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49-405: McGaugh is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: James McGaugh (born 1931), American neuroscientist Joe Don McGaugh (born 1983), American politician Stacy McGaugh (born 1964), American astronomer [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname McGaugh . If an internal link intending to refer to

98-761: A Merit Award from the National Institute of Mental Health in 1987. McGaugh was elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1989 and was also elected a member of the Brazilian and Mexican academies of science. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has served as president of the Association for Psychological Science and the Western Psychological Association. He

147-431: A cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, described as signal transduction , often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP ). Some protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in

196-576: A competing ligand is bound to the receptor site, the hormone is unable to bind to that site and is unable to elicit a response from the target cell. These competing ligands are called antagonists of the hormone. Many hormones and their structural and functional analogs are used as medication . The most commonly prescribed hormones are estrogens and progestogens (as methods of hormonal contraception and as HRT ), thyroxine (as levothyroxine , for hypothyroidism ) and steroids (for autoimmune diseases and several respiratory disorders ). Insulin

245-476: A diverse range of systemic physiological effects. Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal. Arnold Adolph Berthold was a German physiologist and zoologist , who, in 1849, had a question about the function of the testes . He noticed in castrated roosters that they did not have the same sexual behaviors as roosters with their testes intact. He decided to run an experiment on male roosters to examine this phenomenon. He kept

294-433: A group of roosters with their testes intact, and saw that they had normal sized wattles and combs (secondary sexual organs ), a normal crow, and normal sexual and aggressive behaviors. He also had a group with their testes surgically removed, and noticed that their secondary sexual organs were decreased in size, had a weak crow, did not have sexual attraction towards females, and were not aggressive. He realized that this organ

343-445: A learning event, influence the subsequent retention of that event. The concept of such "post-training" manipulations is one of McGaugh's greatest contributions to the field of learning and memory because it avoids many potential confounds, such as performance effects of the drug, that may occur when a drug or other treatment is given prior to the training. Over the ensuing decades, McGaugh and his research colleagues and students extended

392-403: A rapid degradation cycle, making sure they do not reach distant sites within the body. Hormones are also regulated by receptor agonists. Hormones are ligands, which are any kinds of molecules that produce a signal by binding to a receptor site on a protein. Hormone effects can be inhibited, thus regulated, by competing ligands that bind to the same target receptor as the hormone in question. When

441-431: A rooster with one testis removed, and saw that they had normal behavior and physical anatomy as well. Berthold determined that the location or genetic factors of the testes do not matter in relation to sexual organs and behaviors, but that some chemical in the testes being secreted is causing this phenomenon. It was later identified that this factor was the hormone testosterone . Although known primarily for his work on

490-553: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McGaugh&oldid=1035481541 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Monitored short pages James McGaugh McGaugh received his B.A. from San Jose State University in 1953 and his Ph.D. in psychology from

539-429: A type of hormone that share a commonality with neurotransmitters. They are produced by endocrine cells that receive input from neurons, or neuroendocrine cells. Both classic hormones and neurohormones are secreted by endocrine tissue; however, neurohormones are the result of a combination between endocrine reflexes and neural reflexes, creating a neuroendocrine pathway. While endocrine pathways produce chemical signals in

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588-482: A wide range of processes including both physiological processes and behavioral activities such as digestion , metabolism , respiration , sensory perception , sleep , excretion , lactation , stress induction, growth and development , movement , reproduction , and mood manipulation. In plants, hormones modulate almost all aspects of development, from germination to senescence . Hormones affect distant cells by binding to specific receptor proteins in

637-531: Is no agreement that these molecules can be called hormones. Peptides Derivatives Compared with vertebrates, insects and crustaceans possess a number of structurally unusual hormones such as the juvenile hormone , a sesquiterpenoid . Examples include abscisic acid , auxin , cytokinin , ethylene , and gibberellin . Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell surface receptors or intracellular receptors . A cell may have several different receptors that recognize

686-479: Is the ability of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids to suppress inflammation . At the neurological level, behavior can be inferred based on hormone concentration, which in turn are influenced by hormone-release patterns; the numbers and locations of hormone receptors; and the efficiency of hormone receptors for those involved in gene transcription. Hormone concentration does not incite behavior, as that would undermine other external stimuli; however, it influences

735-619: Is through this "orchestration" of brain structures that memories are eventually formed and stored, though the exact nature of memory storage remains elusive. McGaugh has been recognized in honor of his achievements, accomplishments, and contributions to the field of learning and memory. In 1981 he was honored with the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association. He received

784-609: Is used by many diabetics . Local preparations for use in otolaryngology often contain pharmacologic equivalents of adrenaline , while steroid and vitamin D creams are used extensively in dermatological practice. A "pharmacologic dose" or "supraphysiological dose" of a hormone is a medical usage referring to an amount of a hormone far greater than naturally occurs in a healthy body. The effects of pharmacologic doses of hormones may be different from responses to naturally occurring amounts and may be therapeutically useful, though not without potentially adverse side effects. An example

833-453: The Theory of Evolution , Charles Darwin was also keenly interested in plants. Through the 1870s, he and his son Francis studied the movement of plants towards light. They were able to show that light is perceived at the tip of a young stem (the coleoptile ), whereas the bending occurs lower down the stem. They proposed that a 'transmissible substance' communicated the direction of light from

882-583: The University of California, Berkeley , in 1959. He was briefly a professor at San Jose State and then did postdoctoral work in neuropharmacology with Nobel Laureate Professor Daniel Bovet at the Istituto Superiore di Sanitá in Rome, Italy. He then became a professor at the University of Oregon from 1961 to 1964. He was recruited to the University of California, Irvine , in 1964 (the year of

931-418: The bloodstream , typically via fenestrated capillaries , whereas the exocrine system secretes its hormones indirectly using ducts . Hormones with paracrine function diffuse through the interstitial spaces to nearby target tissue. Plants lack specialized organs for the secretion of hormones, although there is spatial distribution of hormone production. For example, the hormone auxin is produced mainly at

980-472: The cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism. For steroid or thyroid hormones, their receptors are located inside the cell within the cytoplasm of the target cell. These receptors belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors . To bind their receptors, these hormones must first cross the cell membrane. They can do so because they are lipid-soluble. The combined hormone-receptor complex then moves across

1029-542: The thyroid , which increases output of thyroid hormones . To release active hormones quickly into the circulation , hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of pre- or prohormones . These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus. Eicosanoids are considered to act as local hormones. They are considered to be "local" because they possess specific effects on target cells close to their site of formation. They also have

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1078-451: The 1950s and 1960s) demonstrated that memories are not instantly created in a long-term, permanent fashion. Rather, immediately after a learning event, the memory is labile and susceptible to influence. As time passes, the memory becomes increasingly resistant to external influences and eventually becomes stored in a relatively permanent manner, a process termed memory consolidation . McGaugh found that drugs, given to an animal shortly after

1127-979: The Norman Anderson Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society of Experimental Psychologists in 2008 where he was elected a Fellow in 1991. He was also honored in 2009 with the Karl Lashley Prize in Neuroscience from the American Philosophical Society . In 2015 he received the Grawemeyer Award for Psychology [(University of Louisville)]. He was also presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award [(Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine)] in 2015. The University of California, Irvine, honored him with

1176-610: The UCI medal in 1992 and the naming of a building after him, McGaugh Hall, in 2001. McGaugh plays sax and clarinet in a jazz ensemble, a swing band and a concert band. Selected publications (out of 558): Hormone A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν , "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior . Hormones are required for

1225-402: The behaviors affected by episodically secreted hormones directly prevent the continuous release of sad hormones. Three broad stages of reasoning may be used to determine if a specific hormone-behavior interaction is present within a system: Though colloquially oftentimes used interchangeably, there are various clear distinctions between hormones and neurotransmitters : Neurohormones are

1274-536: The cell surface. In vertebrates, endocrine glands are specialized organs that secrete hormones into the endocrine signaling system . Hormone secretion occurs in response to specific biochemical signals and is often subject to negative feedback regulation . For instance, high blood sugar (serum glucose concentration) promotes insulin synthesis. Insulin then acts to reduce glucose levels and maintain homeostasis , leading to reduced insulin levels. Upon secretion, water-soluble hormones are readily transported through

1323-474: The circulatory system. Lipid-soluble hormones must bond to carrier plasma glycoproteins (e.g., thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)) to form ligand -protein complexes. Some hormones, such as insulin and growth hormones, can be released into the bloodstream already fully active. Other hormones, called prohormones , must be activated in certain cells through a series of steps that are usually tightly controlled. The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into

1372-706: The correct development of animals , plants and fungi . Due to the broad definition of a hormone (as a signaling molecule that exerts its effects far from its site of production), numerous kinds of molecules can be classified as hormones. Among the substances that can be considered hormones, are eicosanoids (e.g. prostaglandins and thromboxanes ), steroids (e.g. oestrogen and brassinosteroid ), amino acid derivatives (e.g. epinephrine and auxin ), protein or peptides (e.g. insulin and CLE peptides ), and gases (e.g. ethylene and nitric oxide ). Hormones are used to communicate between organs and tissues . In vertebrates , hormones are responsible for regulating

1421-427: The effects of emotional arousal on subsequent retention of the event. These hormones, in turn, activate a variety of brain structures, including the amygdala , which appears to play a key role in modulating memory consolidation. The amygdala, when activated, influences a variety of other brain structures, including the hippocampus , nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus that process different aspects of memory. It

1470-496: The findings into a long-term investigation of emotionally influenced memory consolidation. As most people realize, they have stronger memories for long-ago events that were emotionally arousing in nature, compared with memories for emotionally neutral events (which may not be remembered well at all). McGaugh's research examined how emotional arousal influences memory consolidation. In particular, he has found that stress hormones , such as epinephrine and cortisol , mediate much of

1519-412: The following steps: Exocytosis and other methods of membrane transport are used to secrete hormones when the endocrine glands are signaled. The hierarchical model is an oversimplification of the hormonal signaling process. Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for insulin , which triggers

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1568-432: The form of hormones, the neuroendocrine pathway involves the electrical signals of neurons. In this pathway, the result of the electrical signal produced by a neuron is the release of a chemical, which is the neurohormone . Finally, like a classic hormone, the neurohormone is released into the bloodstream to reach its target. Hormone transport and the involvement of binding proteins is an essential aspect when considering

1617-400: The function of hormones. The formation of a complex with a binding protein has several benefits: the effective half-life of the bound hormone is increased, and a reservoir of bound hormones is created, which evens the variations in concentration of unbound hormones (bound hormones will replace the unbound hormones when these are eliminated). An example of the usage of hormone-binding proteins

1666-413: The negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback must be triggered by overproduction of an "effect" of the hormone. Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by: One special group of hormones is the tropic hormones that stimulate the hormone production of other endocrine glands . For example, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland,

1715-433: The nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific DNA sequences , regulating the expression of certain genes , and thereby increasing the levels of the proteins encoded by these genes. However, it has been shown that not all steroid receptors are located inside the cell. Some are associated with the plasma membrane . Hormones have the following effects on the body: A hormone may also regulate

1764-405: The passage of food from the stomach to the intestines , which they believed to be due to the nervous system. They cut the nerves to the pancreas in an animal model and discovered that it was not nerve impulses that controlled secretion from the pancreas. It was determined that a factor secreted from the intestines into the bloodstream was stimulating the pancreas to secrete digestive fluids. This

1813-408: The production and release of other hormones. Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through homeostasis . The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism. Such a mechanism depends on factors that influence the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger

1862-518: The same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway. Receptors for most peptide as well as many eicosanoid hormones are embedded in the cell membrane as cell surface receptors, and the majority of these belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) class of seven alpha helix transmembrane proteins. The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers

1911-684: The school's founding) to be the founding chair of the Department of Psychobiology (now Neurobiology and Behavior ). He became second dean (1967–1970) of the School of Biological Sciences following Edward Steinhaus , then Vice Chancellor (1975–1977) and executive Vice Chancellor (1978–1982) of the university. In 1982, he founded the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and remained director from 1982 to 2004. McGaugh's early work (in

1960-399: The substance causing the physiological changes, was the first hormone to be discovered. The term hormone would later be coined by Starling. William Bayliss and Ernest Starling , a physiologist and biologist , respectively, wanted to see if the nervous system had an impact on the digestive system . They knew that the pancreas was involved in the secretion of digestive fluids after

2009-499: The surface of target cells via second messengers . Lipid soluble hormones, (such as steroids ) generally pass through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear ) to act within their nuclei . Brassinosteroids, a type of polyhydroxysteroids, are a sixth class of plant hormones and may be useful as an anticancer drug for endocrine-responsive tumors to cause apoptosis and limit plant growth. Despite being lipid soluble, they nevertheless attach to their receptor at

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2058-485: The system by increasing the probability of a certain event to occur. Not only can hormones influence behavior, but also behavior and the environment can influence hormone concentration. Thus, a feedback loop is formed, meaning behavior can affect hormone concentration, which in turn can affect behavior, which in turn can affect hormone concentration, and so on. For example, hormone-behavior feedback loops are essential in providing constancy to episodic hormone secretion, as

2107-417: The target cell, resulting in a change in cell function. When a hormone binds to the receptor, it results in the activation of a signal transduction pathway that typically activates gene transcription , resulting in increased expression of target proteins . Hormones can also act in non-genomic pathways that synergize with genomic effects. Water-soluble hormones (such as peptides and amines) generally act on

2156-440: The tip down to the stem. The idea of a 'transmissible substance' was initially dismissed by other plant biologists, but their work later led to the discovery of the first plant hormone. In the 1920s Dutch scientist Frits Warmolt Went and Russian scientist Nikolai Cholodny (working independently of each other) conclusively showed that asymmetric accumulation of a growth hormone was responsible for this bending. In 1933 this hormone

2205-406: The tips of young leaves and in the shoot apical meristem . The lack of specialised glands means that the main site of hormone production can change throughout the life of a plant, and the site of production is dependent on the plant's age and environment. Hormone producing cells are found in the endocrine glands , such as the thyroid gland , ovaries , and testes . Hormonal signaling involves

2254-423: Was essential for these behaviors, but he did not know how. To test this further, he removed one testis and placed it in the abdominal cavity. The roosters acted and had normal physical anatomy . He was able to see that location of the testes does not matter. He then wanted to see if it was a genetic factor that was involved in the testes that provided these functions. He transplanted a testis from another rooster to

2303-520: Was finally isolated by Kögl, Haagen-Smit and Erxleben and given the name ' auxin '. British physician George Oliver and physiologist Edward Albert Schäfer , professor at University College London, collaborated on the physiological effects of adrenal extracts. They first published their findings in two reports in 1894, a full publication followed in 1895. Though frequently falsely attributed to secretin , found in 1902 by Bayliss and Starling, Oliver and Schäfer's adrenal extract containing adrenaline ,

2352-601: Was named secretin : a hormone. Hormonal effects are dependent on where they are released, as they can be released in different manners. Not all hormones are released from a cell and into the blood until it binds to a receptor on a target. The major types of hormone signaling are: As hormones are defined functionally, not structurally, they may have diverse chemical structures. Hormones occur in multicellular organisms ( plants , animals , fungi , brown algae , and red algae ). These compounds occur also in unicellular organisms , and may act as signaling molecules however there

2401-744: Was selected as a William James Fellow, Association for Psychological Science, 1989. Other honors include the John P. McGovern Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science , 1996 and the Robert S. Dow Neuroscience Award, 2000. The University of L'Aquila, Italy, honored him with the Laurea Honoris Causa in 2001. In 2006 the Western Psychological Association awarded him Lifetime Achievement Award. He received

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