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22-742: Among the plants that grow in this park are Avicennia , Dryobalanops and Pandanus species, Alstonia scholaris , Terminalia catappa , Shorea selanica , Octomeles sumatrana , Bruguiera sexangula , Melaleuca leucadendra , Pometia pinnata , and various species of orchid . Of the 118 species of bird on the island, 15 are endemic , including the eclectus parrot , purple-naped lory , salmon-crested cockatoo , lazuli kingfisher , sacred kingfisher , grey-necked friarbird , Moluccan king parrot , bicoloured white-eye , Boano monarch , and Seram masked owl . The mammals found on Seram include Asian species ( murid rodents ) as well as Australasian marsupials . The montane area of Seram supports

44-566: A family that includes those clades with non-retinaculate fruits and one that excludes them, that still persists to the modern day. Bremekamp , in 1965, presented a classification of Acanthaceae that differed from that of Lindau, for his Acanthaceae excluded genera that lack retinaculate fruits. He placed Nelsonioideae within Scrophulariaceae , classified Thunbergiaceae and Mendonciaceae as distinct families and divided his Acanthaceae into two groups (Acanthoideae and Ruelloideae) based on

66-415: A number of subspecies . The generic name honours Persian physician Avicenna (980-1037). Members of the genus are among the most salt-tolerant mangroves and are often the first to colonise new deposits of sediment. The sap is salty, and excess salt is secreted through the leaves. The spreading root system provides stability in shifting substrates . Vertical roots called pneumatophores project from

88-399: Is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs , shrubs , or twining vines; some are epiphytes . Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia , Africa , Brazil , and Central America . Representatives of

110-755: Is included in Acanthaceae by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies that show it to be associated with this family. Traditionally the most important part use in Acanthaceae is the leaves and they are used externally for wounds. Some research has indicated that Acanthaceae possess antifungal , cytotoxic , anti-inflammatory , anti-pyretic , antioxidant , insecticidal , hepatoprotective , immunomodulatory , anti-platelet aggregation and anti-viral potential . For instance, Acanthus ilicifolius , whose chemical composition has been heavily researched,

132-681: Is widely used in ethnopharmaceutical applications, including in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine . Various parts of Acanthus ilicifolius have been used to treat asthma , diabetes , leprosy , hepatitis , snake bites , and rheumatoid arthritis . The leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus , noted for their antioxidant properties, are used for making Thai herbal tea in Thailand and Indonesia . Phytochemical reports on family Acanthaceae are glycosides , flavonoids , benzonoids , phenolic compounds , naphthoquinone and triterpenoids . Since

154-557: The intertidal zones of estuarine areas and are characterized by its "pencil roots", which are aerial roots . They are also commonly known as api api , which in the Malay language means "fires", a reference to the fact that fireflies often congregate on these trees. Species of Avicennia occur worldwide south of the Tropic of Cancer . The taxonomic placement of Avicennia is contentious. In some classifications, it has been placed in

176-515: The corolla, and the ovary is superior and bicarpellated, with axile placentation . The fruit is a two-celled capsule , dehiscing somewhat explosively. In most species, the seeds are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified funiculus called a jaculator or a retinaculum) that ejects them from the capsule. This trait is shared by all members of the clade Acanthoideae . A 1995 study of seed expulsion in Acanthaceae used high speed video pictures to show that retinacula propel seeds away from

198-426: The current understanding of Acanthaceae, Acanthaceae s.s. includes only those clades with retinaculate fruits (that is, Acantheae , Barlerieae , Andrographideae , Whitfieldeae, Ruellieae , and Justiceae), while Acanthaceae s.l. includes those clades as well as Thunbergioideae, Nelsonioideae, and Avicennia . Much research, using both molecular data and fossils , has been conducted in recent years regarding

220-409: The dating and distribution of the Acanthaceae and Lamiales lineage, although there still remains some ambiguity. In a 2004 study on the molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants, researchers estimated 106 million years (MY) for the stem lineage of Lamiales, 67 MY for the stem lineage of Acanthaceae, and 54 MY for the crown node of Acanthaceae (that is, the age of extant lineages with

242-473: The endemic salmon-crested cockatoo is now gravely threatened due to hunting and the destruction of its habitat, and the park remains its last stronghold. For the first time in 2006 nine cockatoos have been released in the wild after being confiscated from a smuggler in 2004. Avicennia See text Avicennia is a genus of flowering plants currently placed in the bear's breeches family, Acanthaceae . It contains mangrove trees , which occur in

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264-556: The family Verbenaceae , but more recently has been placed by some botanists in the monogeneric family Avicenniaceae . Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that Avicennia is derived from within Acanthaceae , and the genus is included in that family in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system. Designation of species is made difficult by the great variations in form of Avicennia marina . Between eight and 10 species are usually recognised, with A. marina further divided into

286-430: The family can be found in nearly every habitat , including dense or open forests , scrublands , wet fields and valleys, sea coast and marine areas, swamps , and mangrove forests. Plants in this family have simple, opposite, decussated leaves with entire (or sometimes toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without stipules . The leaves may contain cystoliths , calcium carbonate concretions, seen as streaks on

308-523: The family). These estimates are older than those based on fossils that can confidently be assigned to Lamiales, which are middle Eocene in age, ca. 48-37 MY. Palynomorphs that definitively show the existence of Acanthaceae are known from the upper Miocene , with the oldest ca. 22 MY. As of 2 December 2021 , the Germplasm Resources Information Network accepts 217 genera. As of January 2024, Plants of

330-446: The first comprehensive classification of Acanthaceae in 1847 by Nees , there have been a few major revisions presented since for the whole family. Lindau , in 1895, divided the family into the subfamilies Mendoncioideae, Thunbergioideae , Nelsonioideae , and Acanthoideae . Critically, Mendoncioideae, Thunbergioideae, and Nelsonioideae do not possess retinaculate fruits—and it is this distinction, between classifying Acanthaceae into

352-513: The greatest number of endemic mammals of any island in the region. It harbors 38 mammal species and includes nine species that are endemic or near endemic, several of which are limited to montane habitats. These include the Seram bandicoot , Moluccan flying fox , Seram flying-fox , Manusela mosaic-tailed rat , spiny Ceram rat and the Ceram rat , all considered threatened. There are four villages in

374-502: The mud, thus the term "pencil roots". These are used in gas exchange as very little oxygen is available in the mud. The flowers are fragrant and rich in nectar , and are pollinated by insects. The embryos exhibit cryptovivipary, a process where they start to develop before the seed is shed, but do not break through the outside of the fruit capsule. Eight species are currently accepted: Acanthaceae Acanthaceae ( / æ k æ n ˈ θ eɪ s iː ˌ aɪ , - s i ˌ i / )

396-533: The parent plant when the fruits dehisce, thereby helping the plant gain maximum seed dispersal range. A species well known to temperate gardeners is bear's breeches ( Acanthus mollis ), a herbaceous perennial plant with big leaves and flower spikes up to 2 m tall. Tropical genera familiar to gardeners include Thunbergia and Justicia . Avicennia , a genus of mangrove trees, usually placed in Verbenaceae or in its own family, Avicenniaceae ,

418-465: The park: Manusela, Ilena Maraina, Selumena and Kanike. Manusela is also the name of one of the mountains within the park, the local ethnic group and their language. In the local language Manusela means "bird of freedom". In 1972 two areas in central Seram were designated as nature reserves: Wae Nua (20,000 ha) and Wae Mual (17,500 ha). After a survey in 1978 a proposal was made to unite the two areas to form Manusela National Park. Manusela National Park

440-464: The presence or absence of cystoliths , articulate stems , monothecate anthers , and colpate pollen . In Scotland and Vollesen's 2000 study, they accepted 221 genera and detailed five major groups within Acanthaceae s.s. (that is, those possessing retinaculate fruits), which is equivalent to Acanthoideae Link sensu Lindau 1895. Out of those 221 genera, they placed 201 of them into seven infrafamilial taxa of Acanthaceae, leaving only 20 unplaced. In

462-427: The surface. The flowers are perfect, zygomorphic to nearly actinomorphic , and arranged in an inflorescence that is either a spike , raceme , or cyme . Typically, a colorful bract subtends each flower; in some species, the bract is large and showy. The calyx usually has four or five lobes; the corolla tubular, two-lipped or five-lobed; stamens number either two or four, arranged in pairs and inserted on

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484-418: Was established in 1997, to protect an area of 1,890 km, representing 11% of the land area of Seram island. A major threat is posed by deforestation , with logging concessions covering 48% of Seram's forest, and illegal logging even having been recorded inside Manusela National Park. Another threat is posed by illegal wild bird trading, particularly targeting the salmon-crested cockatoo. The population of

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