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83-677: Makutupora is an administrative ward in the Dodoma Urban district of the Dodoma Region of Tanzania . In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 15,683 people in the ward, from 14,430 in 2012. The railway will be replaced by the Standard Gauge Railway from Dar es Salaam and in early 2023 the construction of a freight station and a new Passenger station for Makutupora

166-540: A ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to rotors, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 275 to 900 kPa (40 to 130 psi) and flows of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 10 to 50 mm (0.5 to 1.9 in). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging . Sprinklers can also be mounted on moving platforms connected to

249-419: A circular or semi-circular pattern. Traveling Sprinklers: These move along the hose path on their own, watering as they go, ideal for covering long, narrow spaces. Each type offers different advantages based on garden size and shape, water pressure, and specific watering needs. Subirrigation has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables . It is a method of artificially raising

332-589: A clock or timer. Most automatic systems employ electric solenoid valves . Each zone has one or more of these valves that are wired to the controller. When the controller sends power to the valve, the valve opens, allowing water to flow to the sprinklers in that zone. There are two main types of sprinklers used in lawn irrigation, pop-up spray heads and rotors. Spray heads have a fixed spray pattern, while rotors have one or more streams that rotate. Spray heads are used to cover smaller areas, while rotors are used for larger areas. Golf course rotors are sometimes so large that

415-426: A computerized set of valves . In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system using sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation system. Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called rotors and are driven by

498-494: A direct financial cost to the farmer. Irrigation often requires pumping energy (either electricity or fossil fuel) to deliver water to the field or supply the correct operating pressure. Hence increased efficiency will reduce both the water cost and energy cost per unit of agricultural production. A reduction of water use on one field may mean that the farmer is able to irrigate a larger area of land, increasing total agricultural production. Low efficiency usually means that excess water

581-624: A few areas like Vilonje, Zuzu, Gawaye, and Mkoyo, irrigation plans are quite unusual. After the rainy season, green vegetables, tomatoes , and egg plants are grown in these locations. The program aids farmers in making money. In general, farmers only produce enough food to meet their basic needs. This is partly due to the use of subpar farming equipment, including hand hoes for tilling the soil. Some people who live in Dodoma town have farms in Makutupora, Kibaigwa, and other far-off locations where maize

664-416: A flood (spate), water is diverted to normally dry river beds (wadis) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions. Micro-irrigation , sometimes called localized irrigation , low volume irrigation , or trickle irrigation

747-409: A higher profit than potatoes. The land is flood irrigated twice a day to simulate tidal flooding; the water is pumped from the sea using wind power. Additional benefits are soil remediation and carbon sequestration . Until the 1960s, there were fewer than half the number of people on the planet as of 2024. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat , so less water

830-417: A key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from frost , suppress weed growth in grain fields, and prevent soil consolidation . It

913-488: A long dry season lasting from late April to late November and a brief wet season lasting from late November to the end of April. The annual average rainfall is between 550 and 600 mm, but there have been extremes like 365.7 mm (2005) and 743.3 mm (2000). During the following months after, uni-modal rain season prevails across the majority of the Council. The region also has little rainfall, and what little rain does fall there

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996-424: A rectangular or square pattern. They are good for covering large, flat areas evenly. Impact (or Pulsating) Sprinklers: These create a rotating, pulsating spray, which can cover a circular or semi-circular area. They are useful for watering large lawns. Stationary Sprinklers: These have a fixed spray pattern and are best for smaller areas or gardens. Rotary Sprinklers: These use spinning arms to distribute water in

1079-708: A result of irrigation and the subsequent effects on natural and social conditions in river basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme . The effects stem from the altered hydrological conditions caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme. Amongst some of these problems is depletion of underground aquifers through overdrafting . Soil can be over-irrigated due to poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution . Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land drainage . In 2000,

1162-424: A single sprinkler is combined with a valve and called a 'valve in head'. When used in a turf area, the sprinklers are installed with the top of the head flush with the ground surface. When the system is pressurized, the head will pop up out of the ground and water the desired area until the valve closes and shuts off that zone. Once there is no more pressure in the lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into

1245-510: A year. This circumstance demonstrates that many members of this Council are living in poverty and that we will make significant progress once we are able to rise over the global poverty limit of US$ 750 per year. There are various minerals in this Council. Gypsum , gold , and salt make up those minerals. These mining operations also involve the extraction of sand, stone, gravel, and other building materials. These tasks are carried out by artisanal miners utilizing hand tools. Fish products from

1328-399: Is supplementary to rainfall as happens in many parts of the world, or whether it is ' full irrigation' whereby crops rarely depend on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only happens in arid landscapes experiencing very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of any rainy seasons. Surface irrigation, also known as gravity irrigation, is

1411-480: Is a form of sprinkler irrigation utilising several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminium) joined and supported by trusses , mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. These systems are found and used in all parts of the world and allow irrigation of all types of terrain. Newer systems have drop sprinkler heads as shown in

1494-503: Is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Traditional drip irrigation use individual emitters, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-spray or micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubbler irrigation all belong to this category of irrigation methods. Drip irrigation, also known as microirrigation or trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system, water

1577-777: Is a train station in Dodoma . Dodoma Airport is located within Dododa Urban District as well. The council has a 524 km total network. Only 24.56 km (miles) of these are paved inside the town limits, 108 km (miles) are graveled, 384.6 km (miles) are gravel roads, and 390.7 km (miles) are earth roads. In the Municipality, there are 40 communities, each with 34 deep wells , 80 shallow wells, 2 dams, 1 natural spring, and 5 wind turbines . There are 238,383 people who reside in rural areas overall, and 166,868 of them have access to clean, safe water. Through their donations,

1660-415: Is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as fertigation . Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for too long or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and computerized to low-tech and labor-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most other types of systems, with

1743-502: Is also used to cool livestock , reduce dust , dispose of sewage , and support mining operations. Drainage , which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation. There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants. Surface irrigation , also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In sprinkler irrigation , water

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1826-494: Is chosen by the Minister in charge of Local Government. The MD of the Council is assisted by 13 department heads (see Table 11). There are 2,731 employees overall at the Council, of which 737 (27%) are men and 1994 (73%) are women. As of 2016, Dodoma Urban District was administratively divided into 41 wards . The city is home to seven political parties: CCM , CHADEMA , CUF , UPDP, NCCR-MAGEUZI, UDP, and TLP. The Council

1909-422: Is common in many parts of the world as rainfed agriculture , or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of rainy seasons. The environmental effects of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as

1992-422: Is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, one drop at a time. This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly; evaporation and runoff are minimized. The field water efficiency of drip irrigation is typically in the range of 80 to 90% when managed correctly. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch , further reducing evaporation, and

2075-457: Is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world. There are several methods of irrigation. They vary in how the water is supplied to the plants. The goal is to apply the water to the plants as uniformly as possible, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. Irrigation can also be understood whether it

2158-564: Is grown extensively. However, grapes are a significant income crop in the Municipal. The three wards of Mpunguzi, Hombolo, and Mbabala are the primary grape-growing regions. Small-scale industries, including 9 enterprises producing refined cooking oils and 1 industry producing chalks . The above-mentioned output volumes have made a considerable contribution to the creation of jobs and to Council revenues. The residents of Dodoma Municipal Council are thought to earn an average of 170 US dollars

2241-424: Is less expensive to install than a center pivot, but much more labor-intensive to operate – it does not travel automatically across the field: it applies water in a stationary strip, must be drained, and then rolled to a new strip. Most systems use 100 or 130 mm (4 or 5 inch) diameter aluminum pipe. The pipe doubles both as water transport and as an axle for rotating all the wheels. A drive system (often found near

2324-452: Is observed that between hills, there are flat places where water frequently collects during the rainy season , resulting in the formation of seasonal streams. For instance, Chihoni in the council's western region supplies water to Segu, Nala, Chihoni, and Ilamba dams. The Council does not have any permanent rivers ; instead, it has seasonal streams and gullies that, when it rains, collect water from nearby hills to fill nearby swamps . When

2407-421: Is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated wastewater in agriculture. Municipal wastewater can contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta. In emerging nations , where industrial development

2490-443: Is often the irrigation choice for developing nations, for low value crops and for large fields. Where water levels from the irrigation source permit, the levels are controlled by dikes ( levees ), usually plugged by soil. This is often seen in terraced rice fields (rice paddies), where the method is used to flood or control the level of water in each distinct field. In some cases, the water is pumped, or lifted by human or animal power to

2573-422: Is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The World Health Organization developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006, advocating a ‘multiple-barrier' approach wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviors. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in

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2656-537: Is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices. Micro-irrigation is a system that distributes water under low pressure through a piped network and applies it as a small discharge to each plant. Micro-irrigation uses less pressure and water flow than sprinkler irrigation. Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone of plants. Subirrigation has been used in field crops in areas with high water tables for many years. It involves artificially raising

2739-586: Is practiced in the vineyards at Lanzarote using stones to condense water. Fog collectors are also made of canvas or foil sheets. Using condensate from air conditioning units as a water source is also becoming more popular in large urban areas. As of November 2019 a Glasgow-based startup has helped a farmer in Scotland to establish edible saltmarsh crops irrigated with sea water. An acre of previously marginal land has been put under cultivation to grow samphire , sea blite , and sea aster ; these plants yield

2822-503: Is primarily dependent on agriculture, livestock raising, and a few tiny small-scale companies in the District. More than 70% of the people living in the Council are employed in the agricultural industry. The majority of farmers practice subsistence farming , which results in limited production and thus low revenue. In rural wards of the Municipality, crop production is regarded as the most important economic activity and livestock raising as

2905-640: Is represented by democratic elections. There are 50 councilors total in the city, of whom 13 are selected by the National Election Commission (women special seats) and 37 are elected from wards. There are 100 Mitaa' and 39 settlements. There are 222 hamlets as well. A key figure is the mayor, who also chairs full council meetings. The Council Executive Director (MD) serves as the Full Council's chief executive and secretary. According to Act No. 7 of Local Governments Authorities of 1982,

2988-478: Is similar in principle and action to subsurface basin irrigation. Another type of subirrigation is the self-watering container, also known as a sub-irrigated planter . This consists of a planter suspended over a reservoir with some type of wicking material such as a polyester rope. The water is drawn up the wick through capillary action. A similar technique is the wicking bed ; this too uses capillary action. Modern irrigation methods are efficient enough to supply

3071-437: Is supplied at one end using a large hose. After sufficient irrigation has been applied to one strip of the field, the hose is removed, the water drained from the system, and the assembly rolled either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism, so that the sprinklers are moved to a different position across the field. The hose is reconnected. The process is repeated in a pattern until the whole field has been irrigated. This system

3154-560: Is typically unpredictable and related to changes in temperature. In July, the average temperature is 20°C, while in November, it is around 30°C. The Council typically experiences both hot and cold weather. 13°C is the lowest temperature, and 31°C is the highest. The Municipal is located on an upland plateau with attractive stony hills like Imagi, Isanga, Mkalama, and Mlimwa, which is between 900 and 1000 meters above sea level. These mountains are also referred to as inselbergs . The soil of

3237-583: Is used for irrigation in agriculture, the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of the treated wastewater has the benefit of acting as a fertilizer . This can make the reuse of excreta contained in sewage attractive. In developing countries , agriculture is increasingly using untreated municipal wastewater for irrigation – often in an unsafe manner. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so they are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there

3320-556: Is usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this. Irrigation with recycled municipal wastewater can also serve to fertilize plants if it contains nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. There are benefits of using recycled water for irrigation, including the lower cost compared to some other sources and consistency of supply regardless of season, climatic conditions and associated water restrictions. When reclaimed water

3403-577: The United States , China , and European countries like the United Kingdom , also fund and organize some schemes within other nations. By 2021 the global land area equipped for irrigation reached 352 million ha, an increase of 22% from the 289 million ha of 2000 and more than twice the 1960s land area equipped for irrigation. The vast majority is located in Asia (70%), where irrigation

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3486-573: The commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants . Water is delivered from below, absorbed by upwards, and the excess collected for recycling. Typically, a solution of water and nutrients floods a container or flows through a trough for a short period of time, 10–20 minutes, and is then pumped back into a holding tank for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses requires fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management. Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor savings through reduced system maintenance and automation . It

3569-434: The 54 pumps in the water delivery system are in use, and there are 12 boaster stations. In Kilimani, there are water storage tanks with a 72,000 m3 capacity. Water can be provided by DUWASA (Dodoma Urban Water and Sanitation Authority) to up to 80% of the population. Currently, DUWASA provides service to around 15,500 clients in 17 zones. Currently, Lazo, Kisasa, Ipagala, Mwangaza, Chidachi, Nkuhungu, and Chinangali are among

3652-452: The Council's efforts, NGOs like World Vision Tanzania ADP, DONET, and DODEA have been advocating for tree planting in the region in order to preserve the ecology. Some of them, such as MIGESADO, also promoted the adoption of better stoves to reduce the need for fuel wood and so enhance environmental preservation. Drought and floods , both of which are characterized by accelerated run-off and dam failure, were frequent environmental dangers in

3735-579: The Dodoma Municipal Council, 36 of which are public or community-owned and 14 are private. There are 36 public secondary schools, 3 of which are boarding schools (boarding schools include Bihawana, Dodoma, and Msalato Girls Secondary School), and the remainder are day schools. Irrigation Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants ) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops , landscape plants , and lawns . Irrigation has been

3818-548: The Dodoma Municipality is regarded as having a soil that is of low fertility, a lack of organic matter, a moderate to bad permeability, a shallow depth, and a high salt content. of certain places, salt pans even develop beneath the top soil. The soils are reddish-brown or black loam sand clay, sand loam, and clay. There are many valleys, hills, and gullies in the Dodoma Municipality. Hills like Chigongwe, Mahungu, Lugala, and Nala are some examples. Additionally, it

3901-529: The Dodoma region of Central Tanzania, has some of the worst issues of environmental degradation or diminished environmental production potential in the country. This was determined to be the result of the mass deforestation that is occurring in the Mpunguzi and Mbabala wards as part of a trend in the region. This issue has led to an overall decline in soil fertility , a decrease in tree species, and soil erosion. In Mpunguzi and Mbabala wards, where deforestation

3984-425: The Full Council has the last say and the authority to make decisions. Development tax, livestock tax, crops tax, market levies, auction levies, and other levies are major sources of revenue for the council. Business license, alcohol levy, hunting fees, and other fees were derived from the council's holdings and assets. In the semiarid region of Dodoma Municipality, there is a clear seasonal rainfall pattern, with

4067-760: The Nile river in Egypt and Sudan; and in the Mississippi-Missouri river basin, the Southern Great Plains, and in parts of California in the United States. Smaller irrigation areas are spread across almost all populated parts of the world. By 2012, the area of irrigated land had increased to an estimated total of 3,242,917 km (801 million acres), which is nearly the size of India. The irrigation of 20% of farming land accounts for

4150-469: The center pivot. This type of system is known as LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application). Originally, most center pivots were water-powered. These were replaced by hydraulic systems ( T-L Irrigation ) and electric-motor-driven systems (Reinke, Valley, Zimmatic). Many modern pivots feature GPS devices. A series of pipes, each with a wheel of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint, and sprinklers along its length, are coupled together. Water

4233-485: The centre of the wheel line) rotates the clamped-together pipe sections as a single axle, rolling the whole wheel line. Manual adjustment of individual wheel positions may be necessary if the system becomes misaligned. Wheel line systems are limited in the amount of water they can carry, and limited in the height of crops that can be irrigated. One useful feature of a lateral move system is that it consists of sections that can be easily disconnected, adapting to field shape as

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4316-472: The community itself operates these water management programs. The Mzakwe Basin is used to supply subterranean water to Dodoma Municipality. The distance from Dodoma town to this basin is 30 kilometers. 72,000m3 of water might be produced daily by the basin. However, the current infrastructure can only produce 40,000 m3 per day, whereas the daily water use is 21,000 m3. Only eight of the 21 (100–130 m deep) boreholes in this basin are active each day. Only 14 of

4399-711: The components of these irrigation systems are hidden under ground, since aesthetics are important in a landscape. A typical lawn sprinkler system will consist of one or more zones, limited in size by the capacity of the water source. Each zone will cover a designated portion of the landscape. Sections of the landscape will usually be divided by microclimate , type of plant material, and type of irrigation equipment. A landscape irrigation system may also include zones containing drip irrigation, bubblers, or other types of equipment besides sprinklers. Although manual systems are still used, most lawn sprinkler systems may be operated automatically using an irrigation controller , sometimes called

4482-408: The crop or field requirements. Increasing the application efficiency means that the amount of crop produced per unit of water increases. Improved efficiency may either be achieved by applying less water to an existing field or by using water more wisely thereby achieving higher yields in the same area of land. In some parts of the world, farmers are charged for irrigation water hence over-application has

4565-465: The dam are not only consumed by the nearby villages of Hombolo, Ipala, and Zepisa but are also exported to the external markets, including the nearby Chamwino District. Fisheries activities take place in the Hombolo dam, and fishing is done at a small scale by artisanal fishermen for the purpose of providing food and earning an income. The Dodoma Municipality, along with the other Councils that make up

4648-410: The entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. Water use efficiency in the field can be determined as follows: Increased irrigation efficiency has a number of positive outcomes for the farmer, the community and the wider environment. Low application efficiency infers that the amount of water applied to the field is in excess of

4731-502: The exception of low-energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating emitters are available, so the field does not have to be level. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along lines of tubing that extend from

4814-534: The ground. In flower beds or shrub areas, sprinklers may be mounted on above ground risers or even taller pop-up sprinklers may be used and installed flush as in a lawn area. Hose-end sprinklers are devices attached to the end of a garden hose, used for watering lawns, gardens, or plants. They come in a variety of designs and styles, allowing you to adjust the water flow, pattern, and range for efficient irrigation. Some common types of hose-end sprinklers include: Oscillating Sprinklers: These spray water back and forth in

4897-457: The harvesting of trees for charcoal and fuel. Each hector of land loses 100m3 of soil nutrients annually due to soil erosion . As a result, there is a severe food shortage that is widespread in the region overall. Other environmental issues included overgrazing by Maasai patrolists in Mbabala ward and Majengo and Viwandani wards' land degradation from municipal garbage. In addition to

4980-599: The hospital for the Dodoma Municipal Council, which causes overcrowding of patients there. A Council Hospital is being built, and in the financial year 2009–10, TZS . 80,000,000.00 was set aside for preliminary work, namely surveying and designing. Additionally, a special request in the amount of 1.5 billion TZS has been made in the budget for 2010–2011, along with the preliminary acquisition of land anticipated to be 8 hectares. There are 106 primary schools under Dodoma Municipal Council. 92 of them are public schools, and 14 are privately owned. 50 secondary schools are operated by

5063-409: The image that follows. As of 2017 most center pivot systems have drops hanging from a U-shaped pipe attached at the top of the pipe with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses. Drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water directly on the ground between crops. Crops are often planted in a circle to conform to

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5146-490: The irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically, surface irrigation is the most common method of irrigating agricultural land across most parts of the world. The water application efficiency of surface irrigation is typically lower than other forms of irrigation, due in part to the lack of control of applied depths. Surface irrigation involves a significantly lower capital cost and energy requirement than pressurised irrigation systems. Hence it

5229-399: The level of the land. Surface irrigation is even used to water urban gardens in certain areas, for example, in and around Phoenix, Arizona . The irrigated area is surrounded by a berm and the water is delivered according to a schedule set by a local irrigation district . A special form of irrigation using surface water is spate irrigation , also called floodwater harvesting. In case of

5312-441: The line is moved. They are most often used for small, rectilinear, or oddly-shaped fields, hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive. A lawn sprinkler system is permanently installed, as opposed to a hose-end sprinkler, which is portable. Sprinkler systems are installed in residential lawns, in commercial landscapes, for churches and schools, in public parks and cemeteries, and on golf courses . Most of

5395-435: The oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In surface ( furrow, flood , or level basin ) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Water moves by following gravity or the slope of the land. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, border strip or basin irrigation . It is often called flood irrigation when

5478-436: The overarching goal of increasing self-sufficiency. Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells ), from surface water (withdrawn from rivers , lakes or reservoirs ) or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater , desalinated water , drainage water , or fog collection . While floodwater harvesting belongs to the accepted irrigation methods, rainwater harvesting

5561-608: The places without a consistent water supply. Future plans of DUWASA include replacing a 50 km water service line to increase water supply coverage of 108 km in various places and reduce water loss, which is roughly 30%. 3,200 consumers are connected to the system's 52 km-long network of sewage treatment facilities. 42,300 persons can be served by the main tank sewage system. All 41 of the Council's wards engage in some form of agriculture. Key cash crops include sorghum , sunflowers , and groundnuts ; key food crops include millets, sorghum, maize, beans, etc. Dodoma Municipality's economy

5644-567: The production of 40% of food production. The scale of irrigation increased dramatically over the 20th century. In 1800, 8 million hectares globally were irrigated, in 1950, 94 million hectares, and in 1990, 235 million hectares. By 1990, 30% of the global food production came from irrigated land. Irrigation techniques across the globe includes canals redirecting surface water, groundwater pumping, and diverting water from dams. National governments lead most irrigation schemes within their borders, but private investors and other nations, especially

5727-411: The rainy season arrives, these valleys are ideal for gardening. The majority of the current uses for the water from these gullies are domestic. Few people really utilize it for irrigation . Paved trunk road T3 from Morogoro to Singida and paved trunk road T5 from Iringa to Babati pass through the district. The central railway of Tanzania passes through Dodoma Urban District as well and there

5810-440: The region. According to municipal statistics, there were severe droughts between 1994–1995 and 2005–2006 that resulted in crop loss and livestock deaths, which again led to a lack of food and cash crops. The government, non-governmental organizations, as well as an increasing number of commercial pharmacies and dispensaries, offer health services in the Dodoma Municipality. To lower maternal and newborn mortality rates and control

5893-475: The regions saw increases in the area equipped for irrigation, with Africa growing the fastest (+29%), followed by Asia (+25%), Oceania (+24%), the Americas (+19%) and Europe (+2%). Irrigation enables the production of more crops, especially commodity crops in areas which otherwise could not support them. Countries frequently invested in irrigation to increase wheat , rice , or cotton production, often with

5976-413: The second. Sunflower, Sesame seeds, groundnuts, tomatoes, and vine grapes are the main cash crops. The Municipal Council urges farmers to grow crops that can withstand droughts, particularly cassava, sorghum, and bulrush millet . Traditional farming methods that mainly rely on rain-fed, local farmers' knowledge and experience dominate agricultural production in the Municipality. With the exception of

6059-411: The spread of HIV infection and AIDS, the Municipal has mobile clinics that often operate during regional and national immunization campaigns. The Council now has a total of 56 outreach and mobile clinics, 4 special clinics, 51 dispensaries, 6 health centers, 4 hospitals, and 6 parastatal institutions. Due to the lack of a hospital for the Council, Dodoma Regional Hospital (General Hospital) functions as

6142-400: The sprinkler arrives back at the reel the system shuts off. This type of system is known to most people as a "waterreel" traveling irrigation sprinkler and they are used extensively for dust suppression, irrigation, and land application of waste water. Other travelers use a flat rubber hose that is dragged along behind while the sprinkler platform is pulled by a cable. Center pivot irrigation

6225-493: The sunlight; applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw; cleaning vegetables with disinfectant; or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. Irrigation water can also come from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater , desalinated water , drainage water , or fog collection . In countries where humid air sweeps through at night, water can be obtained by condensation onto cold surfaces. This

6308-812: The total fertile land was 2,788,000 km (689 million acres) and it was equipped with irrigation infrastructure worldwide. About 68% of this area is in Asia, 17% in the Americas, 9% in Europe, 5% in Africa and 1% in Oceania. The largest contiguous areas of high irrigation density are found in Northern and Eastern India and Pakistan along the Ganges and Indus rivers; in the Hai He, Huang He and Yangtze basins in China; along

6391-405: The water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled systems known as traveling sprinklers may irrigate areas such as small farms, sports fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries unattended. Most of these use a length of polyethylene tubing wound on a steel drum. As the tubing is wound on the drum powered by the irrigation water or a small gas engine, the sprinkler is pulled across the field. When

6474-414: The water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants' root zone. Often those systems are located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table. Subirrigation is also used in

6557-404: The water table to moisten the soil below the root zone of plants. Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells ), from surface water (withdrawn from rivers , lakes or reservoirs ) or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater , desalinated water , drainage water , or fog collection . Irrigation can be supplementary to rainfall , which

6640-413: Was a key component of the green revolution; the Americas account for 16% and Europe for 8% of the world total. India (76 million ha) and China (75 million ha) have the largest equipped area for irrigation, far ahead of the United States o fAmerica (27 million ha). China and India also have the largest net gains in equipped area between 2000 and 2020 (+21 million ha for China and +15 million ha for India). All

6723-414: Was found to be a serious problem, more than 70% of the surveyed households expressed their concern about the declining soil fertility in the area, the declining number of tree species, and the declining area covered by natural forest , according to the results of a survey conducted in the Council in 2006. Deforestation has also been linked to the spread of settlement, the clearing of land for farming, and

6806-480: Was near complete. This Dodoma Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dodoma Urban The administrative divisions of the Dodoma Municipality are 4 divisions, 37 wards, 39 villages, 100 Mitaa, and 222 hamlets. There is only one electoral district, Dodoma Urban. The chief executive of the council is the Council Executive Director (DED), who

6889-666: Was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water humans presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for water resources is much more intense, because there are now more than seven billion people on the planet, increasing the likelihood of overconsumption of food produced by water-thirsty animal agriculture and intensive farming practices. This creates increasing competition for water from industry , urbanisation and biofuel crops . Farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food , while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently. Successful agriculture

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