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29-598: Markdale is a community in the Municipality of Grey Highlands , in Grey County , Ontario , Canada. The population was 1,216 in 2016, an increase of 3.5% from 1,175 in 2011. In 2016, the average age of the population was approximately 43 years old. Markdale was first settled in 1846 and originally called East Glenelg, after a nearby township. In 1864, it was renamed Cornabus after the Scottish hometown, Islay , of

58-753: A concern for the lake's ecosystem. In southern Ontario, the Bruce Trail runs the length of the escarpment from Queenston on the Niagara River to Tobermory on the Bruce Peninsula. Highway 401 , Canada's busiest, also crosses the Niagara Escarpment, beginning its long descent through rolling hills, farmland, and towns west of Milton. Rock exposed on the face of the escarpment can be seen along Highway 26 from Owen Sound eastwards towards Meaford, Ontario . Hamilton, Ontario

87-403: A marine environment. In Michigan, behind (south of) the escarpment, the cuesta capstone slopes gently to form a wide basin , the floor of an Ordovician -Silurian-age tropical sea. (The escarpment is essentially the remnant shoreline of that sea.) There the constant deposition of minute shells and fragments of biologically-generated calcium carbonate , mixed with sediment washed in by erosion of

116-560: A population of 10,424 living in 4,091 of its 5,337 total private dwellings, a change of 6.3% from its 2016 population of 9,804 . With a land area of 879.03 km (339.40 sq mi), it had a population density of 11.9/km (30.7/sq mi) in 2021. Elementary students (kindergarten to grade 8) are divided into three catchment areas: All of those students go to Grey Highlands Secondary School , in Flesherton, for Grades 9 to 12. Niagara Escarpment The escarpment

145-405: A process of differential erosion of these rocks of different hardnesses. Through time the soft rocks weather away or erode by the action of streams. The gradual removal of the soft rocks undercuts the resistant caprock, leaving a cliff or escarpment. The erosional process is most readily seen at Niagara Falls , where the river has quickened the process. It can also be seen at the three waterfalls of

174-444: A station. A local landowner, Mark Armstrong, sold a parcel of land to the railway on the condition if the new station bore his name. Accordingly, the hamlet of Cornabus became Markdale and saw an immediate increase in business when the railway station opened. Fifteen years later, Markdale was incorporated as a village in 1888. The local newspaper, The Markdale Standard , was first published in 1880 and continued until 2012. In 1957,

203-581: Is a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve . The reserve has the oldest forest ecosystem and trees in eastern North America. The escarpment is not a fault line but the result of unequal erosion . It is composed of an outcrop belt of the Lockport Formation of Silurian age, and is similar to the Onondaga Formation , which runs in a parallel outcrop belt just to the south, through western New York and southern Ontario . The escarpment

232-631: Is a prominent Wisconsin feature in Dodge County, southwest of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin; it is known there as "The Ledge" and is in Ledge County Park between Horicon and Mayville, Wisconsin. Some local organizations take their name from it, including The Ledgers, the sports teams at St. Mary's Springs Academy , which is perched on the side of the escarpment. Many resorts and ski areas in Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, and New York are along

261-531: Is close to that of the provincial average (41 years old). The average household size is 2.5, and the average total income of all households is $ 94,000. The average after-tax income of households in the municipality is $ 77,000. The dominant natural feature of the area is the Niagara Escarpment , which passes through the municipality and has several ancillary features: In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Grey Highlands had

290-652: Is home to several industries including Chapman's Ice Cream and Medike Leather Products. Public services include an Ontario Provincial Police detachment, a fire department, 80-bed Brightshores Health System Hospital, a public library, an arena and community centre, and a curling and golf club. There are several annual festivities, including the Rotary Club's Street Frolic in July, and the Agricultural Society's Markdale Fall Fair in late August. The village

319-566: Is on the escarpment in such a way that the north end of the city is below and the south part above. Commonly referred to as "The Mountain" by its residents, many roads or "mountain accesses" join the urban core below with the suburban expansion above. From 1892 to 1936, the Hamilton Incline Railway transported people up and down "The Mountain." High Cliff State Park in Wisconsin shows how modern and prehistoric humans used

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348-549: Is the most prominent of several escarpments formed in the bedrock of the Great Lakes Basin . From its easternmost point just south of Lake Ontario, the escarpment shapes in part the individual basins and landforms of Lake Ontario , Lake Huron , and Lake Michigan . In Rochester, New York , the Genesee River flows through the city in three waterfalls over the scarp face. The escarpment thence runs westward to

377-506: The Centre Grey Recreation Complex. 44°19′N 80°39′W  /  44.317°N 80.650°W  / 44.317; -80.650 Grey Highlands, Ontario Grey Highlands is a municipality in the southeast corner of Grey County , Ontario , Canada . It was formed on January 1, 2001, by the amalgamation of the village of Markdale and the townships of Artemesia, Euphrasia and Osprey, which included

406-536: The Genesee River at Rochester (additional resistant rock layers make more than one escarpment in some places). Also, in some places thick glacial deposits, such as the Oak Ridges Moraine , conceal the Niagara Escarpment, such as north of Georgetown, Ontario , where it actually continues under glacial till and reappears farther north. The dolomite cap was laid down as sediment on the floor of

435-593: The Niagara River, forming a deep gorge north of Niagara Falls , which itself cascades over the scarp face. In southern Ontario , it spans the Niagara Peninsula , closely following the Lake Ontario shore through the cities of St. Catharines and Hamilton , where it takes a sharp turn north in the town of Milton toward Georgian Bay . It then follows the Georgian Bay shore northwestwards to form

464-652: The Regal Films production of the 1958 B film , Wolf Dog , starring Allison Hayes and Jim Davis , was filmed on location in Markdale as well as nearby Holland Township . In 2001, Markdale was amalgamated with the townships of Artemesia, Euphrasia and Osprey to form Grey Highlands. On August 20, 2009, an F2 tornado originated in Durham , 20 km southwest of Markdale, with one fatality. It then touched down in Markdale as an F0 and caused local damage. Markdale

493-438: The escarpment for not only cultural reasons, but economic gains, as well. A number of different animal and geometric effigy mounds and the remains of an early 20th-century limestone quarry and kiln are within the park. The relief and exposed edge are used by several wind farms stretching from Pipe to Brownsville in Wisconsin. Wind speeds average 18 mph (about 29 km/h) along this stretch. The Niagara Escarpment

522-401: The escarpment. Niagara County, New York , near the eastern end of the escarpment, is the site of the 18,000 acres (7,284 ha) Niagara Escarpment AVA ( American Viticultural Area ). Wines produced in this region include traditional grape varieties such as Merlot , Cabernet Franc , Cabernet Sauvignon , Chardonnay , and Riesling , and fruit wines . Ontario's Niagara Peninsula is

551-493: The postmaster, Donald MacDuffie (1814–1892). The post office was established in 1869. In the 1870s, new railways were a vital economic engine for small Ontario towns, as evidenced by nearby Flesherton , which had failed to prosper after the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway decided to bypass it. In 1873, the same railway wanted to make Cornabus a stop on its route from Toronto to Owen Sound if it could find land on which to build

580-577: The site of the largest wine-producing appellation (region) in Canada. Cool-climate varieties such as Riesling, Chardonnay, Gamay Noir, Pinot Noir, and Cabernet Franc are among the more than 30 varietals produced across 13,600 hectares (33,606 acres). Three subappellations lie along the benchlands of the Niagara Escarpment: Short Hills Bench , Twenty Mile Bench , and Beamsville Bench . Northeastern Wisconsin, at

609-468: The southeastern corner of Dodge County. Study of rock exposures and drillholes demonstrates that no displacement of the rock layers occurs at the escarpment, which is not a fault line but the result of unequal erosion . The escarpment's caprock is dolomitic limestone , also known as dolostone , which is more resistant and overlies weaker, more easily eroded shale as a weathering -resistant "cap". The escarpment formed over millions of years through

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638-730: The spine of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island , as well as several smaller islands in northern Lake Huron, where it turns westwards into the Upper Peninsula of northern Michigan, south of Sault Ste. Marie . It extends down the Garden Peninsula and Potawatomi Islands into Wisconsin following the Door Peninsula and then continues more inland from the western coast of Lake Michigan until ending in

667-474: The summer. The presence of the lake produces a vacuum of sorts during the growing season: warm air over the lake rises, sucking colder air off the land and creating offshore breezes. Cold air cannot settle over the vineyards and a constant flow of warmer air makes the growing season here longer than in other parts of the state. The escarpment's glacial soils are made up of gravel, sand, and clay over limestone bedrock. An aquifer provides mineral-rich ground water to

696-457: The unincorporated hamlets of Eugenia , Ceylon, Maxwell, Singhampton, Priceville, Kimberley, Badjeros, and Feversham. The former village of Flesherton is also located within the municipality and was amalgamated with Artemesia Township in 1998. According to the 2016 census , the municipality covers a land area of 882 square kilometres and has a population of 9,804. The municipality has a healthy population growth, and its average age (43 years old)

725-522: The vines, encouraging deep root growth. In February 1990, the Niagara Escarpment was a designated World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO , making it one of 12 in Canada. Development and land use on and adjacent to the escarpment is regulated by the Niagara Escarpment Commission , an agency of the Ontario government. Cliffs along the scarp face have the oldest forest ecosystem in eastern North America. The oldest tree in Ontario

754-544: The virtually lifeless landmasses, eventually formed a limestone layer. During the Silurian period, some magnesium substituted for some of the calcium in the carbonates, slowly forming harder dolomite layers in the same fashion. This dolomite basin contains Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie. Worldwide sea levels were at their all-time maximum in the Ordovician; as the sea retreated, erosion inevitably began. The escarpment

783-524: The western end of the escarpment, is the site of the 3,800 sq mi (9,800 km ) Wisconsin Ledge AVA . Most of the region's vineyards lie upon the escarpment's eastern-facing slope that rises gently upward from the shores of Lake Michigan to the top of the Ledge, before dropping sharply off into Green Bay, and benefit greatly from constant air movement from Lake Michigan, which stores warmth during

812-751: Was a charter member of the Central Ontario Hockey League and participated at the senior and junior levels under several nicknames, including Markdale Majors . For two seasons, the Grey Highlands Bravehearts of the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League played out of the Centre Grey Recreation Complex. The Grey Highlands Hawks are an original member of the Canadian Premier Junior Hockey League that played out of

841-638: Was a major obstacle in the construction of the Erie Canal in New York and was traversed by a series of locks; the community which grew up at the site thus became known as Lockport, New York . The Welland Canal allows ships to traverse the escarpment between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario on the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario. The canal also allowed Sea Lamprey , an invasive species native to Northern Atlantic Ocean, to enter Lake Erie and became

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