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30-662: The Maryland Club is a private social club in Baltimore, Maryland . Founded in 1857 as an exclusive men's club , it is today one of the oldest surviving such clubs. Its 1891 Romanesque clubhouse, located at 1 East Eager Street in the Mount Vernon neighborhood, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2024. The Club’s members have traditionally been among the region’s most prominent business, professional, civic and nonprofit leaders. Membership

60-699: A broad range of events in their monthly calendars. The members choose the events in which the club is going to take part, based upon the changing interests of the members. The members themselves determine the events they will attend of those offered. Because the purpose of these clubs is split between general social interaction and taking part in the events themselves, both single and married people can take part. However, clubs tend to have more single members than married, and many clubs exist for only single people, only married couples or only people with certain sexual orientations (homosexuality, pansexuality, bisexuality or heterosexuality). Membership can be limited or open to

90-596: A general adventure and activities social club, and the Groucho Club in Soho , London, which opened in 1985 as "the antidote to the traditional club." The "traditional club" referred to is the elitist gentlemen's club , a fixture of British upper-class male society. This is not to be confused with the modern use of the phrase, which is now a euphemism for a strip club . Clubs in England and Wales were not controlled by

120-482: A justices' clerk, or had previously been a justices' clerk. Assistants were required to have certain minimum qualifications (see Justices' Clerks (Qualification of Assistants) Rules 1979 (SI 1979/570), as amended). The Assistants to Justices' Clerks Regulations 2006, in regulation 3, set out the qualifications for assistants to justices' clerks who could be employed as clerks in court. They provided that people who have qualified as barristers or solicitors and had passed

150-425: A shelter for homeless former slaves. The club re-opened after the war. The club opposed Prohibition and flouted the law through the use of private lockers. After a 1995 fire nearly destroyed its building, the club restored its architectural and aesthetic elements. In 2019, a major renovation added squash facilities, improved the exercise area, added a bistro-style restaurant, and made other system upgrades. In 1988,

180-495: Is also responsible for the legal advice tendered to magistrates in and out of the courtroom either personally or by his assistant legal advisers. In the courtroom, whether or not requested, a legal adviser must provide advice necessary for magistrates to properly perform their functions. This includes advice on:- Additionally, in the court room, the legal adviser and his assistants may ask questions of witnesses and parties to clarify evidence and issues. They must ensure that every case

210-628: Is appointed under section 28 of the Courts Act 2003 by the Lord Chancellor and designated as such after consultation with the Lord Chief Justice to one or more local justice areas . Previously, justices' clerks were appointed under section 27. A person could only be designated if he/she had a five-year magistrates' court qualification, was a barrister or solicitor who had served for not less than five years as an assistant to

240-546: Is by invitation only. The Club's website says it wants a diverse membership of outstanding individuals regardless of race, gender, religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation. In 1861, the club supported the secession of the Confederate States of America . The club was closed by Union troops during the American Civil War . General Lew Wallace outraged local residents by turning the club building into

270-419: Is conducted fairly and assist unrepresented defendants to present their cases (without becoming an advocate). Where appropriate, they are responsible for assisting magistrates with the formulation and recording of reasons. Outside the court room, the legal adviser also supports the work of a bench (or benches) of magistrates by providing administrative support and advice to their various committees and meetings,

300-484: Is limited to individuals with these conditions. Fraternities and sororities are part of "Greek life" prevalent in universities. Many young men and women pledge during their freshman year of college in order to become a "brother" or "sister" of a fraternity or sorority . These clubs are founded on principles of camaraderie and communal bonding. As social clubs, they are sometimes also philanthropic , hosting fundraisers for charities or on-campus events. Clerk to

330-481: Is responsible for their training and development of magistrates, and assists in their pastoral care. He/she is also responsible for the management and training of legal advisers and with his/her management team, provide guidance and directions to other staff on legal issues and operational matters, such as listing. They work towards achieving improvements in performance and with other criminal justices agencies through Criminal Justice Boards. The Justices' Clerks' Society,

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360-598: The New York Friars' Club . Social activities clubs can be for-profit, non-profit or a combination of the two (a for-profit club with a non-profit charitable arm, for instance). Some social clubs have function halls which members, or sometimes the general public, can rent for parties. A number of Jewish community centers and other organizations, such as the YMCA , have social clubs for people with social anxiety and learning disabilities . Membership in these clubs

390-693: The temperance movement as a place to relax without alcohol, but in time this changed. They became a combination of public houses (pubs), music-halls and clubs , becoming places to be entertained, to drink socially and to play bar games. Working men's clubs are still prevalent across the United Kingdom, although not as popular. In the Dutch East Indies , sociëteits were established in various cities. Modern clubs include Urban Diversion in San Francisco, which opened in 2003 as

420-590: The Justices of the Peace Act 1949 and a move towards full-time clerks. The role of justices' clerk was abolished by the Courts and Tribunals (Judiciary and Functions of Staff) Act 2018 and the role is now carried out by a legal adviser. Although their functions have changed considerably over the intervening years legal advisers remain the linchpin of magistrates' courts. Because magistrates are unpaid members of

450-439: The accused, dismiss an information where no evidence is offered, request a pre-sentence report, commit a defendant for trial without consideration of the evidence and give directions in criminal and family proceedings. The justices' clerk may delegate these functions to a legal adviser (referred to as "assistant justices' clerk" in the relevant legislation). Nowadays, legal advisers may be granted these powers. The legal adviser

480-418: The activities available to the club members in the city or area in which the club is located. Some have a traditional clubhouse, bar or restaurant where members gather, while others do not. Events can include a broad range of activities, from sporting events and social parties to ballet , arts or book clubs . Unlike traditional clubs, they are not limited to one kind of event or special interest, but include

510-505: The club began accepting Jews as members. Social club This article covers only three distinct types of social clubs – the historic gentlemen's clubs , the modern activities clubs and an introduction to fraternities and sororities . This article does not cover a variety of other types of clubs having some social characteristics. Social clubs have commonly been used by the Mafia as meeting places, many mob crews even being named after

540-570: The club that they are based out of (The Palma Boys Crew, The Gemini Crew, The Veterans & Friends Crew). Working men's clubs developed in Britain during Victorian times as institutes where working class men could attend lectures and take part in recreational pursuits. The Reverend Henry Solly founded the Working Men's Club and Institute Union (CIU) for this purpose in 1862. Many middle-class social reformers founded these clubs during

570-422: The club's objects, its structure, location of its activities, requirements of members, membership criteria and various other rules. British clubs are usually run by a committee that will also include three 'officer' positions – chair, secretary and treasurer. Social activities clubs are a modern combination of several types of clubs and reflect today's more eclectic and varied society. These clubs are centered on

600-462: The exams for either of those professions or had been granted an exemption were qualified to be assistants to justices' clerks which meant that they can carry out matters on behalf of the justices' clerk. The 2006 Regulations also enabled the Lord Chancellor to make temporary appointments of people to act as clerks in court where he was satisfied that they were, in the circumstances, suitable and that no other arrangement can reasonably be made. However,

630-521: The general public, as can the events. Most clubs have a limited membership based upon specific criteria and restrict the events to members to increase their feeling of security, creating an increased sense of camaraderie and belonging. There are many examples of private social clubs, including the University Club of Chicago , The Mansion on O Street in D.C., the Penn Club of New York City and

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660-403: The justices A legal adviser , formerly referred to as a justices' clerk or clerk to the justices is an official of the magistrates' court in England and Wales whose primary role is to provide legal advice to justices of the peace (also known as magistrates). The office of justices' clerk (or clerk to the justices) is historically linked with the development of the office of justice of

690-408: The legal adviser is line managed by a senior civil servant for administrative purposes, he/she retains independence when undertaking judicial functions and giving legal advice to magistrates. A justices' clerk had the powers of a single magistrate, for example to issue a summons, adjourn proceedings, extend bail, issue a warrant for failing to surrender to bail where there is no objection on behalf of

720-634: The licensing system until the Licensing Act 1902 was passed, or in Scotland until the Licensing (Scotland) Act 1903 ( 3 Edw. 7 . c. 25) was passed. They were passed mainly to check the abuse of "clubs" being formed solely to sell intoxicating liquors free from the restrictions of the licensing acts, but it applied to all kinds of clubs in England and Wales. The act required the registration of every club that occupied any premises habitually used for

750-518: The local community and do not need to have legal qualifications, they are advised in court on matters of law, practice and procedure by legal advisers. In 2010 there were 49 full-time justices' clerks in England and Wales. In 2015 they numbered 26. The legal adviser's role has been adapted to account for modern requirements. The office holder is now a civil servant following the creation of Her Majesty's Courts Service (HMCS now His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service ) on 1 April 2005. However, although

780-501: The membership of which included all legal advisers, provided professional leadership for lawyers who work in the magistrates' courts by giving legal advice and guidance, and was represented on a number of national bodies and HMCTS steering and working groups. Its President met regularly with the Senior Presiding Judge for England and Wales . The Society appears to have closed down sometime after 2008. A legal adviser

810-572: The peace in England and Wales from the 12th century. The Justices of the Peace Act 1361 provided, amongst other things, "That in every county of England shall be assigned for the keeping of the peace, one lord and with him three or four of the most worthy of the county, with "some learned in the law", and they shall have the power to restrain the Offenders, Rioters, and all other Barators, and to pursue, arrest, take and chastise them according to their Trespass or Offence". Originally known as " clerk of

840-487: The peace ", "clerk of the justices" or "clerk of the keepers of the peace", the clerk who assisted the justices at Quarter Sessions was required to act as a record keeper and, being a lawyer, to provide legal advice to justices of the peace. However, from Tudor times many justices used their personal servants as their legal advisers out of Quarter Sessions and, in the 19th century, many benches were using local solicitors to advise them in their Petty Sessions work. In 1848, as

870-417: The purposes of a club and in which intoxicating liquor was supplied to members or their guests. The secretary of every club was required to give a return to the clerk to the justices of the petty sessional division with this information: Social and recreational clubs may be considered tax-exempt 501(c)(7) organizations under certain circumstances. Typically, a social club has a constitution which states

900-464: The summary jurisdiction of justices began to expand at Petty Sessions, so the importance of the role of justices' clerk increased and in 1851 an Act of Parliament allowed justices' clerks' fees to be paid out of public funds for the first time. By the 20th century, there was a preponderance of part-time clerks, which was criticised by the report of the Roche Committee in 1944. This report led to

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