Misplaced Pages

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42-405: The MT/ST automated word wrap , but it had no screen, automated hyphenation ( soft hyphens were available), or concept of the page; pages had to be divided and numbered by the human operator during playback. Instruction manuals taught the operator the importance of listening to the sounds of the machine during playback. The backspace key backed up the tape so a character could be recorded over; there

84-431: A hard space or non-breaking space between the words, instead of regular spaces. In Chinese , Japanese , and Korean , word wrapping can usually occur before and after any Han character , but certain punctuation characters are not allowed to begin a new line. Japanese kana are treated the same way as Han Characters ( Kanji ) by extension, meaning words can, and tend to be, broken without any explicit indication that

126-640: A sprite system that animated pre-loaded sprites over a scrolling background, which became the basis for Nintendo 's Radar Scope and Donkey Kong arcade hardware and home consoles such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . Parallax scrolling , which was first featured in Moon Patrol , involves several semi-transparent layers (called playfields), which scroll on top of each other at varying rates in order to give an early pseudo-3D illusion of depth. Belt scrolling

168-436: A display, horizontal scrolling is required to view all of it. In applications such as graphics and spreadsheets there is often more content than can fit either the width or the height of the screen at a comfortable scale, and scrolling in both directions is necessary. In 2006, Aza Raskin developed the infinite scrolling technique, whereby pagination of web pages is eliminated, in favor of continuously loading content as

210-428: A keypress and continue without further intervention until a further user action, or be entirely controlled by input devices . Scrolling may take place in discrete increments (perhaps one or a few lines of text at a time), or continuously ( smooth scrolling ). Frame rate is the speed at which an entire image is redisplayed. It is related to scrolling in that changes to text and image position can only happen as often as

252-400: A mode identified by a small hand icon (" hand tool ") on the document, which can then be dragged by clicking on it and moving the mouse as if sliding a large sheet of paper. When this feature is implemented on a touchscreen it is called kinetic scrolling . Touch-screens often use inertial scrolling , in which the scrolling motion of an object continues in a decaying fashion after release of

294-463: A multiple-line format, but the several lines are understood to be a single paragraph. Line breaks are needed to divide the words of the address into lines of the appropriate length. In the contemporary graphical word processors Microsoft Word and Libreoffice Writer , users are expected to type a carriage return ( ↵ Enter ) between each paragraph. Formatting settings, such as first-line indentation or spacing between paragraphs, take effect where

336-470: A playing field allows the player to control an object in a large contiguous area. Early examples of this method include Taito 's 1974 vertical-scrolling racing video game Speed Race , Sega 's 1976 forward-scrolling racing games Moto-Cross ( Fonz ) and Road Race , and Super Bug . Previously the flip-screen method was used to indicate moving backgrounds. The Namco Galaxian arcade system board introduced with Galaxian in 1979 pioneered

378-438: A single line as will fit the width of the screen or window or, for text organised in columns, each column. Scrolling texts, also referred to as scrolltexts or scrollers , played an important part in the birth of the computer demo culture . The software crackers often used their deep knowledge of computer platforms to transform the information that accompanied their releases into crack intros . The sole role of these intros

420-592: A time; this paging mode requires fewer resources than scrolling. Scrolling displays often also support page mode. Typically certain keys or key combinations page up or down; on PC-compatible keyboards the page up and page down keys or the space bar are used; earlier computers often used control key combinations. Some computer mice have a scroll wheel , which scrolls the display, often vertically, when rolled; others have scroll balls or tilt wheels which allow both vertical and horizontal scrolling. Some software supports other ways of scrolling. Adobe Reader has

462-572: A word continues on the next line. Under certain circumstances, however, word wrapping is not desired. For instance, Most existing word processors and typesetting software cannot handle either of the above scenarios. CJK punctuation may or may not follow rules similar to the above-mentioned special circumstances. It is up to line breaking rules in CJK . Word wrapping is an optimization problem . Depending on what needs to be optimized for, different algorithms are used. A simple way to do word wrapping

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504-401: Is a <br> tag that has the same purpose as the soft return in word processors described above. The Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm determines a set of positions, known as break opportunities , that are appropriate places in which to begin a new line. The actual line break positions are picked from among the break opportunities by the higher level software that calls the algorithm, not by

546-424: Is a method used in side-scrolling beat 'em up games with a downward camera angle where players can move up and down in addition to left and right. A 1993 article by George Fitzmaurice studied spatially aware palmtop computers . These devices had a 3D sensor, and moving the device caused the contents to move as if the contents were fixed in place. This interaction could be referred to as “moving to scroll.” Also, if

588-606: Is breaking a section of text into lines so that it will fit into the available width of a page, window or other display area. In text display, line wrap is continuing on a new line when a line is full, so that each line fits into the viewable window, allowing text to be read from top to bottom without any horizontal scrolling . Word wrap is the additional feature of most text editors , word processors , and web browsers , of breaking lines between words rather than within words, where possible. Word wrap makes it unnecessary to hard-code newline delimiters within paragraphs, and allows

630-529: Is sliding text, images or video across a monitor or display, vertically or horizontally. "Scrolling," as such, does not change the layout of the text or pictures but moves ( pans or tilts ) the user's view across what is apparently a larger image that is not wholly seen. A common television and movie special effect is to scroll credits, while leaving the background stationary. Scrolling may take place completely without user intervention (as in film credits) or, on an interactive device, be triggered by touchscreen or

672-450: Is the width of a line, SpaceLeft is the remaining width of space on the line to fill, SpaceWidth is the width of a single space character, Text is the input text to iterate over and Word is a word in this text. A different algorithm, used in TeX , minimizes the sum of the squares of the lengths of the spaces at the end of lines to produce a more aesthetically pleasing result than

714-457: Is to use a greedy algorithm that puts as many words on a line as possible, then moving on to the next line to do the same until there are no more words left to place. This method is used by many modern word processors, such as Libreoffice Writer and Microsoft Word. This algorithm always uses the minimum possible number of lines but may lead to lines of widely varying lengths. The following pseudocode implements this algorithm: Where LineWidth

756-441: The 58th character, or at the 70th character if no space character was found. The greedy algorithm for line-breaking predates the dynamic programming method outlined by Donald Knuth in an unpublished 1977 memo describing his TeX typesetting system and later published in more detail by Knuth & Plass (1981). Scrolling In computer displays , filmmaking , television production , and other kinetic displays, scrolling

798-459: The Selectric, with three type sizes (10, 12, and 15 characters per inch), fractional interword spacing, bold , italic (but not bold italic ), and a variety of serif and sans-serif typefaces, such as Bodoni , Univers , Times Roman , and the like. It produced fully justified, camera-ready output, but the manual version required that each line be typed twice, once to calculate the size of

840-425: The algorithm itself, because only the higher level software knows about the width of the display the text is displayed on and the width of the glyphs that make up the displayed text. The Unicode character set provides a line separator character as well as a paragraph separator to represent the semantics of the soft return and hard return. The soft returns are usually placed after the ends of complete words, or after

882-465: The carriage return marks the break. A non-paragraph line break, which is a soft return, is inserted using ⇧ Shift + ↵ Enter or via the menus, and is provided for cases when the text should start on a new line but none of the other side effects of starting a new paragraph are desired. In text-oriented markup languages, a soft return is typically offered as a markup tag. For example, in HTML there

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924-455: The device with one hand. A study from 2013 by Selina Sharmin, Oleg Špakov, and Kari-Jouko Räihä explored the action of reading text on a screen while the text auto-scrolls based on the user's eye tracking patterns. The control group simply read text on a screen and manually scrolled. The study found that participants preferred to read primarily at the top of the screen, so the screen scrolled down whenever participants’ eyes began to look toward

966-403: The direction desired; when the mouse is moved to the original position, scrolling stops. A few scroll wheels can also be tilted, scrolling horizontally in one direction until released. On touchscreen devices, scrolling is a multi-touch gesture, done by swiping a finger on the screen vertically in the direction opposite to where the user wants to scroll to. If any content is too wide to fit on

1008-478: The display of text to adapt flexibly and dynamically to displays of varying sizes. A soft return or soft wrap is the break resulting from line wrap or word wrap (whether automatic or manual), whereas a hard return or hard wrap is an intentional break, creating a new paragraph. With a hard return, paragraph-break formatting can (and should) be applied (either indenting or vertical whitespace). Soft wrapping allows line lengths to adjust automatically with adjustments to

1050-499: The greedy algorithm, which does not always minimize squared space. A primitive line-breaking feature was used in 1955 in a "page printer control unit" developed by Western Union . This system used relays rather than programmable digital computers, and therefore needed a simple algorithm that could be implemented without data buffers . In the Western Union system, each line was broken at the first space character to appear after

1092-502: The image can be redisplayed. When frame rate is a limiting factor, one smooth scrolling technique is to blur images during movement that would otherwise appear to "jump". Scrolling is often carried out on a computer by the CPU ( software scrolling ) or by a graphics processor . Some systems feature hardware scrolling , where an image may be offset as it is displayed, without any frame buffer manipulation (see also hardware windowing ). This

1134-475: The need to stop the Composer twice whenever a typeface was changed or italic was used (once to change it and again to change it back), sometimes multiple times in the same sentence, could significantly slow down the procedure. The choice of element to be changed—which typeball would be installed—was manual and used information given to the operator but not encoded in the data stream. Like a typesetter, for example,

1176-1495: The operator needed to know that titles are italicized. Word wrap Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Line breaking , also known as word wrapping ,

1218-424: The precise interword spaces and a repeat typing to precisely insert them. The MT/SC automated the Composer, and it printed at approximately the speed of the Selectric typewriter, automating the interword spaces and thus justifying the output. The MT/ST and MT/SC combination (two machines) put the rapid production of camera-ready copy, for the first time, within the budget of a small to medium-sized publisher. However,

1260-431: The punctuation that follows complete words. However, word wrap may also occur following a hyphen inside of a word. This is sometimes not desired, and can be blocked by using a non-breaking hyphen , or hard hyphen , instead of a regular hyphen. A word without hyphens can be made wrappable by having soft hyphens in it. When the word isn't wrapped (i.e., isn't broken across lines), the soft hyphen isn't visible. But if

1302-515: The screen are often displayed wrapped and sized to fit the screen width, and scrolled vertically to bring desired content into view. It is possible to display lines too long to fit the display without wrapping, scrolling horizontally to view each entire line. However, this requires inconvenient constant line-by-line scrolling, while vertical scrolling is only needed after reading a full screenful. Software such as word processors and web browsers normally uses word-wrapping to display as many words in

IBM MT/ST - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-414: The touch, simulating the appearance of an object with inertia . An early implementation of such behavior was in the "Star7" PDA of Sun Microsystems ca. 1991–1992. Scrolling can be controlled in other software-dependent ways by a PC mouse. Some scroll wheels can be pressed down, functioning like a button. Depending on the software, this allows both horizontal and vertical scrolling by dragging in

1386-543: The user moved the device away from their body, they would zoom in; conversely, the device would zoom out if the user pulled the device closer to them. Smartphone cameras and “ optical flow ” image analysis utilize this technique nowadays. A 1996 research paper by Jun Rekimoto analyzed tilting operations as scrolling techniques on small screen interfaces. Users could not only tilt to scroll, but also tilt to select menu items. These techniques proved especially useful for field workers, since they only needed to hold and control

1428-534: The user scrolls down the page. Raskin later expressed regret at the invention, describing it as "one of the first products designed to not simply help a user, but to deliberately keep them online for as long as possible". Usability research suggests infinite scrolling can present an accessibility issue. The lack of stopping cues has been described as a pathway to smartphone addiction and social media addiction . In languages written horizontally , such as most Western languages, text documents longer than will fit on

1470-435: The width of the user's window or margin settings, and is a standard feature of all modern text editors, word processors, and email clients . Manual soft breaks are unnecessary when word wrap is done automatically, so hitting the "Enter" key usually produces a hard return. Alternatively, "soft return" can mean an intentional, stored line break that is not a paragraph break. For example, it is common to print postal addresses in

1512-481: The word is wrapped across lines, this is done at the soft hyphen, at which point it is shown as a visible hyphen on the top line where the word is broken. (In the rare case of a word that is meant to be wrappable by breaking it across lines but without making a hyphen ever appear, a zero-width space is put at the permitted breaking point(s) in the word.) Sometimes word wrap is undesirable between adjacent words. In such cases, word wrap can usually be blocked by using

1554-416: Was also a true backspace code, which allowed overstruck characters, like á . Insertion capabilities were limited: one could insert while copying from one tape station to the other; on a single tape one null character per line was reserved for insertions. A "switch code" instructed the playback to switch to the other tape drive. In a cumbersome way, points on the tape could be marked and jumped to. The MT/ST

1596-639: Was displaced by floppy disk -based systems. IBM discontinued support in 1983. In 1967 the Magnetic Tape Selectric Composer (MT/SC) appeared. It was an output device which played back tapes recorded and edited on the MT/ST. It was physically similar to the MT/ST, but its tape unit had only one tape reader. Built into the desk, instead of the Selectric typewriter, was an IBM Selectric Composer , previously an unautomated device. It used typeballs similar but not interchangeable with those of

1638-433: Was especially common in 8 and 16bit video game consoles. In a WIMP -style graphical user interface (GUI), user-controlled scrolling is carried out by manipulating a scrollbar with a mouse, or using keyboard shortcuts , often the arrow keys . Scrolling is often supported by text user interfaces and command line interfaces . Older computer terminals changed the entire contents of the display one screenful ("page") at

1680-462: Was not electronic; it implemented its functions through a bank of electromechanical relays . In 1967 IBM hired Muppets creator Jim Henson to produce and direct a short film on the MT/ST; the film, called Paperwork Explosion , was scored by electronic music pioneer Raymond Scott . The first novel to be written on a word processor , Len Deighton 's 1970 Second World War historical novel Bomber , about an RAF Bomber Command raid over Germany,

1722-405: Was to scroll the text on the screen in an impressive way. Scrolling is commonly used to display the credits at the end of films and television programs . Scrolling is often used in the form of a news ticker towards the bottom of the picture for content such as television news , scrolling sideways across the screen, delivering short-form content. In computer and video games , scrolling of

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1764-542: Was written on the MT/ST. The MT/ST was also used as a data entry device for early issues of the RILM Abstracts scholarly publication at the City University of New York Graduate Center . Cartridges created on the MT/ST were read by an IBM 2495 Tape Cartridge Reader onto an IBM System/360 mainframe for further processing before being sent to be printed. The MT/ST became obsolete in the 1970s, when it

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