Cosmetics are composed of mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources or synthetically created ones. Cosmetics have various purposes, including personal and skin care . They can also be used to conceal blemishes and enhance natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes ). Makeup can also add colour to a person's face, enhance a person's features or change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature, or object.
122-601: People have used cosmetics for thousands of years for skin care and appearance enhancement. Visible cosmetics for women and men have gone in and out of fashion over the centuries. Some early forms of cosmetics used harmful ingredients such as lead that caused serious health problems and sometimes resulted in death. Modern commercial cosmetics are generally tested for safety but may contain controversial ingredients, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), formaldehyde releasers , and ingredients that cause allergic reactions. The European Union and regulatory agencies around
244-424: A carbon-fluorine bond , one of the strongest in organic chemistry . They move through soils and bioaccumulate in fish and wildlife, which are then eaten by humans. Residues are now commonly found in rain and drinking water . Since PFAS compounds are highly mobile, they are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts , and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Due to
366-407: A disease or procedure and negatively affect its prognosis . They may also lead to non-compliance with a treatment regimen. Adverse effects of medical treatment resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013 up from 94,000 deaths in 1990 globally. The harmful outcome is usually indicated by some result such as morbidity , mortality , alteration in body weight , levels of enzymes , loss of function, or as
488-431: A medication or other intervention , such as surgery . An adverse effect may be termed a " side effect ", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect . The term complication is similar to adverse effect, but the latter is typically used in pharmacological contexts, or when the negative effect is expected or common. If the negative effect results from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure, this
610-451: A pathological change detected at the microscopic, macroscopic or physiological level. It may also be indicated by symptoms reported by a patient. Adverse effects may cause a reversible or irreversible change, including an increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the individual to other chemicals, foods , or procedures, such as drug interactions . In terms of drugs, adverse events may be defined as: "Any untoward medical occurrence in
732-456: A collateral or side effect of many interventions, but they are particularly important in pharmacology , due to its wider, and sometimes uncontrollable, use by way of self-medication . Thus, responsible drug use becomes an important issue here. Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs , so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics ,
854-531: A compromise must be found by the physician and the patient between the beneficial or life-saving consequences of surgery versus its adverse effects. For example, a limb may be lost to amputation in case of untreatable gangrene , but the patient's life is saved. Presently, one of the greatest advantages of minimally invasive surgery, such as laparoscopic surgery , is the reduction of adverse effects. Other nonsurgical physical procedures, such as high-intensity radiation therapy , may cause burns and alterations in
976-556: A few noted exceptions, any chemical with at least a perfluorinated methyl group ( −CF 3 ) or a perfluorinated methylene group ( −CF 2 − ) is a PFAS." This definition notably includes Carbon tetrafluoride . The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines PFAS in the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 5 as substances that contain "at least one of the following three structures: R−CF 2 −CF(R')R" , where both
1098-529: A field study published in 2021 by researchers at Stockholm University found that they are often transferred from water to air when waves reach land, are a significant source of air pollution , and eventually get into rain. The researchers concluded that pollution may impact large areas. In 2024, a worldwide study of 45,000 groundwater samples found that 31% of samples contained levels of PFAS that were harmful to human health; these samples were taken from areas not near any obvious source of contamination. Soil
1220-587: A form of pseudo-allergic reaction, as not all users experience these effects; many users experience none at all. The Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia ( MATCH-D ) warns that people with dementia are more likely to experience adverse effects, and that they are less likely to be able to reliably report symptoms. Sometimes, putative medical adverse effects are regarded as controversial and generate heated discussions in society and lawsuits against drug manufacturers. One example
1342-635: A group of synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain; there are 7 million such chemicals according to PubChem . PFAS came into use after the invention of Teflon in 1938 to make fluoropolymer coatings and products that resist heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They are now used in products including waterproof fabric such as Nylon , yoga pants , carpets, shampoo, feminine hygiene products, mobile phone screens, wall paint, furniture, adhesives, food packaging , heat-resistant non-stick cooking surfaces such as Teflon , firefighting foam , and
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#17327768515341464-578: A hot topic in medical spaces such as dermatology, due to the increase of young girls using anti-aging cream, despite only being around 11 years old. In the United States, "Under the law, cosmetic products and ingredients do not need FDA premarket approval." The EU and other regulatory agencies around the world have more stringent regulations. The FDA does not have to approve or review cosmetics, or what goes in them, before they are sold to consumers. The FDA only regulates some colors that can be used in
1586-562: A long legal battle against the Veneto Region and ISS, which for years has denied access to data, despite values known since or even before 2017. The Veneto region has not carried out further monitoring or taken resolutive actions to eliminate pollution and reduce, at least gradually, the contamination of non-potable water. Although in 2020 the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has reduced by more than four times
1708-464: A patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment." In clinical trials , a distinction is made between an adverse event and a serious adverse event . Generally, any event which causes death, permanent damage, birth defects , or requires hospitalization is considered a serious adverse event. The results of trials are often included in
1830-655: A person's face. In some cases, more extreme forms of makeup are used for performances, fashion shows , and people in costume and can change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature, or object. Techniques for changing appearance include contouring , which aims to give shape to an area of the face. Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body. Products used for haircare , such as permanent waves, hair colors , and hairsprays , are classified as cosmetic products as well. Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years, with ancient Egyptians and Sumerians using them. In Europe,
1952-412: A reduction in blood levels of drugs they are taking for other purposes, such as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, protease inhibitors for HIV and hormonal contraceptives . The scientific field of activity associated with drug safety is increasingly government-regulated, and is of major concern for the public, as well as to drug manufacturers . The distinction between adverse and nonadverse effects
2074-492: A result, many celebrities and influencers actively promote skincare routines or collaborate with beauty brands, making skincare and makeup more aspirational Alpha is also inspired by the "clean beauty" movement and inclusive beauty brands that champion self-expression, allowing them to feel more confident in exploring skincare and makeup." In 2023 and 2024, many people posting on social media have reported seeing girls, ranging from 10 to 12 in age in popular cosmetic stores, such as
2196-585: A series of projects to understand the scale and nature of PFAS in the environment. The Drinking Water Inspectorate requires water companies to report concentrations of 47 PFAS. Many PFASs are either not covered by European legislation or are excluded from registration obligations under the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) chemical regulation. Several PFASs have been detected in drinking water, municipal wastewater, and landfill leachates worldwide. In 2019,
2318-430: A severe, sometimes fatal complication which may result in persons who have eczema or atopic dermatitis . Diagnostic procedures may also have adverse effects, depending much on whether they are invasive , minimally invasive or noninvasive . For example, allergic reactions to radiocontrast materials often occur, and a colonoscopy may cause the perforation of the intestinal wall. Adverse effects can occur as
2440-443: A significant exposure source of PFOA , PFNA , PFHxS and PFOS for Swedish adolescents (ages 10–21). Even though the median concentrations in the municipality drinking water were below one ng/L for each individual PFAS, positive associations were found between adolescent serum PFAS concentrations and PFAS concentrations in drinking water. Adverse effect An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from
2562-435: A significant number of deaths, causing the forced or voluntary withdrawal of the drug from the market. Most drugs have a large list of nonsevere or mild adverse effects which do not rule out continued usage. These effects, which have a widely variable incidence according to individual sensitivity, include nausea , dizziness , diarrhea , malaise , vomiting , headache , dermatitis , dry mouth, etc. These can be considered
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#17327768515342684-460: A so-called restriction proposal based on the REACH regulation to achieve a European ban on the production, use, sale and import of PFAS. The proposal states that a ban is necessary for all use of PFAS, with different periods for different applications when the ban takes effect (immediately after the restriction comes into force, five years afterward, or 12 years afterward), depending on the function and
2806-607: A study concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent. Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston University study is questioned. Cosmetics products may be retailed in beauty stores , department stores and hypermarkets , drugstores , variety stores , grocery stores , beauty supply stores, and many other formats, and in similar types of online stores or the online presence of these types of physical stores. Cosmetic companies have changed their traditional methods of marketing by using social media influencers and brand ambassadors to market their products. During
2928-474: A subgroup of PFAS characterized by a hydrophobic fluorinated "tail" and a hydrophilic "head" that behave as surfactants . These are more effective at reducing the surface tension of water than comparable hydrocarbon surfactants. They include the perfluorosulfonic acids , such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and the perfluorocarboxylic acids like perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). As with other surfactants, fluorosurfactants tend to concentrate at
3050-595: A therapy. Part of the difficulty is identifying the source of a complaint. A headache in a patient taking medication for influenza may be caused by the underlying disease or may be an adverse effect of the treatment. In patients with end-stage cancer , death is a very likely outcome and whether the drug is the cause or a bystander is often difficult to discern. Surgery may have a number of undesirable or harmful effects, such as infection , hemorrhage , inflammation , scarring , loss of function, or changes in local blood flow . They can be reversible or irreversible, and
3172-518: A total industry profit of $ 4 billion per year on 16% profit margins . Due to health concerns, several companies have ended or plan to end the sale of PFAS or products that contain them; these include W. L. Gore & Associates (the maker of Gore-Tex ), H&M , Patagonia , REI , and 3M . PFAS producers have paid billions of dollars to settle litigation claims, the largest being a $ 10.3 billion settlement paid by 3M for water contamination in 2023. Studies have shown that companies have known of
3294-583: A variety of petrochemically derived agents. Inorganic compounds are processed minerals such as iron oxides , talc , and zinc oxide . The oxides of zinc and iron are classified as pigments , i.e., colorants that have no solubility in solvents. Cosmetic companies have become more transparent in the ingredients of their products because consumers are interested in the formula of their products. Handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream due to consumer concerns that certain chemicals in some skincare products may be harmful if absorbed through
3416-421: A wide range of cosmetics, including such products as lipstick , eye liner , mascara , foundation , concealer , lip balm , blush , nail polish . A 2021 study tested 231 personal care products and found organic fluorine, a hallmark of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. Substantial levels of fluorine were identified in tested brands of products as follows: 82% of the brands of waterproof mascara, 63% of
3538-756: Is a major undertaking when a new drug is developed and tested before marketing it. This is done in toxicity studies to determine the nonadverse effect level (NOAEL). These studies are used to define the dosage to be used in human testing (phase I), as well as to calculate the maximum admissible daily intake. Imperfections in clinical trials, such as insufficient number of patients or short duration, sometimes lead to public health disasters, such as those of fenfluramine (the so-called fen-phen episode), thalidomide and, more recently, of cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay) and rofecoxib (Vioxx), where drastic adverse effects were observed, such as teratogenesis , pulmonary hypertension , stroke , heart disease , neuropathy , and
3660-844: Is a shift towards anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and/or T-helper (TH2) response in intestinal epithelial tissue which allows sulfate-reducing bacteria to flourish. Elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide result, which reduce beta-oxidation and nutrient production, leading to a breakdown of the colonic epithelial barrier. Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid abnormality associated with PFAS exposure. PFASs have been shown to decrease thyroid peroxidase , resulting in decreased production and activation of thyroid hormones in vivo. Other proposed mechanisms include alterations in thyroid hormone signaling, metabolism and excretion as well as function of nuclear hormone receptor . Bioaccumulation controls internal concentrations of pollutants, including PFAS, in individual organisms. When bioaccumulation
3782-535: Is a standard step in skin care routines. Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics: Hair care is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to improve the appearance of hair. Perfumes or fragrances, are liquids that can be sprayed or applied to produce a long-lasting smell. They are created by mixing different compounds together. There are different groups of perfumes which are categorised according to their concentration. The difference between Eau de parfum and Eau de toilette
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3904-531: Is also an important player in the European cosmetic market. Although not as large as in other European countries , the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach €9 billion in 2007. The Italian cosmetic industry is dominated by hair and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italy, hair and body products make up approximately 30% of the cosmetic market. Makeup and facial care are
4026-569: Is also contaminated and the chemicals have been found in remote areas such as Antarctica . Soil contamination can result in higher levels of PFAs found in foods such as white rice, coffee, and animals reared on contaminated ground. From 2005 to 2013, three epidemiologists known as the C8 Science Panel conducted health studies in the Mid-Ohio Valley as part of a contingency to a class action lawsuit brought by communities in
4148-827: Is an important component of New Zealand's pharmacovigilance activities. The Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM) in Dunedin is New Zealand's national monitoring centre for adverse reactions. It collects and evaluates spontaneous reports of adverse reactions to medicines, vaccines, herbal products and dietary supplements from health professionals in New Zealand. Currently the CARM database holds over 80,000 reports and provides New Zealand-specific information on adverse reactions to these products, and serves to support clinical decision making when unusual symptoms are thought to be therapy related In Canada, adverse reaction reporting
4270-688: Is an important component of the surveillance of marketed health products conducted by the Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) of Health Canada. Within HPFB, the Marketed Health Products Directorate leads the coordination and implementation of consistent monitoring practices with regards to assessment of signals and safety trends, and risk communications concerning regulated marketed health products. MHPD also works closely with international organizations to facilitate
4392-415: Is called a medical error and not an adverse effect. Adverse effects are sometimes referred to as " iatrogenic " because they are generated by a physician /treatment. Some adverse effects occur only when starting, increasing or discontinuing a treatment. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause complications of
4514-549: Is classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) based on "sufficient" evidence for cancer in animals and "strong" mechanistic evidence in exposed humans. IARC also classified PFOS as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2b) based on "strong" mechanistic evidence. There is a lack of high-quality epidemiological data on the associations between many specific PFAS chemicals and specific cancer types, and research
4636-504: Is dangerous to human health, especially when inhaled. In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as " known to be a human carcinogen ". The danger of formaldehyde is a major reason for the development of formaldehyde releasers which release formaldehyde slowly at lower levels. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances ( PFAS or PFASs ) are
4758-461: Is known as "K-beauty," and it has been popularized by K-pop idols, actors, and social media influencers. Many of these idols have become beauty icons and have allowed many men to access beauty products and to feel comfortable using them. While there may still be some societal pressure to conform to traditional gender norms, there is also a growing acceptance of individual expression and breaking free from traditional gender roles. "The Sephora Kids are
4880-666: Is less regulation. In the United States, the Republican Party has filibustered bills regulating the chemicals. Cover-ups and the suppression of studies in 2018 by the Trump administration led to bipartisan outrage. The market for PFAS was estimated to be $ 28 billion in 2023 and the majority are produced by 12 companies: 3M , AGC Inc. , Archroma, Arkema , BASF , Bayer , Chemours , Daikin , Honeywell , Merck Group , Shandong Dongyue Chemical, and Solvay . Sales of PFAS, which cost approximately $ 20 per kilogram, generate
5002-511: Is looked at in the perspective of the entire food web, it is called biomagnification, which is important to track because lower concentrations of pollutants in environmental matrices such as seawater or sediments, can very quickly grow to harmful concentrations in organisms at higher trophic levels, including humans. Notably, concentrations in biota can even be greater than 5000 times those present in water for PFOS and C 10 –C 14 PFCAs . PFAS can enter an organism by ingestion of sediment, through
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5124-454: Is more about the perfume oil concentration. Eau de parfum has a higher concentration of perfume than Eau de toilette . Various tools are used to apply cosmetics. In addition to brushes, a makeup sponge is a popular applicator. Makeup sponges can be used to apply foundation, blend concealer, and apply powder or highlighter. Loofahs , microfiber cloths, natural sponges, or brushes may be used to exfoliate skin simply by rubbing them over
5246-739: Is ongoing. A response is observed in humans where elevated PFOS levels were significantly associated with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, highlighting significantly reduced PPAR expression and alluding to PPAR independent pathways predominating over lipid metabolism in humans compared to rodents. PFOA and PFOS have been shown to significantly alter immune and inflammatory responses in human and animal species. In particular, IgA , IgE (in females only) and C-reactive protein have been shown to decrease whereas antinuclear antibodies increase as PFOA serum concentrations increase. These cytokine variations allude to immune response aberrations resulting in autoimmunity . One proposed mechanism
5368-496: Is still some concern that they may be harmful to both humans and the environment. Since the 1970s, DuPont and 3M were aware that PFAS was "highly toxic when inhaled and moderately toxic when ingested". Producers used several strategies to influence science and regulation – most notably, suppressing unfavorable research and distorting public discourse. In 2018, under the Presidency of Donald Trump , White House staff and
5490-607: Is the potential adverse effects of silicone breast implants , which led to class actions brought by tens of thousands of plaintiffs against manufacturers of gel-based implants, due to allegations of damage to the immune system which have not yet been conclusively proven. In 1998, Dow Corning settled its remaining suits for $ 3.2 Billion and went into bankruptcy. Due to the exceedingly high impact on public health of widely used medications, such as hormonal contraception and hormone replacement therapy , which may affect millions of users, even marginal probabilities of adverse effects of
5612-482: Is the recent controversy as to whether autism was linked to the MMR vaccine (or to thiomersal , a mercury -based preservative used in some vaccines ). No link has been found in several large studies, and despite removal of thimerosal from most early childhood vaccines beginning with those manufactured in 2003, the rate of autism has not decreased as would be expected if it had been the causative agent. Another instance
5734-399: Is thought to be Europe's biggest PFAS-related environmental disaster. While Italy's National Health Institute (ISS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità ) set the threshold limit of PFOA in the bloodstream at 8 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), some residents had reached 262 and some industrial employees reach 91,900 ng/mL. In 2021 some data was disclosed by Greenpeace and local citizens after
5856-545: Is voluntary, and ADRAC requests healthcare professionals to report all adverse reactions to its current drugs of interest, and serious adverse reactions to any drug. ADRAC publishes the Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin every two months. The Government's Quality Use of Medicines program is tasked with acting on this reporting to reduce and minimize the number of preventable adverse effects each year. Adverse reaction reporting
5978-536: The −CF 2 − and −CF− moieties are saturated carbons, and none of the R groups can be hydrogen; R−CF 2 −O−CF 2 −(R') , where both the −CF 2 − moieties are saturated carbons, and none of the R groups can be hydrogen; or CF 3 −C−(CF 3 )RR' , where all the carbons are saturated, and none of the R groups can be hydrogen. A summary table of some PFAS definitions is provided in Hammel et al (2022). Fluorinated surfactants or fluorosurfactants are
6100-455: The ABC 's current affairs program Four Corners reported that the storage and use of firefighting foams containing perfluorinated surfactants at Australian Defence Force facilities around Australia had contaminated nearby water resources. In 2019, remediation efforts at RAAF Base Tindal and the adjacent town of Katherine were ongoing. In the 2022 Australian federal budget $ 428 million
6222-610: The European Council requested the European Commission to develop an action plan to eliminate all non-essential uses of PFAS due to the growing evidence of adverse effects caused by exposure to these substances; the evidence for the widespread occurrence of PFAS in water, soil, articles, and waste; and the threat it can pose to drinking water. Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden submitted
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#17327768515346344-493: The European Economic Area . In the United States, PFAS-attributable disease costs are estimated to be US$ 6–62 billion. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are a group of synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. Different organizations use different definitions for PFAS, leading to estimates of between 8,000 and 7 million chemicals within
6466-615: The International Organization for Standardization and regulated by national or regional regulations such as those issued by the EU or the FDA . Marketers and manufacturers of cosmetic products must be compliant to these regulations to be able to market their cosmetic products in the corresponding areas of jurisdiction . The manufacture of cosmetics is dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in
6588-793: The Ohio River Valley against DuPont in response to landfill and wastewater dumping of PFAS-laden material from DuPont's West Virginia Washington Works plant. The panel measured PFOA (also known as C8) serum concentrations in 69,000 individuals from around DuPont's Washington Works Plant and found a mean concentration of 83 ng/mL, compared to 4 ng/mL in a standard population of Americans. This panel reported probable links between elevated PFOA blood concentration and hypercholesterolemia , ulcerative colitis , thyroid disease , testicular cancer , kidney cancer as well as pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia . The severity of PFAS-associated health effects can vary based on
6710-571: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants since 2009, with some jurisdictions, such as China and the European Union , planning further reductions and phase-outs. However, major producers and users such as the United States, Israel, and Malaysia have not ratified the agreement and the chemical industry has lobbied governments to reduce regulations or has moved production to countries such as Thailand, where there
6832-624: The United States Environmental Protection Agency pressured the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to suppress a study that showed PFASs to be even more dangerous than previously thought. In 2024, research at McGill University in Quebec, indicated that PFASs were being brought to the Arctic from polluted southern waters by migrating birds. Although it is much less than compared to
6954-688: The male infertility crisis . A report in 2023 by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai linked high exposure to PFAS with a 40% decrease in the ability for a woman to have a successful pregnancy as well as hormone disruption and delayed puberty onset. A meta-analysis for associations between PFASs and human clinical biomarkers for liver injury, analyzing PFAS effects on liver biomarkers and histological data from rodent experimental studies, concluded that evidence exists that PFOA, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) caused hepatotoxicity in humans. PFOA
7076-437: The skin . In general, these therapies try to avoid damage to healthy tissues while maximizing the therapeutic effect. Vaccination may have adverse effects due to the nature of its biological preparation, sometimes using attenuated pathogens and toxins . Common adverse effects may be fever , malaise and local reactions in the vaccination site. Very rarely, there is a serious adverse effect, such as eczema vaccinatum ,
7198-569: The 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly. Cosmetics are used by girls at increasingly young ages, especially in the United States. Because of the fast-decreasing age of makeup users, many companies, from drugstore brands like Rimmel to higher-end products like Estee Lauder, cater to this expanding market by introducing flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery and sparkly packaging, and marketing and advertising using young models . The social consequences of younger and younger cosmetics use have had much attention in
7320-478: The 21st century. The wider acceptance of the use of cosmetics led some to see makeup as a tool used in the oppression and subjection of women to unfair societal standards. In 1968, at the feminist Miss America protest , protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can", with cosmetics among the items the protesters called "instruments of female torture" and accoutrements of what they perceived to be enforced femininity . As of 2016,
7442-461: The EPA's lifetime drinking water health advisories as well as comparable Danish, Dutch, and European Union safety standards, leading to the conclusion that "the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atmosphere has led to the planetary boundary for chemical pollution being exceeded". It had been thought that PFAAs would eventually end up in the oceans, where they would be diluted over decades, but
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#17327768515347564-546: The EPA's monitoring programs showed freshwater fish ubiquitously contain high levels of harmful PFAS, with a single serving typically significantly increasing the blood PFOS level. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PFASs in marine species throughout the food web, particularly frequently consumed fish and shellfish, can have important impacts on human populations. PFASs have been frequently documented in both fish and shellfish that are commonly consumed by human populations, which poses health risks to humans and studies on
7686-596: The French federation for the perfume industry). France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally. According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40 consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of €6.5 billion. Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent , Yves Rocher , and many others. The Italian cosmetic industry
7808-593: The German cosmetic industry the third largest in the world, after Japan and the United States. German exports of cosmetics reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3 billion. The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$ 170 billion (according to Eurostaf, May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie –
7930-834: The Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database (MAUDE) and the Special Nutritionals Adverse Event Monitoring System. MedWatch is the main reporting center, operated by the Food and Drug Administration . In Australia ,adverse effect reporting is administered by the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC), a subcommittee of the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC). Reporting
8052-461: The US was developed by figures such as Elizabeth Arden , Helena Rubinstein , and Max Factor . These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after. By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use by women in nearly all industrial societies around the world, with the cosmetics industry becoming a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the beginning of
8174-434: The United States has weakened over the years, with the number of men using makeup increasing in the 21st century. Cosmetics brands have increasingly targeted men in the sale of cosmetics, with some products targeted specifically at men . Lead has been used as a makeup product since the 18th century. It is said to be lethal to women who apply it daily to achieve a pale complexion representing nobility, as tanner skin represents
8296-516: The absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics, as well as the absence of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of various compounds on the human body for much of this time period, led to a number of negative effects upon those who used cosmetics, including deformities , blindness, and, in some cases, death. Although harmless products were used, such as berries, and beetroot , many cosmetic products available at this time were still chemically dubious and even poisonous. Examples of
8418-500: The appearance and "care" cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care. Most cosmetics are also distinguished by the area of the body intended for application, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and eye area usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips. Cosmetics can also be described by the physical composition of the product. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions , powders (pressed or loose), dispersions, or anhydrous creams or sticks. Cleansing
8540-813: The areas concerned: eggs (up to 37,100 ng/kg), fish (18,600 ng/kg) spinach and radicchio (only one sampling carried out), kiwis, melons, watermelons, cereals (only one sample was analyzed), soy, wines and apples. A study of public water bodies ending in March 2022 showed that the sum of PFOS and PFOA concentrations exceeded 50 ng/L in 81 out of 1,133 test sites and in some cases are present at elevated levels in blood. This has led to pressure to increase regulations. Highly contaminated drinking water has been detected at several locations in Sweden. Such locations include Arvidsjaur, Lulnäset, Uppsala and Visby. In 2013, PFAS were detected at high concentrations in one of
8662-404: The availability of alternatives. The proposal has not assessed the use of PFAS in medicines, plant protection products, and biocides because specific regulations apply to those substances (Biocidal Products Regulation, Plant Protection Products Regulation , Medicinal Products Regulation) that have an explicit authorization procedure that focuses on risk for health and the environment. The proposal
8784-510: The bioaccumulation in certain species are important to determine daily tolerable limits for human consumption, and where those limits may be exceeded causing potential health risks. This has particular implications for populations that consume larger numbers of wild fish and shellfish species. PFAS contamination has also resulted in disruptions to the food supply, such as closures and limits on fishing. Fluorosurfactants with shorter carbon chains may be less prone to accumulating in mammals; there
8906-646: The blood of exposed industrial workers, but cited no ill health effects. These results were consistent with the measured serum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in 3M plant workers ranging from 0.04 to 10.06 ppm and 0.01 to 12.70 ppm, respectively, well below toxic and carcinogenic levels cited in animal studies. Given, however, the serum elimination half-life of four to five years and widespread environmental contamination, molecules have been shown to accumulate in humans sufficiently to cause adverse health outcomes. In 2022, levels of at least four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in rain water worldwide greatly exceeded
9028-425: The body (on the skin, particularly the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal care, or to alter the appearance, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer's appearance; some manufacturers will distinguish only between "decorative" cosmetics intended to alter
9150-462: The brands of foundations, and 62% of liquid lipstick. PFAS compounds are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts , and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS. Formaldehyde is no longer used in cosmetics but has been replaced by formaldehyde releasers . Formaldehyde
9272-480: The change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration. Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction . This often occurs when patients fail to inform their physician and pharmacist of all the medications they are taking, including herbal and dietary supplements. The new medication may interact agonistically or antagonistically (potentiate or decrease the intended therapeutic effect), causing significant morbidity and mortality around
9394-483: The cosmetic industry came up with perfumes bearing their names. Moreover, some actors and singers (such as Celine Dion ) have their own perfume line. Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays for the product and the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by Giorgio Armani , Dolce & Gabbana , and others. Procter & Gamble , which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded
9516-431: The cosmetic product. Secondary packaging is the outer wrapping of one or several cosmetic container(s). An important difference between primary and secondary packaging is that any information that is necessary to clarify the safety of the product must appear on the primary package. Otherwise, much of the required information can appear on just the secondary packaging. Cosmetic packaging is standardized by ISO 22715 , set by
9638-591: The cosmetics and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies do not have to report any injuries from the products; they also only have voluntary recalls of products. There has been a marketing trend towards the sale of cosmetics lacking controversial ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum , sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens . Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of about 9,000 synthetic organofluorine compounds that have multiple highly toxic fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain . PFAS are used by major cosmetics industry companies in
9760-586: The counter from a supermarket. The scheme also includes all herbal supplements and unlicensed medicines found in cosmetic treatments. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can be reported by a number of health care professionals including physicians , pharmacists and nurses , as well as patients . In the United States several reporting systems have been built, such as the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS),
9882-446: The early 20th century, but the distribution and sales of cosmetics are spread among a wide range of businesses. The world's largest cosmetic companies are L'Oréal , Procter & Gamble , Unilever , Shiseido , and Estée Lauder . In 2005, the market volume of the cosmetics industry in the US, Europe, and Japan was about EUR 70 Billion/a year. In Germany, the cosmetic industry generated €12.6 billion of retail sales in 2008, which makes
10004-467: The eyes, weakened tooth enamel, and blackened skin, with heavy use known to lead to death. Usage of white lead was not confined only to the West, with the white Japanese face makeup known as oshiroi also produced using white lead. In the second part of the 19th century, scientific advances in the production of makeup lead to the creation of makeup free of hazardous substances such as lead . Throughout
10126-545: The face in a circular motion. Gels, creams, or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen, and an abrasive such as microbeads , sea salt and sugar, ground nut shells, rice bran, or ground apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off the skin. Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle. A variety of organic compounds and inorganic compounds comprise typical cosmetics. Typical organic compounds are modified natural oils and fats as well as
10248-503: The generation alpha (the cohort born roughly between 2010 and 2025) and is growing up in a very different environment compared to previous generations, and several factors contribute to their heightened interest in skincare and makeup. Platforms like TikTok have also popularized short, fun videos about skincare and makeup tips, making beauty routines seem exciting and achievable. Social media platforms have made it easier for celebrities and influencers to become role models for Gen Alpha, and as
10370-503: The group. The EPA toxicity database, DSSTox, lists 14,735 unique PFAS chemical compounds. An early definition required that they contain at least one perfluoroalkyl moiety , −C n F 2 n +1 . Beginning in 2021, the OECD expanded its terminology, stating that "PFAS are defined as fluorinated substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I atom attached to it), i.e., with
10492-470: The health dangers since the 1970s – DuPont and 3M were aware that PFAS was "highly toxic when inhaled and moderately toxic when ingested". External costs , including those associated with remediation of PFAS from soil and water contamination, treatment of related diseases, and monitoring of PFAS pollution, may be as high as US$ 17.5 trillion annually, according to ChemSec . The Nordic Council of Ministers estimated health costs to be at least €52–84 billion in
10614-476: The health of Canadians, including children, over a lifetime's exposure to these substances. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOS under the guidelines is 0.0002 milligrams per liter. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOA is 0.0006 milligrams per liter. In August 2024, Health Canada established an objective of 30 ng/L for the sum of the concentration of 25 PFASs detected in drinking water. The New Zealand Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has banned
10736-455: The human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes any material intended for use as an ingredient in a cosmetic product, with the FDA specifically excluding pure soap from this category. Cosmetics designed for skin care may be used to cleanse, exfoliate and protect
10858-588: The insulation of electrical wire. PFAS are also used by the cosmetic industry in most cosmetics and personal care products , including lipstick , eye liner , mascara , foundation , concealer , lip balm , blush , and nail polish . Many PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA pose health and environmental concerns because they are persistent organic pollutants ; they were branded as " forever chemicals " in an article in The Washington Post in 2018. Some have half-lives of over eight years due to
10980-491: The introduction by wind and the oceans, the birds become vectors, transmitting the toxic chemicals. Rainer Lohmann, an oceanographer at the University of Rhode Island , noted that this has a significant localized affect that is devastating for Arctic predators who accumulate toxins in their bodies because the contaminants from the birds often enter the food chain directly since the birds are the prey of many species. In 2017,
11102-486: The labelling of the medication to provide information both for patients and the prescribing physicians. The term "life-threatening" in the context of a serious adverse event refers to an event in which the patient was at risk of death at the time of the event; it does not refer to an event which hypothetically might have caused death if it were more severe. In many countries, adverse effects are required by law to be reported, researched in clinical trials and included into
11224-734: The large number of PFAS, it is challenging to study and assess the potential human health and environmental risks; more research is necessary and is ongoing. Exposure to PFAS, some of which have been classified as carcinogenic and/or as endocrine disruptors , has been linked to cancers such as kidney , prostate and testicular cancer , ulcerative colitis , thyroid disease , suboptimal antibody response / decreased immunity, decreased fertility, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, reduced infant and fetal growth and developmental issues in children, obesity, dyslipidemia (abnormally high cholesterol ), and higher rates of hormone interference. The use of PFAS has been regulated internationally by
11346-410: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, changes in the prevailing attitudes towards cosmetics led to a wider expansion of the cosmetics industry. In 1882, English actress and socialite Lillie Langtry became the poster girl for Pears of London, making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product. She allowed her name to be used on face powders and skin products. During the 1910s, the market in
11468-484: The legal definition of cosmetics in most countries is broader, in some Western countries , cosmetics are commonly taken to mean only makeup products, such as lipstick , mascara , eye shadow , foundation , blush , highlighter , bronzer , fake eyelashes , eyeliner , concealer , lip gloss , and several other product types. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetics, defines cosmetics as products "intended to be applied to
11590-469: The length of exposure, level of exposure, and health status. Exposure to PFAS is a risk factor for various hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including preeclampsia and high blood pressure . It is not clear whether PFAS exposure is associated with wider cardiovascular disorders during pregnancy. Human breast milk can harbor PFASs, which can be transferred from mother to infant via breastfeeding. Endocrine disruptors , including PFASs, are linked with
11712-533: The likes of Boots and Sephora. This is most commonly reported in western countries, specifically America, Australia and the United Kingdom. This has garnered attention because it bring awareness to the growing need for make-up for younger girls and women, many criticize this claiming it's connected to western beauty standards which in recent years have become an increasingly controversial topic in many medias revolving around politics and women's rights. It's also
11834-455: The log-transformed concentrations of PFAS against the assigned trophic level and taking the antilog of the regression slope (10 ). In a study done on a macrotidal estuary in Gironde, SW France, TMFs exceeded one for nearly all 19 PFAS compounds considered in the study and were particularly high for PFOA and PFNA (6.0 and 3.1 respectively). A TMF greater than one signifies that accumulation in
11956-439: The maximum tolerable limit of PFAS that can be taken through the diet, the region has not carried out new assessments or implemented concrete actions to protect the population and the agri-food and livestock sectors. Some limits were added to monitoring the geographical area, which does not include the orange zone and other areas affected by contamination, as well as the insufficiency of analysis on important productions widespread in
12078-590: The media over the last few years. Criticism of cosmetics has come from a wide variety of sources including some feminists , religious groups , animal rights activists , authors , and public interest groups. It has also faced criticism from men, some of whom describe it as a form of deception or fakeup . The new generation has been more accepting of males wearing makeup, and having a "soft pretty boy" look in South Korea has become more widespread in recent years, particularly among younger generations. This trend
12200-483: The most common cosmetic products exported to the United States. According to Euromonitor International, the market for cosmetics in China is expected to be $ 7.4 billion in 2021 up from $ 4.3 billion in 2016. The increase is due to social media and the changing attitudes of people in the 18-to-30-year age bracket. Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances, many designers who are not necessarily involved in
12322-547: The organism is greater than that of the medium, with the medium being seawater in this case. PFOS, a long-chain sulfonic acid, was found at the highest concentrations relative to other PFASs measured in fish and birds in northern seas such as the Barents Sea and the Canadian Arctic. A study published in 2023 analyzing 500 composite samples of fish fillets collected across the United States from 2013 to 2015 under
12444-561: The overemphasis on benefit, scholars have called for more complete reporting of harm from clinical trials. The Yellow Card Scheme is a United Kingdom initiative run by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) to gather information on adverse effects to medicines . This includes all licensed medicines, from medicines issued on prescription to medicines bought over
12566-534: The patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public. Investigators in human clinical trials are obligated to report these events in clinical study reports . Research suggests that these events are often inadequately reported in publicly available reports. Because of the lack of these data and uncertainty about methods for synthesising them, individuals conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of therapeutic interventions often unknowingly overemphasise health benefit. To balance
12688-446: The phase interfaces . Fluorocarbons are both lipophobic and hydrophobic, repelling both oil and water. Their lipophobicity results from the relative lack of London dispersion forces compared to hydrocarbons, a consequence of fluorine's large electronegativity and small bond length, which reduce the polarizability of the surfactants' fluorinated molecular surface. Fluorosurfactants are more stable than hydrocarbon surfactants due to
12810-484: The prevalent usage of harmful cosmetics include the use of ceruse (white lead) throughout a number of different cultures, such as during the Renaissance in the West, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 20th century. During the 19th century, there were numerous incidents of lead poisoning due to the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder, leading to swelling and inflammation of
12932-657: The proposed restriction. Within a year of publication, the opinions are sent to the European Commission, which makes a final proposal that is submitted to the EU Member States for discussion and decision. Eighteen months after the publication of the restriction decision (which may differ from the original proposal), it will enter into force. 127,000 residents in the Veneto region are estimated to have been exposed to contamination through tap water, and it
13054-473: The same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups. Liquid makeups must contain preservatives, and compressed makeups must contain binders, which dry mineral makeups do not. Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, or chemical dyes. For this reason, dermatologists may consider mineral makeup to be gentler on the skin than makeup that contains those ingredients. Some minerals are nacreous or pearlescent, giving
13176-522: The sharing of information. Adverse reaction reporting is mandatory for the industry and voluntary for consumers and health professionals. In principle, medical professionals are required to report all adverse effects related to a specific form of therapy. In practice, it is at the discretion of the professional to determine whether a medical event is at all related to the therapy. As a result, routine adverse effects reporting often may not include long-term and subtle effects that may ultimately be attributed to
13298-412: The skin a shining or sparking appearance. One example is bismuth oxychloride . There are various mineral-based makeup brands, including: Bare Minerals, Tarte , Bobbi Brown , and Stila . The term cosmetic packaging is used for primary packaging and secondary packaging of cosmetic products. Primary packaging, also called cosmetic containers, houses the cosmetic product. It is in direct contact with
13420-403: The skin, as well as replenish it, using body lotions , cleansers , toners , serums, moisturizers , eye creams, retinol , and balms. Cosmetics designed for more general personal care , such as shampoo , soap, and body wash , can be used to clean the body. Cosmetics designed to enhance one's appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features, or add color to
13542-723: The skin. The FDA , which regulates the US cosmetic industry, says "FDA has not defined the term “natural” and has not established a regulatory definition for this term in cosmetic labeling." It goes on to warn consumers, "choosing ingredients from sources you consider “organic” or “natural” is no guarantee that they are safe." The term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, and bronzer, made with loose, dry mineral powders. These powders are often mixed with oil-water emulsions . Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, as well as compressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts, are often called mineral makeup if they have
13664-713: The stability of the carbon–fluorine bond . Perfluorinated surfactants persist in the environment for the same reason. Fluorosurfactants such as PFOS, PFOA, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) have caught the attention of regulatory agencies because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations. PFASs are used in emulsion polymerization to produce fluoropolymers , used in stain repellents, polishes, paints, and coatings . PFASs were originally considered to be chemically inert . Early occupational studies revealed elevated levels of fluorochemicals, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8), in
13786-446: The two municipality drinking water treatment plants in the town of Ronneby, in southern Sweden. Concentrations of PFHxS and PFOS were found at 1700 ng/L and 8000 ng/L, respectively. The source of contamination was later found to be a military fire-fighting exercise site in which PFAS containing fire-fighting foam had been used since the mid-1980s. Additionally, low-level contaminated drinking water has also been shown to be
13908-587: The use of cosmetics continued into the Middle Ages —where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged— though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. Regardless of the changes in social attitudes towards cosmetics, many occasionally achieved ideals of appearance through cosmetics. According to one source, early major developments in cosmetics include: Historically,
14030-526: The use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in cosmetic products starting from 31 December 2026. This will make the country one of the first in the world to take this step on PFAS to protect people and the environment. The environmental consequences of PFAS, especially from firefighting activities, have been recognized since the mid-1990s and came to prominence after the Buncefield explosion on 11 December 2005. The Environment Agency has undertaken
14152-425: The water, or directly via their diet. It accumulates namely in areas with high protein content, in the blood and liver, but it is also found to a lesser extent in tissues. Biomagnification can be described using the estimation of the trophic magnification factor (TMF), which describes the relationship between the contamination levels in a species and their trophic level in the food web. TMFs are determined by graphing
14274-403: The working class. Lead can be detrimental to people's health and cause death if mixed with vinegar which it allows lead to be absorbed through the skin. Though there are a large number of different cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally. These products can be applied to the face (on the skin, lips, eyebrows, and eyes), to
14396-539: The world have stringent regulations for cosmetics. In the United States, cosmetic products and ingredients do not require FDA approval. Some countries have banned using animals for cosmetic testing. The word cosmetics is derived from the Greek κοσμητικὴ τέχνη ( kosmetikē tekhnē ), meaning "technique of dress and ornament," from κοσμητικός ( kosmētikos ), "skilled in ordering or arranging," and from κόσμος ( kosmos ), meaning "order" and "ornament.". Though
14518-555: The world's largest cosmetics company is L'Oréal , founded by Eugène Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26% and Nestlé 28%; the remaining 46% is traded publicly). Although modern makeup has been traditionally used mainly by women, men also use makeup to enhance their own facial features or cover blemishes and dark circles. The negative stigma of men wearing makeup in countries such as
14640-454: The world. Drug-drug and food-drug interactions may occur, and so-called "natural drugs" used in alternative medicine can have dangerous adverse effects. For example, extracts of St John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum ), a phytotherapic used for treating mild depression are known to cause an increase in the cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the metabolism and elimination of many drugs, so patients taking it are likely to experience
14762-607: Was allocated for works at HMAS Albatross , RAAF Base Amberley , RAAF Base Pearce and RAAF Base Richmond including funding to remediate PFAS contamination. Although PFASs are not manufactured in Canada, they may be present in imported goods and products. In 2008, products containing PFOS as well as PFOA were banned in Canada, with exceptions for products used in firefighting, the military, and some forms of ink and photo media. Health Canada has published drinking water guidelines for maximum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA to protect
14884-477: Was submitted on 13 January 2023 and published by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) on 7 February. From 22 March to 21 September, citizens, companies, and other organizations commented on the proposal during a public consultation. Based on the information in the restriction proposal and the consultation, two committees from ECHA formulate an opinion on the risk and socio-economic aspects of
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