Maninka (also known as Malinke), or more precisely Eastern Maninka , is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande language family (itself, possibly linked to the Niger–Congo phylum ). It is the mother tongue of the Malinké people in Guinea , where it is spoken by 3.1 million people and is the main language in the Upper Guinea region, and in Mali , where the closely related Bambara is a national language , as well as in Liberia , Senegal , Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast , where it has no official status. It was the language of court and government during the Mali Empire .
5-432: The Wudala dialect of Eastern Maninka, spoken in the central highlands of Guinea and comprehensible to speakers of all dialects in that country, has the following phonemic inventory. (Apart from tone, which is not written, sounds are given in orthography, as IPA values are not certain.) There are four tones: high, low, rising and falling The marker for definiteness is a falling floating tone : Vowel qualities are /i e ɛ
10-465: A noun in isolation, it is associated with the preceding vowel and turns a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] river; [bâ] the river . When it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: Also common are floating tones associated with a segmental morpheme such as an affix. For example, in Okphela , an Edoid language of Nigeria, the main negative morpheme is distinguished from
15-502: A ɔ o u/ . All may be long or short, oral or nasal: /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ and /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/ . (It may be that all nasal vowels are long.) Nasal vowels nasalize some following consonants. /d/ typically becomes a flap [ɾ] between vowels. /c/ (also written ⟨ty⟩ ) often becomes /k/ before the vowels /i/ or /ɛ/. There is regional variation between /g/ and the labial–velar /g͡b/. /h/ occurs mostly in Arabic loans, and
20-596: Is established. /p/ occurs in French and English loans, and is in the process of stabilizing. Several voiced consonants become nasals after a nasal vowel. /b/ becomes /m/, /j/ becomes /ɲ/, and /l/ becomes /n/. For example, nouns ending in oral vowels take the plural in -lu ; nouns ending in nasal vowels take -nu . However, /d/ remains oral, as in /nde/ "I, me". Maninka in Guinea is written in an official Latin-based script, an older official orthography (also Latin-based), and
25-475: The N'Ko script . Floating tone A floating tone is a morpheme or element of a morpheme that contains neither consonants nor vowels , but only tone . It cannot be pronounced by itself but affects the tones of neighboring morphemes. An example occurs in Bambara , a Mande language of Mali that has two phonemic tones, high and low. The definite article is a floating low tone, and with
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