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87-680: Massage is the rubbing or kneading of the body's soft tissues . Massage techniques are commonly applied with hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearms, feet, or a device. The purpose of massage is generally for the treatment of body stress or pain. In European countries, a person professionally trained to give massages is traditionally known as a masseur (male) or masseuse (female). In the United States, these individuals are often referred to as "massage therapists". In some provinces of Canada , they are called "registered massage therapists." In professional settings, clients are treated while lying on

174-508: A i j k l {\displaystyle a_{ijkl}} , b i j k l {\displaystyle b_{ijkl}} and c {\displaystyle c} material constants. W {\displaystyle W} is the strain energy function per volume unit, which is the mechanical strain energy for a given temperature. The Fung-model, simplified with isotropic hypothesis (same mechanical properties in all directions). This written in respect of

261-456: A massage table , sitting in a massage chair , or lying on a mat on the floor. There are many different modalities in the massage industry, including (but not limited to): deep tissue, manual lymphatic drainage , medical , sports, structural integration , Swedish , Thai and trigger point. The word comes from the French massage 'friction of kneading ', which, in turn, comes either from

348-407: A cure for obesity amongst other chronic ailments. Massage developed alongside athletics in both Ancient China and Ancient Greece . Taoist priests developed massage in concert with their Kung Fu gymnastic movements, while Ancient Greek Olympians used a specific type of trainer ("aleiptes") who would rub their muscles with oil. Pehr Ling's introduction to massage also came about directly as

435-540: A desire for it or guided by ignorance. Only food that is beneficial should be eaten, after proper examination. Verily, the body is the result of food. — Caraka Samhita , 1.XXVIII.41-48 Charaka Samhita dedicates Chapters 5, 6, 25, 26 and 27 to "Aharatattva" (dietetics), stating that a wholesome diet is essential for good health and to prevent diseases, while unwholesome food is an important cause of diseases. The tastes are six. They are sweet, sour, saline, pungent, bitter and astringent. Properly used, they nourish

522-473: A general category of massage and many methods such as deep tissue massage, myofascial release and trigger-point therapy, as well as osteopathic techniques, cranial-sacral techniques and many more can be used to work with various medical conditions. Soft tissue It is sometimes defined by what it is not – such as "nonepithelial, extraskeletal mesenchyme exclusive of the reticuloendothelial system and glia ". The characteristic substances inside

609-550: A high likelihood of bias . In ashiatsu, the practitioner uses their feet to deliver treatment. The name comes from the Japanese, ashi for foot and atsu for pressure. This technique typically uses the heel, sesamoid, arch, and/or whole plantar surface of foot, and offers large compression, tension and shear forces with less pressure than an elbow and is ideal for large muscles, such as in thigh, or for long-duration upper trapezius compressions. Other manual therapy techniques using

696-468: A human body, and others. The Charaka Samhita is premised on the Hindu assumption that Atman (soul) exists, it is immutable, and thereafter the text defines physical and mental diseases as caused by a lack of correlation and imbalance in body, or mind, or both, because of external factors (Prakriti, objects of senses), age or a want of correlation (appropriate harmony, equilibrium) between the three humors or

783-423: A knowledge of the same science, such discussion leads to increase of knowledge and happiness". The verses that follow an outline that discussions can be hostile or peaceful, the former are unproductive, the latter useful; even if one faces hostile criticism, one must persuade with gentle words and manner, asserts the text. The Charaka Samhita, like many ancient Hindu literature, reveres and attributes Hindu gods as

870-508: A lifestyle lacking exercise is linked to sexual dysfunctions (Kṛcchra Vyavāya), dedicating many verses to this. The text, states Arnold, contains many verses relating to women's sexual health, suggesting "great antiquity of certain methods and therapeutic agents used in the treatment of gynecological cases", for example, the cautery, pessaries, and astringent washes. Chapter VIII of the Charaka Samhita's Vimana Sthana book includes

957-455: A list of medical plants , exercises, and elaborate massage techniques, into the French language, thereby introducing Europe to the highly developed Chinese system of medicine, medical-gymnastics, and medical-massage. AD 1776: Pehr Henrik Ling , a Swedish physical therapist and teacher of medical-gymnastics, is born. Ling has often been erroneously credited for having invented "Classic Massage", also known as "Swedish Massage", and has been called

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1044-470: A major role in the cause of some common soft tissue diseases, like arterial stenosis and aneurisms and any soft tissue fibrosis . Other instance of tissue remodeling is the thickening of the cardiac muscle in response to the growth of blood pressure detected by the arterial wall. There are certain issues that have to be kept in mind when choosing an imaging technique for visualizing soft tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The accuracy of

1131-463: A part of the beauty regimen of the wives of Xerxes ( Esther , 2:12). 460 BC: Hippocrates wrote "The physician must be experienced in many things, but assuredly in rubbing." 300 BC: Charaka Samhita , sometimes dated to 800 BCE, is one of the oldest of the three ancient treatises of Ayurvedic medicine, including massage. Sanskrit records indicate that massage had been practiced in India long before

1218-426: A reputed scholar known for his wisdom, is free from tautology, ascribed to a Rishi , well compiled and has bhasya (commentaries), which treats nothing but the professed subject, is devoid of slang and unfamiliar words, explain its inferences, is non-contradictory, and is well illustrated. The teacher for apprenticeship should be one who knows the field, has experience gained from successfully treating diseases, who

1305-827: A result of his study of gymnastic movements. The 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles was the first time that massage therapy was televised as it was being performed on the athletes. And then, during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta massage therapy was finally offered as a core medical service to the US Olympic Team. Massage has been employed by businesses and organizations such as the U.S. Department of Justice , Boeing and Reebok . Athletes such as Michael Jordan and LeBron James have personal massage therapists that at times even travel with them. Acupressure [from Latin acus "needle" (see acuity) + pressure (n.)]

1392-538: A result of medical advancements of the time, while in the 1970s massage's influence grew once again with a notable rise among athletes. Until the 1970s, nurses used massage to reduce pain and aid sleep. Popular books and videos, such as Massage for Relaxation , helped introduce massage to popular culture outside of a health setting. The massage therapy industry is continuously increasing. In 2009, U.S. consumers spent between $ 4 and $ 6 billion on visits to massage therapists. In 2015, research estimates that massage therapy

1479-408: A section for the student aiming to become a physician. The text asserts that any intelligent man who knows the challenge and patience necessary to become a physician must first decide on his guru (teacher) and the books he must study. The Charaka Samhita claims, according to Kaviratna and Sharma translation, that "diverse treatises on medicine are in circulation", and the student must select one by

1566-505: A series of Atharvaveda hymns to show that almost all organs and nomenclature found in Charaka Samhita are also found in the Vedic hymns. The aim of life science Life is of four kinds: Sukha (happy), Duhkha (unhappy), Hita (good) and Ahita (bad). Sukham-Ayuh is a life unaffected by bodily or psychic diseases is endowed with vigor, capabilities, energy, vitality, activity, knowledge, successes and enjoyment. The opposite of this

1653-824: A sin, thou shalt behave like my son, never be impatient, always be attentive, behave with humility, act after reflection, and always seek whether sitting or standing the good of all living creatures". The most celebrated commentary on this text is the Carakatātparyaṭīkā "Commentary on the Meaning of the Caraka" or the Ayurveda Dīpikā , "The Lamp to Ayurveda" written by Chakrapani Datta (1066). Other notable commentaries are Bhattaraka Harichandra's Carakanyāsa ( c. 4th-6th century), Jejjaṭas Nirantarapadavyākhyā (c.875), Shivadasa Sena's Carakatattvapradīpikā (c.1460). Among

1740-428: A stethoscope to hear the peristalsis. Craniosacral therapy (CST) is a pseudoscience that aims to improve fluid movement and cranial bone motion by applying light touch to the skull, face, spine, and pelvis. A type of massage that is done in an erotic way via the use of massage techniques by a person on another person's erogenous zones to achieve or enhance their sexual excitation or arousal and to achieve orgasm. It

1827-533: A worker in the massage industry in China is over 10,000 yuan per month, making them a well-paying job in China's service sector. Massage started to become popular in the United States in the middle part of the 19th century and was introduced by two New York physicians , George and Charles Taylor, based on Pehr Henrik Ling 's techniques developed in Sweden . During the 1930s and 1940s massage's influence decreased as

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1914-828: Is fotofota , tolotolo , and amoamo . In Tahiti it is rumirumi . On Nanumea in Tuvalu , massage is known as popo , pressure application is kukumi , and heat application is tutu . Massage has also been documented in Tikopia in the Solomon Islands , in Rarotonga , in Pukapuka and in Western Samoa . Manual lymphatic drainage is a technique used to gently work and stimulate the lymphatic system, to assist in reduction of localized swelling. The lymphatic system

2001-746: Is a Sanskrit text on Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine). Along with the Sushruta Samhita , it is one of the two foundational texts of this field that have survived from ancient India. It is one of the three works that constitute the Brhat Trayi . The text is based on the Agnivesha Samhitā, an older encyclopedic medical compendium by Agniveśa . It was revised by Charaka between 100 BCE and 200 CE and renamed Charaka Samhitā . The pre-2nd century CE text consists of 8 books and 120 chapters. It describes ancient theories on

2088-471: Is a compilation of medical knowledge known up to that date, and is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Massage is referred to in 30 different chapters of the Nei Jing. It specifies the use of different massage techniques and how they should be used in the treatment of specific ailments, and injuries. Also known as "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," the text refers to previous medical knowledge from

2175-426: Is a full body massage technique that starts from head to toes, drawing on acupuncture , reflexology and kneading. Signature massage strokes include acupressure using the elbows, quick gentle knocking of acupressure points, and slow kneading of tight muscles. The massage aims to improve blood circulation and quality of sleep, while at the same time help to promote better skin quality. Biomechanical stimulation (BMS)

2262-410: Is a network of slow moving vessels in the body that carries cellular waste toward the liver, to be filtered and removed. Lymph also carries lymphocytes and other immune system agents. Manual lymphatic drainage claims to improve waste removal and immune function. Medical massage is a controversial term in the massage profession. Many use it to describe a specific technique. Others use it to describe

2349-414: Is a stiffening parameter, associated with limiting chain extensibility. This constitutive model cannot be stretched in uni-axial tension beyond a maximal stretch J m {\displaystyle J_{m}} , which is the positive root of Soft tissues have the potential to grow and remodel reacting to chemical and mechanical long term changes. The rate the fibroblasts produce tropocollagen

2436-580: Is a technique similar in principle to acupuncture . It is based on the concept of life energy which flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points with the aim of clearing blockages in those meridians. Pressure may be applied by fingers, palm, elbow, toes or with various devices. Some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, for helping lower back pain, tension headaches, stomach ache, among other things, although such studies have been found to have

2523-412: Is a term generally used for localised biomechanical oscillation methods, whereby local muscle groups are stimulated directly or via the associated tendons by means of special hand held mechanical vibration devices. Biomechanical oscillation therapy and training is offered in a variety of areas such as competitive sports, fitness, rehabilitation, medicine, prevention, beauty and used to improve performance of

2610-404: Is calculated to do good to the patient", and maintain the patient's privacy. There is no end in the knowledge of medical science, claims verse 3.8.12 of the Charaka Samhita, and the physician must constantly learn and devote himself to it. The text asserts that a physician should discuss his findings and questions with other physicians because "when one discusses with another that is possessed of

2697-604: Is called Anu-taila . The text, thereafter, asserts that this Anu-taila is to be used as a rubbing oil and as a nasal drop for a certain class of ailments. Glucklich mentions other medical texts from ancient India which include the use of Anu-taila in skin therapy. The Charaka Samhita discusses sexual diseases as well as its theory of treatment of sexual dysfunctions and virility ( Vajikarana ). The text emphasizes methods of body cleansing, sexual health-promoting conduct, behavior and diet. Certain herb and mineral combinations are part of its regimen. The text asserts that obesity and

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2784-468: Is compassionate towards who approach him, who lives a life of inner and outer Shaucha , is well equipped, who knows the characteristics of health and disease, one who is without malice towards anyone, is free of anger, who respects privacy and pain of his patients, is willing to teach, and is a good communicator. When one finds such a teacher, asserts the Caraka Samhita, the student must revere

2871-471: Is essential for expedient recovery from sickness or surgery. The Charaka Samhita suggests a regimen of Mamsa Rasa (meat soup) during pregnancy from the 6th month onwards. Freshly cut meat is also recommended by the text for treatment of poison: the cut meat is pressed against the affected part or spot of insect or reptile bite to absorb the poison. Ray et al. list medicinal substances from over 150 animal origins that are described in Charaka Samhita, and

2958-472: Is proportional to these stimuli. Diseases, injuries and changes in the level of mechanical load may induce remodeling. An example of this phenomenon is the thickening of farmer's hands. The remodeling of connective tissues is well known in bones by the Wolff's law ( bone remodeling ). Mechanobiology is the science that study the relation between stress and growth at cellular level. Growth and remodeling have

3045-763: Is the Ahitam-Ayuh . The aim of Ayurveda is to teach what is conducive to these four kinds of life. — Caraka Samhita Chapters 1.1, 1.30 (Abridged) The extant text has eight sthāna (books), totalling 120 chapters. The text includes a table of contents embedded in its verses, stating the names and describing the nature of the eight books, followed by a listing of the 120 chapters. These eight books are Seventeen chapters of Cikitsā sthāna and complete Kalpa sthāna and Siddhi sthāna were added later by Dṛḍhabala. The text starts with Sūtra sthāna which deals with fundamentals and basic principles of Ayurveda practice. Unique scientific contributions credited to

3132-474: Is the Asukham-Ayuh . Hitam-Ayuh is the life of a person who is always willing to do good to all living beings, truthful, non-stealing, calm, self-restrained, taking steps after examining the situation, virtuous, achieve Dharma - Artha - Kama , without conflict with others, worshipping whatever is worthy, devoted to knowledge-understanding-serenity of mind, and to charity and peace. The opposite of this

3219-453: The Caraka Saṃhitā include: The text asserts that there are four important parts to medical practice – the patient, the physician, the nurse and the medicines. All four are essential to recovery and return to health, states the text. The physician provides knowledge and coordinates the treatment. He is who can "explore the dark interior of the body with the lamp of knowledge", according to

3306-841: The Arabic word مَسَّ massa meaning 'to touch, feel', the Portuguese amassar 'knead', from the Latin massa meaning 'mass, dough', or the Greek verb μάσσω ( massō ) 'to handle, touch, to work with the hands, to knead dough'. The ancient Greek word for massage was anatripsis and the Latin was frictio . Archaeological evidence of massage has been found in many ancient civilizations including China , India , Japan , Egypt , Rome , Greece , and Mesopotamia . 2330 BC: The Tomb of Akmanthor (also known as "The Tomb of

3393-483: The Charaka Samhita are uncertain. Meulenbeld's History of Indian Medical Literature dates it to be between the 4th century BCE to the 2nd century CE, with Charaka's compilation likely between 100 BCE and 200 CE. The Dṛḍhabala revision and completion, the source of current texts, is dated to the 6th century CE. In Sanskrit, charaka is a term for a wanderer, sannyasi (ascetic), and sometimes used in

3480-428: The extracellular matrix of soft tissue are the collagen , elastin and ground substance . Normally the soft tissue is very hydrated because of the ground substance. The fibroblasts are the most common cell responsible for the production of soft tissues' fibers and ground substance. Variations of fibroblasts, like chondroblasts , may also produce these substances. At small strains , elastin confers stiffness to

3567-403: The nylon does the role of collagen. In soft tissues, the collagen limits the deformation and protects the tissues from injury. Human soft tissue is highly deformable, and its mechanical properties vary significantly from one person to another. Impact testing results showed that the stiffness and the damping resistance of a test subject's tissue are correlated with the mass, velocity, and size of

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3654-648: The "Father of Massage". AD 1779: Frenchman Pierre-Martial Cibot publishes "Notice du Cong-fou des Bonzes Tao-see", also known as "The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse", a French language summary of medical techniques used by Taoist priests. According to English historian of China Joseph Needham , Cibot's work "was intended to present the physicists and physicians of Europe with a sketch of a system of medical gymnastics which they might like to adopt—or if they found it at fault they might be stimulated to invent something better. This work has long been regarded as of cardinal importance in

3741-487: The "Swedish Movement Cure". Ling died in 1839, having previously named his pupils as the repositories of his teaching. Ling and his assistants left a little proper written account of their methods. AD 1868: Dutch massage practitioner Johan Georg Mezger applies French terms to name five basic massage techniques, and coins the phrase "Swedish massage system". These techniques are still known by their French names (effleurage (long, gliding strokes), petrissage (lifting and kneading

3828-599: The 15th and 16th centuries, when they helped enlighten European scholars as to the achievements of the Ancient Greeks. This renewal of the Galenic tradition during the Renaissance played a very important part in the rise of modern science. One of the greatest Persian medics was Avicenna , also known as Ibn Sina, who lived from 980 AD to 1037 AD. His works included a comprehensive collection and systematization of

3915-526: The 16th century. In the Philippines , a distinct massage and healing tradition called hilot developed, while in Thailand , the tradition of massage that developed was called nuad thai . Nuad thai was declared in 2019 as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. AD 1776: Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and Pierre-Martial Cibot , French missionaries in China translate summaries of Huangdi Neijing , including

4002-470: The Charaka Samhita are dedicated to identifying and classifying seeds, roots, flowers, fruits, stems, aromatic leaves, barks of different trees, plants juices, mountain herbs, animal products ranging from their milk to their excretory waste after the animals eat certain diet or grasses, different types of honey, stones, salts and others. The text also describes numerous recipes, detailing how a particular formulation should be prepared. A typical recipe appears in

4089-466: The Cikitsa Sthana book of the Caraka Samhita as follows: Anu Taila recipe Take a measure of sesame seeds. Macerate them in goat's milk. Then pound them in goat's milk. Place the pounded product on a piece of clean cloth. Place the product and cloth over a vessel filled with goat's milk. Apply mild heat to the vessel. Let vapors from heated milk slightly boil the sesame paste. Mix

4176-607: The Physician") in Saqqara , Egypt, depicts two men having work done on their feet and hands, possibly depicting a massage. 2000 BC: The word muššu'u ("massage") is written for the first time, and its use is described, in some Sumerian and Akkadian texts found at the beginning of the 21st century in ancient Mesopotamia. 722–481 BC: Huangdi Neijing is composed during the Chinese Spring and Autumn period . The Nei-jing

4263-476: The ability to describe how he or she feels, remember and respectfully follow the physician instructions. The Charaka Samhita, states Curtin, was among the earliest texts that set a code of ethics on physicians and nurses, attributing "moral as well as scientific authority to the healer". The text, in chapters 8 and 9 of the Vimana Sthana dedicates numerous verses to discussing the code. It mandates that

4350-531: The application of pressure to the pregnant abdomen , can be found in one of the bas reliefs decorating the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia . It depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld . This is the oldest known visual representation of abortion. In Southeast Asia, massage traditions and techniques have already been entrenched in the people's diverse cultures for centuries before trade contact with Europe in

4437-549: The arms across the breast, the shoulder joints are made to crack in like manner. Lomilomi is the traditional massage of Hawaii . As an indigenous practice, it varies by island and by family. The word lomilomi also is used for massage in Samoa and East Futuna. In Samoa, it is also known as lolomi and milimili . In East Futuna, it is also called milimili , fakasolosolo , amoamo , lusilusi , kinikini , fai’ua . The Māori call it romiromi and mirimiri . In Tonga massage

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4524-488: The attendants begins to press and handle the tops of the shoulders, the muscles of the arm, and successively the whole body; first gently, then by degrees increasing the pressure, till he comes to handle pretty roughly, but without giving pain. This is repeated at short intervals till the skin is perfectly softened. The attendant then taking hold of the bather's fingers, with a dexterous jerk makes each joint crack successively; after which, laying him flat on his back, and bringing

4611-512: The beginning of recorded history. AD 1st or 2nd: Galen mentioned Diogas (Διόγας) who was an iatralipta (ἰατραλείπτης) (rubber and anointer/physiotherapist). AD 581: China establishes a department of massage therapy within the Office of Imperial Physicians. Many of Galen 's manuscripts, for instance, were collected and translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq in the 9th century. Later in the 11th-century copies were translated into Latin and again in

4698-517: The benefits of regular Ayurvedic massage include pain relief, reduction of fatigue, improved immune system and improved longevity. "Known in Myanmar as Yoe Yar Nhake Nal Chin, meaning 'traditional massage', Burmese massage has its ancient origins from Thai, Chinese and Indian medicine. Currently, Burmese massage also includes the use of local natural ingredients such as Thanaka which helps to promote smooth skin and prevents sunburn." Burmese massage

4785-682: The body. Improperly used (excess or deficient), they verily lead to the provocation of the Dosha . The Dosha are three: Vata , Pitta and Kapha . When they are in their normal state, they are beneficial to the body. When, however, they become disorganized, verily they afflict the body with diseases of diverse kinds. The text suggests that foods are source of heat, nutritive value as well as physiological substances that act like drugs inside human body. Furthermore, along with medicine, Caraka Samhita in Chapters 26 and 27, states that proper nutrition

4872-469: The boiled paste with pulverized liquorice, adding an equal measure of goat's milk. Press the oil out of the mixed product. Add this oil to the (standard) decoction of ten roots in the ratio of one to four. To this oil mix, add paste of Rasna , Madhuka and Saindhava salt in the ratio of four to one. Boil all these together. Filter. Extract and collect the oil. Repeat the root-paste-salt-oil combining and boiling process ten times. The resulting oil

4959-493: The book himself because this portion had been lost, and that he also re-wrote the last part of the book. Based on textual analysis, and the literal meaning of the Sanskrit word charaka , Chattopadhyay speculated that charaka does not refer to one person but a lineage or sect of people. Vishwakarma and Goswami state that the text exists in many versions and entire chapters are missing in some versions. Dates of composition of

5046-423: The chapters these are found in. These range from meat of wild animals such as fox and crocodile, to that of freshly cut fish, fish oil, eggs of birds, bee's wax. Additionally, the text describes hundreds of formulations (gruel) it asserts to be of medicinal value from a mixture of animal products and herb or plant products, as well as inert minerals such as various salts, soots and alkalis. Numerous chapters in

5133-596: The context of the ancient tradition of wandering physicians who brought their medical expertise and magico-religious rites from village to village. Surendranath Dasgupta states that the medical tradition of wandering physicians is traceable to the Atharvaveda , particularly the Caranavaidya shakha – one of the nine known shakha of Atharvaveda-based Vedic schools. The name of this school literally means "wandering physicians". Their texts have not survived into

5220-536: The earliest known Chinese physician, uses massage in medical practice. 500 BC: Jīvaka Komarabhācca was an Indian physician who according to the Pāli Buddhist Canon was Shakyamuni Buddha 's physician. Jivaka is sometimes credited with founding and developing a style of massage that led to the type of massage practiced in current-day Thailand. Though this claim is disputed. 493 BC: A possible biblical reference documents daily "treatments" with oil of myrrh as

5307-652: The evidence of later additions of some Brahminic ideas. There is a close relationship between the philosophic presuppositions and the approach to medicine in Caraka Samhita. Diet and health Innumerable diseases, bodily and mental, have for their root Tamas (stupefaction, darkness). Through fault of the understanding, one indulges in the five injurious objects, suppresses the urgings of nature and accomplishes acts that are highly rash. The man of Ignorance then becomes united with conditions for disease. The man of Knowledge, however, purified by knowledge avoids those conditions. One should never take any food, acting only from

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5394-492: The feet to provide treatment include Keralite, Barefoot Lomilomi , and Chavutti Thirumal . Ayurvedic massage is known as Abhyangam in Sanskrit. According to the Ayurvedic Classics Abhayngam is an important dincharya (Daily Regimen) that is needed for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The massage technique used during Ayurvedic Massage aims to stimulate the lymphatic system. Practitioners claim that

5481-569: The fragmentary and unorganized Greco-Roman medical literature that had been translated Arabic by that time, augmented by notes from his own experiences. One of his books, Al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb ( The Canon of Medicine ) has been called the most famous single book in the history of medicine in both East and West. Avicenna excelled in the logical assessment of conditions and comparison of symptoms and took special note of analgesics and their proper use as well as other methods of relieving pain, including massage. AD 1150: Evidence of massage abortion, involving

5568-399: The good of all creatures. — Charak Samhita 3.VIII.6 (Abridged) The Charaka Samhita states that the content of the book was first taught by Atreya , and then subsequently codified by Agniveśa , revised by Charaka, and the manuscripts that survive into the modern era are based on one completed by Dṛḍhabala. Dṛḍhabala stated in the Charaka Samhita that he had to write one-third of

5655-601: The history of physiotherapy because it almost certainly influenced the Swedish founder of the modern phase of the art, Pehr Hendrik Ling. Cibot had studied at least one Chinese book but also got much from a Christian neophyte who had become expert in the subject before his conversion." AD 1813: The Royal Gymnastic Central Institute for the training of gymnastic instructors was opened in Stockholm, Sweden, with Pehr Henrik Ling appointed as principal. Ling developed what he called

5742-630: The human body, etiology , symptomology and therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. The Charaka Samhita also includes sections on the importance of diet, hygiene, prevention, medical education, and the teamwork of a physician, nurse and patient necessary for recovery to health. The ideal medical student He should be of a mild disposition, noble by nature, never mean in his acts, free from pride, strong memory, liberal mind, devoted to truth, likes solitude, of thoughtful disposition, free from anger, of excellent character, compassionate, one fond of study, devoted to both theory and practice, who seeks

5829-417: The image analysis relies on the properties and the quality of the raw data and, therefore, the choice of the imaging technique must be based upon issues such as: The collagen fibers are approximately 1-2 μm thick. Thus, the resolution of the imaging technique needs to be approximately 0.5 μm. Some techniques allow the direct acquisition of volume data while other need the slicing of the specimen. In both cases,

5916-479: The independence of strain rate, preconditioned soft tissues still present hysteresis, so the mechanical response can be modeled as hyperelastic with different material constants at loading and unloading. By this method the elasticity theory is used to model an inelastic material. Fung has called this model as pseudoelastic to point out that the material is not truly elastic. In physiological state soft tissues usually present residual stress that may be released when

6003-593: The initial configuration when unloaded, i.e. they are hyperelastic materials , and their stress-strain curve is nonlinear . The soft tissues are also viscoelastic , incompressible and usually anisotropic . Some viscoelastic properties observable in soft tissues are: relaxation , creep and hysteresis . In order to describe the mechanical response of soft tissues, several methods have been used. These methods include: hyperelastic macroscopic models based on strain energy, mathematical fits where nonlinear constitutive equations are used, and structurally based models where

6090-520: The modern era, but manuscripts from two competing schools – Paippalada and Saunakiya, have. The Atharvaveda contains chapters relating to medicine, surgery and magico-religious rites. This Atharvaveda layer of text was likely compiled contemporaneously with Samaveda and Yajurveda , in about 1200 BCE–1000 BCE. Dasgupta and other scholars state that the Atreya-Charaka school and its texts may have emerged from this older tradition, and he cites

6177-411: The muscles and to improve coordination and balance. It is often used in myofascial trigger point therapy to invoke reciprocal inhibition within the musculoskeletal system. Beneficial effects from this type of stimulation have been found to exist. Biodynamic massage was created by Gerda Boyesen as part of Biodynamic Psychotherapy. It uses a combination of hands-on work and "energy work" and also uses

6264-625: The muscles), friction (firm, deep, circular rubbing movements), tapotement (brisk tapping or percussive movements) and vibration (rapidly shaking or vibrating specific muscles)). As of 2005, with the city of Shanghai alone there were an estimated 1,300–2,000 foot massage centers, with more than 3,000 in Shenzhen . It was also estimated that there were nearly 30,000 massage workers in Shanghai and over 40,000 in Shenzhen. The average rate of pay for

6351-518: The physician must seek consent before entering a patient's quarters, must be accompanied by a male member of the family if he is attending a woman or minor, must inform and gain consent from the patient or the guardians if the patient is a minor, must never resort to extortion for his service, never involve himself in any other activities with the patient or patient's family (such as negotiating loans, arranging marriage, buying or selling property), speak with soft words and never use cruel words, only do "what

6438-514: The principal stretches ( λ i {\displaystyle \lambda _{i}} ): where a, b and c are constants. For small strains, the exponential term is very small, thus negligible. On the other hand, the linear term is negligible when the analysis rely only on big strains. where μ > 0 {\displaystyle \mu >0} is the shear modulus for infinitesimal strains and J m > 0 {\displaystyle J_{m}>0}

6525-401: The response of a linear elastic material is modified by its geometric characteristics. Even though soft tissues have viscoelastic properties, i.e. stress as function of strain rate, it can be approximated by a hyperelastic model after precondition to a load pattern. After some cycles of loading and unloading the material, the mechanical response becomes independent of strain rate. Despite

6612-444: The striking object. Such properties may be useful for forensics investigation when contusions were induced. When a solid object impacts a human soft tissue, the energy of the impact will be absorbed by the tissues to reduce the effect of the impact or the pain level; subjects with more soft tissue thickness tended to absorb the impacts with less aversion. Soft tissues have the potential to undergo large deformations and still return to

6699-575: The teacher like a deity or one's own father, because it is by his grace that one becomes educated. When the teacher accepts a student as his apprentice, asserts the Charaka Samhita, he should in the presence of fire initiate the student with the following mandates during the period of apprenticeship – "thou shalt be a brahmacharin , wear beard and mustache, thou shalt be always truthful, abstain from meat and unclean diet, never harbor envy, never bear weapons, thou shalt do anything I say except if that may lead to another person's death or to great harm or to

6786-424: The text and Valiathan's translation. The physician must express joy and cheer towards those who can respond to treatment, masterfully avoid and save time in cases where the patient suffers from an incurable disease, while compassionate towards all. The nurse must be knowledgeable, skilled at preparing formulations and dosage, sympathetic towards everyone and clean. The patient is responsible for being positive, have

6873-574: The text presumes proper goals to include both spiritual and physical health. The Charaka Samhita, in addition to initial recitations, uses the foundational assumptions and values embedded in various layers of the Vedas . These assumptions include the Vedic doctrine that a human being is a microcosmic replica of the universe, and the ancient Hindu theory of six elements (five Prakriti and one Brahman ), three humors (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), three Guṇas (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) as constituent forces innate in

6960-483: The three Gunas . The Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita have religious ideas throughout, states Steven Engler, who then concludes, "Vedic elements are too central to be discounted as marginal". These ideas appear, for example, in the theoretical foundations and Vedic metaphors used in these texts. In addition, states Engler, the text includes another layer of ideas, where empirical rational ideas flourish in competition or cooperation with religious ideas, as well as

7047-646: The time of the Yellow Emperor ( c.  2700   BC ), misleading some into believing the text itself was written during the time of the Yellow Emperor (which would predate written history). 762 BC: In the Iliad and the Odyssey, massage with oils and aromatic substances is mentioned as a means to relax the tired limbs of warriors and as a way to help the treatment of wounds. 700 BC: Bian Que ,

7134-420: The tissue and stores most of the strain energy . The collagen fibers are comparatively inextensible and are usually loose (wavy, crimped). With increasing tissue deformation the collagen is gradually stretched in the direction of deformation. When taut, these fibers produce a strong growth in tissue stiffness. The composite behavior is analogous to a nylon stocking , whose rubber band does the role of elastin as

7221-402: The tissue is excised . Physiologists and histologists must be aware of this fact to avoid mistakes when analyzing excised tissues. This retraction usually causes a visual artifact . Fung developed a constitutive equation for preconditioned soft tissues which is with quadratic forms of Green-Lagrange strains E i j {\displaystyle E_{ij}} and

7308-431: The ultimate source of its knowledge. The Charaka Samhita mentions Bharadvaja learning from god Indra , after pleading that "poor health was disrupting the ability of human beings from pursuing their spiritual journey", and then Indra provides both the method and specifics of medical knowledge. The method, asserts the text, revolves around three principles: etiology, symptomology and therapeutics. Thus, states Glucklich,

7395-1337: The volume that is extracted must be able to follow the fiber bundles across the volume. High contrast makes segmentation easier, especially when color information is available. In addition, the need for fixation must also be addressed. It has been shown that soft tissue fixation in formalin causes shrinkage, altering the structure of the original tissue. Some typical values of contraction for different fixation are: formalin (5% - 10%), alcohol (10%), bouin (<5%). Imaging methods used in ECM visualization and their properties. Transmission Light Confocal Multi-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Second Harmonic Generation Optical coherence tomography Resolution 0.25 μm Axial: 0.25–0.5 μm Lateral: 1 μm Axial: 0.5 μm Lateral: 1 μm Axial: 0.5 μm Lateral: 1 μm Axial: 3–15 μm Lateral: 1–15 μm Contrast Very High Low High High Moderate Penetration N/A 10 μm–300 μm 100-1000 μm 100–1000 μm Up to 2–3 mm Image stack cost Charaka Samhita Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas The Charaka Samhita ( IAST : Caraka-Saṃhitā , “Compendium of Charaka ”)

7482-519: Was a $ 12.1 billion industry. All but five states require massage therapists to be licensed, and licensure requires the applicant to receive training at an accredited school, and to pass a comprehensive exam. Those states that require licensure also typically require continuing education in massage techniques and in ethics. The service of massage or "physiological shampooing" was advertised in The Times from as early as 1880. Adverts claimed it as

7569-430: Was also once used for medical purposes as well as for the treatment of " female hysteria " and "womb disease". Nuru massage is a Japanese form of erotic massage. In the traditional Hammam , massage involves not just vigorous muscle kneading, but also joint cracking , "not so much a tender working of the flesh as a pummeling, a cracking of joints, a twisting of limbs..." An 18th-century traveler reported: ...one of

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