Dehlavi descended from Shauraseni Prakrit , is the official language of Pakistan and also has strong historical connections to India , where it also has been designated with official status. Hindi ,

3078-483: Was Kaithi script. The pronunciation in Magahi is not as broad as in Maithili and there are a number of verbal forms for each person. Historically, Magahi had no famous written literature. There are many popular songs throughout the area in which the language is spoken, and strolling bards recite various long epic poems which are known more or less over the whole of Northern India. In Magahi speaking area, folk singers sing

3135-587: Was common in most cultures in the ancient world. The Mitanni warriors were called marya , the term for "warrior" in Sanskrit as well; note mišta-nnu (= miẓḍha , ≈ Sanskrit mīḍha ) "payment (for catching a fugitive)" (M. Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen , Heidelberg, 1986–2000; Vol. II:358). Sanskritic interpretations of Mitanni royal names render Artashumara ( artaššumara ) as Ṛtasmara "who thinks of Ṛta " (Mayrhofer II 780), Biridashva ( biridašṷa, biriiašṷ a) as Prītāśva "whose horse

3192-405: Was legally absorbed under Hindi in the 1961 Census. The ancestor of Magahi, Magadhi Prakrit , formed in the Indian subcontinent. These regions were part of the ancient kingdom of Magadha , the core of which was the area of Bihar south of the river Ganga . The name Magahi is directly derived from the word Magadhi, and many educated speakers of Magahi prefer the name "Magadhi" over Magahi for

3249-550: Was the basis of many Arabic-based scripts used in Central and South Asia. It is used for the Iranian and Dari standard varieties of Persian; and is one of two official writing systems for the Persian language, alongside the Cyrillic -based Tajik alphabet . The script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left ; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script

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