Misplaced Pages

#205794

113-436: Although they can be eaten anywhere, meals typically take place in homes, restaurants, and cafeterias. Regular meals occur on a daily basis, typically several times a day. Special meals are usually held in conjunction with such occasions as birthdays , weddings , anniversaries , and holidays . A meal is different from a snack in that meals are generally larger, more varied, and more filling than snacks. The type of food that

226-475: A leap year has 29 days instead of the usual 28, so the year lasts 366 days instead of the usual 365. A person born on February 29 may be called a " leapling " or a "leaper". In common years, they usually celebrate their birthdays on February 28. In some situations, March 1 is used as the birthday in a non-leap year since it is the day following February 28. Technically, a leapling will have fewer birthday anniversaries than their age in years. This phenomenon

339-501: A pagan custom. Saint's days were typically celebrated on the anniversary of their martyrdom or death, considered the occasion of or preparation for their entrance into Heaven or the New Jerusalem . Ordinary folk celebrated their saint's day (the saint they were named after), but nobility celebrated the anniversary of their birth. The "Squire's Tale", one of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales , opens as King Cambuskan proclaims

452-485: A workplace , or at an outing . The food is usually wrapped in plastic , aluminum foil , or paper and can be carried (" packed ") in a lunch box , paper bag (a " sack "), or plastic bag . While packed lunches are usually taken from home by the people who are going to eat them, in Mumbai, India , tiffin boxes are most often picked up from the home and brought to workplaces later in the day by so-called dabbawallas . It

565-422: A ' name day ', otherwise known as a 'Saint's day'. It is celebrated in much the same way as a birthday, but it is held on the official day of a saint with the same Christian name as the birthday person; the difference being that one may look up a person's name day in a calendar, or easily remember common name days (for example, John or Mary ); however in pious traditions, the two were often made to concur by giving

678-732: A 16.9% decrease in Caesarean births on Halloween , compared to dates occurring within one week before and one week after the October holiday. In contrast, on Valentine's Day there is a 3.6% increase in spontaneous births and a 12.1% increase in Caesarean births. In Sweden 9.3% of the population is born in March and 7.3% in November when a uniform distribution would give 8.3%. In the Gregorian calendar (a common solar calendar ), February in

791-543: A Viennese bakery ("Boulangerie Viennoise") at 92, rue de Richelieu in Paris. This bakery, which served Viennese specialties including the kipferl and the Vienna loaf , quickly became popular and inspired French imitators (and the concept, if not the term, of viennoiserie , a 20th-century term for supposedly Vienna-style pastries). The French version of the kipferl was named for its crescent ( croissant ) shape and has become

904-550: A bag of chips , salad or fruit and a bottled drink. Meal deals are a staple of many Western high-street supermarkets and convenience stores; they are generally offered at a deal price and are highly convenient for the busy working person. Some stores are now adding premium meal deal items and salads to their meal deal inventory. Critics, however, criticise the meal deal for increasing the levels of single-use plastic waste in circulation and persuading people to buy more food than they originally intended or wanted - contributing to

1017-465: A common part of a continental breakfast in many European countries. The kipferl , an Austrian crescent-shaped pastry, can be dated back to at least the 13th century in Austria, and came in various shapes. The kipferl can be made plain or with nuts or other fillings (some consider the rugelach a form of kipferl ). In either 1838 or 1839, an Austrian artillery officer, August Zang , founded

1130-513: A feast to celebrate his birthday. The Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church and Protestantism , i.e. the three main branches of Christianity , as well as almost all Christian religious denominations, consider celebrating birthdays acceptable or at most a choice of the individual. An exception are Jehovah's Witnesses , who do not celebrate them for various reasons: in their interpretation this feast has pagan origins,

1243-551: A fixed day of the year, which may not necessarily match the day of their birth, but on which celebrations are held. Examples are: Birthdays are fairly evenly distributed through the year, with some seasonal effects. In the United States, there tend to be more births in September and October. This may be because there is a holiday season nine months before (the human gestation period is about nine months), or because

SECTION 10

#1732766185206

1356-420: A formal meal the breakfast can be given to the recipient in a basket or hamper. Variations of breakfasts across countries and cuisines Refer to this Misplaced Pages Breakfast page for a list of countries and continents and their variations of breakfast. The cuisine articles linked in the breakfast page regarding each countries and continents cuisine may display variations of breakfast more thoroughly. Lunch

1469-400: A highly formal, ritualized manner. They treat Buddha's statue as if it was Buddha himself, as if he were alive; bathing, and "feeding" him. Hindus celebrate the birth anniversary day every year when the day that corresponds to the lunar month or solar month (Sun Signs Nirayana System – Sourava Mana Masa) of birth and has the same asterism (Star/Nakshatra) as that of the date of birth. That age

1582-499: A large range of preparations and ingredients are associated with breakfast globally. A full breakfast is a breakfast meal, usually including bacon , sausages , eggs , and a variety of other cooked foods, with hot beverages such as coffee or tea, or cold beverages such as juice or milk. It is especially popular in the UK and Ireland, to the extent that many cafés and pubs offer the meal at any time of day as an "all-day breakfast". It

1695-481: A low number of layers yields large specific heights as well as irregular crumb structure with large voids. On the other hand, a large number of relatively thin layers leads to interconnections between different dough layers as well as less dough lift. After lamination, the dough is formed into its famous crescent shape. First, the laminated dough is cut into triangles of the desired size. The triangles are then rolled with three-and-a-half to four full turns, and finally,

1808-443: A major role in the degradation of croissants during storage. Amylopectin retrogradation occurs over several days to weeks, as amorphous amylopectin chains are realigned into a more crystalline structure. The transformation of the starch causes undesirable firmness in the croissant. Additionally, the formation of the crystal structure of amylopectin requires the incorporation of water. Starch retrogradation actively draws water from

1921-436: A newborn the name of a saint celebrated on its day of confirmation , more seldom one's birthday. Some are given the name of the religious feast of their christening's day or birthday, for example, Noel or Pascal (French for Christmas and "of Easter"); as another example, Togliatti was given Palmiro as his first name because he was born on Palm Sunday . Some notables, particularly monarchs, have an official birthday on

2034-445: A noon-time meal, particularly if it is a large or main meal. For example, Sunday dinner is the name used for a large meal served after the family returned home from the morning's church services, and often based on meat that roasted while the family was out, and this term is still often used to signify that Sunday dinner is special even if no longer preceded by attendance at church. The evening meal can be called tea when dinner, which

2147-698: A pasta dish), secondo (the "second" course, e.g., fish or meat), usually accompanied by a contorno (a side dish), and dolce ("sweets", or dessert). Many traditions conclude a formal meal with coffee, sometimes accompanied with spirits, either separate or mixed in the coffee. Meal preparation , sometimes called "meal prep," is the process of planning and preparing meals. It generally involves food preparation, including cooking, sometimes together with preparing table decorations, drinks etc Preparing food for eating generally requires selection, measurement and combination of ingredients in an ordered procedure so as to achieve desired results. Food preparation includes but

2260-514: A press magnate, but the bakery remained popular for some time afterwards, and was mentioned in several works of the time: "This same M. Zank [ sic ]...founded around 1830 [sic], in Paris, the famous Boulangerie viennoise". Several sources praise this bakery's products: "Paris is of exquisite delicacy; and, in particular, the succulent products of the Boulangerie Viennoise"; "which seemed to us as fine as if it came from

2373-418: A silent wish and attempt to blow out the candles in one breath; if successful, superstition holds that the wish will be granted. In many cultures, the wish must be kept secret or it will not "come true". Presents are bestowed on the individual by the guests appropriate to their age. Other birthday activities may include entertainment (sometimes by a hired professional, i.e. a clown, magician, or musician), and

SECTION 20

#1732766185206

2486-482: A softer end product. As such, the main function of in-dough fat is to produce a desirable softness in the final croissant. In laminated croissant dough, the gluten network is not continuous. Instead, the gluten proteins are separated as thin gluten films between dough layers. The formation of thin, well-defined layers affects the height of dough lift. Generally, laminated croissant dough contains fewer layers than other puff pastry doughs that do not contain yeast, due to

2599-406: A special toast or speech by the birthday celebrant. The last stanza of Patty Hill 's and Mildred Hill 's famous song, "Good Morning to You" (unofficially titled " Happy Birthday to You ") is typically sung by the guests at some point in the proceedings. In some countries, a piñata takes the place of a cake. In some historically Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries, it is common to have

2712-547: A sweet glaze ( medialunas de manteca , "half moons of butter"). Another variant is a medialuna de grasa ("half moon of lard"), which is not always sweet. A cousin of the croissant is the Italian cornetto (in the center and south ) or brioche (in the north ). These variants are often considered to be the same, but that is not completely true: the French version tends to be crispy, whereas an Italian cornetto or brioche

2825-460: A technique called laminating . The process results in a layered, flaky texture, similar to a puff pastry . Crescent-shaped breads have been made since the Renaissance , and crescent-shaped cakes possibly since antiquity . The modern croissant was developed in the early 20th century, when French bakers replaced the brioche dough of the kipferl with a yeast-leavened laminated dough. In

2938-550: A theme for some gifts or decorations. Because of the importance attached to the influence of these stars in ancient China and throughout the Sinosphere , East Asian age reckoning previously began with one at birth and then added years at each Chinese New Year, so that it formed a record of the suì one had lived through rather than of the exact amount of time from one's birth. This method—which can differ by as much as two years of age from other systems—is increasingly uncommon and

3051-495: A thirteen-day period, between September 22 and October 4. The ten least common birthdays (other than February 29) are December 24–27, January 1–2, February 6 , March 22, April 1 and April 25 . This is based on all live births registered in New Zealand between 1980 and 2017. Positive and negative associations with culturally significant dates may influence birth rates. The study shows a 5.3% decrease in spontaneous births and

3164-440: A universally identifiable shape across the world. The earliest known recipe for the present-day croissant appears in 1905, although the name croissant appears among the "fantasy or luxury breads" in 1853. Earlier recipes for non-laminated croissants can be found in the 19th century and at least one reference to croissants as an established French bread appeared as early as 1850. Zang himself returned to Austria in 1848 to become

3277-457: Is a French pastry made from puff pastry in a crescent shape. It is a buttery, flaky, viennoiserie pastry inspired by the shape of the Austrian kipferl , but using the French yeast-leavened laminated dough. Croissants are named for their historical crescent shape. The dough is layered with butter , rolled and folded several times in succession, then rolled into a thin sheet, in

3390-464: Is a breakfast served with champagne or sparkling wine . It is a new concept in some countries and is not typical of the role of a breakfast. It may be part of any day or outing considered particularly luxurious or indulgent . The accompanying breakfast is sometimes of a similarly high standard and include rich foods such as salmon , caviar , chocolate or pastries , which would not ordinarily be eaten at breakfast or more courses. Instead of as

3503-601: Is a distinction between birth day and birth date (also known as date of birth): the former, except for February 29 , occurs each year (e.g. January 15), while the latter is the complete date when a person was born (e.g. January 15, 2001). In most legal systems, one becomes a legal adult on a particular birthday when they reach the age of majority (usually between 12 and 21), and reaching age-specific milestones confers particular rights and responsibilities. At certain ages, one may become eligible to leave full-time education , become subject to military conscription or to enlist in

Meal - Misplaced Pages Continue

3616-467: Is a firming up of the croissant, caused by a decrease in starch plasticity and an increase in gluten network rigidity. Due to the presence of large pores in croissants, moisture is lost to the environment at a faster rate than bread products. As such, croissants generally become harder in texture at a faster rate than breads. Fat also affects the quality of croissants in storage. On one hand, an increased amount of in-dough fat has been found to correspond to

3729-500: Is a meal typically eaten at midday; it varies in size by culture and region. The word lunch is an abbreviation for luncheon , whose origin relates to a small snack originally eaten at any time of the day or night. During the 20th century the meaning in English gradually narrowed to a small or mid-sized meal eaten at midday. Lunch is commonly the second meal of the day after breakfast . Significant variations exist in different areas of

3842-399: Is also important to consider the plasticity and firmness of the roll-in fat, which is largely determined by its solid fat content. Generally, a greater proportion of solid fat coincides with larger croissant lift. At the same time, the roll-in fat should have plasticity comparable to that of the dough, such that the fat layers do not break during sheeting and folding. If the fat is firmer than

3955-743: Is also popular in other English-speaking countries. In the different parts of the United Kingdom like in England it is usually referred to as a 'full English breakfast' (often shortened to 'full English') or 'fry-up'. Other regional variants across the UK include the 'full Scottish'in Scotland , 'full Welsh' in Wales , and the 'Ulster fry' in Northern Ireland . The full breakfast is among

4068-421: Is also possible to buy packed lunches from stores in several countries. Lunch boxes made out of metal , plastic or vinyl are now popular with today's youth. Lunch boxes provide a way to take heavier lunches in a sturdier box or bag. It is also environmentally friendly . Another variation of lunch is the meal deal, this is a meal often bought from a store and contains the following: a sandwich or pastry ,

4181-482: Is celebrated in the Polish region of Greater Poland , mainly in its capital city Poznań . On this day, the people of Poznań purchase and eat considerable amounts of sweet, crescent-shaped pastries called rogale świętomarcińskie (" St. Martin's croissants "). They are made specially for this occasion from puff pastry filled with ground white poppy seeds, almonds, raisins, and nuts. The first type of Portuguese croissant

4294-408: Is converted to steam during the baking process, which is the main factor behind the leavening of the dough. The water for steam production comes from both the dough layers and the roll-in fat. As the fat melts, the continuous oil phase is no longer able to stabilize the water droplets, which are then released and converted to steam. Although the exact mechanism of steam entrapment is still unclear, it

4407-506: Is entirely different from the usual word for "year(s)" ( 年 , nián ), reflecting the former importance of Chinese astrology and the belief that one's fate was bound to the stars imagined to be in opposition to the planet Jupiter at the time of one's birth. The importance of this duodecennial orbital cycle only survives in popular culture as the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac , which change each Chinese New Year and may be used as

4520-721: Is exploited when a person claims to be only a quarter of their actual age, by counting their leap-year birthday anniversaries only. In Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance , Frederic the pirate apprentice discovers that he is bound to serve the pirates until his 21st birthday rather than until his 21st year. For legal purposes, legal birthdays depend on how local laws count time intervals. Some studies show people are more likely to die on their birthdays, with explanations including excessive drinking, suicide, cardiovascular events due to high stress or happiness, efforts to postpone death for major social events, and death certificate paperwork errors. In Judaism ,

4633-467: Is folded on top. In the French method, one fold results in one fat layer and two dough layers. After spreading out the predough and putting a layer of roll-in fat over the center surface of the dough, the corners of the predough are folded toward the middle of the fat. Croissant dough is typically laminated until 16–50 fat layers are obtained. The optimal number of layers can be determined by balancing certain crumb properties with specific volume. On one hand,

Meal - Misplaced Pages Continue

4746-439: Is generally eaten during breakfast or with tea. The first step of manufacturing croissants is the "predough" formation. To prepare predough, flour, water, in-dough fat, yeast, salt, and sugar are mixed together in a single step. Typically, croissant predough is mixed in a relatively cool environment, for a longer time than other pastries . The ideal temperature of the dough should be around 19 °C (66 °F), to best hydrate

4859-491: Is generally the largest of the day, is eaten in the middle of the day. A full-course dinner is a dinner consisting of multiple dishes, or courses. In its simplest, English-based form, it can consist of three to five courses, such as appetizers, fish course, entrée, main course and dessert. The traditional courses and their order vary by culture. In the Italian meal structure , there are traditionally four formal courses: antipasto (appetizers), primo (the "first" course, e.g.,

4972-634: Is known as Gurpurb . According to Herodotus (5th century BC), of all the days in the year, the one which the Persians celebrate most is their birthday. It was customary to have the board furnished on that day with an ampler supply than common: the richer people eat wholly baked cow, horse, camel, or donkey (Greek: ὄνον ), while the poorer classes use instead the smaller kinds of cattle. The Romans enthusiastically celebrated birthdays with hedonistic parties and generous presents. The Chinese word for "year(s) old" ( t 歲 , s 岁 , suì )

5085-408: Is likely a result of both steam expanding inside each dough layer and steam migrating to oil layers, where it inflates gas bubbles. The steam migration to oil phase is likely due to the smaller pressure differential required to inflate a bubble of steam in liquid fat than in solid dough. As the concentration of steam increases between dough layers, the increased pressure causes the dough to lift. During

5198-438: Is not limited to cooking. Cooking or cookery is the art , technology and craft of preparing food for consumption with the use of heat. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world , from grilling food over an open fire to using electric stoves, to baking in various types of ovens, reflecting unique environmental, economic, and cultural traditions and trends. The ways or types of cooking also depend on

5311-529: Is not used for official purposes in the PRC or on Taiwan , although the word suì is still used for describing age. Traditionally, Chinese birthdays—when celebrated—were reckoned using the lunisolar calendar , which varies from the Gregorian calendar by as much as a month forward or backward depending on the year. Celebrating the lunisolar birthday remains common on Taiwan while growing increasingly uncommon on

5424-633: Is often contrasted (e.g. on hotel menus) with the lighter alternative of a Continental breakfast , traditionally consisting of tea, milk or coffee and fruit juices with bread, croissants , or pastries . " Instant breakfast " typically refers to breakfast food products that are manufactured in a powdered form, which are generally prepared with the addition of milk and then consumed as a beverage . Some instant breakfasts are produced and marketed in liquid form, being pre-mixed. The target market for instant breakfast products includes consumers who tend to be busy, such as working adults. A champagne breakfast

5537-405: Is reckoned whenever Janma Nakshatra of the same month passes. Hindus regard death to be more auspicious than birth, since the person is liberated from the bondages of material society. Also, traditionally, rituals & prayers for the departed are observed on 5th and 11th day with many relatives gathering. Sikhs celebrate the anniversary of the birth of Guru Nanak and other Sikh Gurus which

5650-559: Is served or consumed at any given time depends on regional customs. Three main meals are often eaten in the morning, early afternoon, and evening in most modern civilizations. Further, the names of meals are often interchangeable by custom as well. Some serve dinner as the main meal at midday, with supper as the late afternoon/early evening meal; while others may call their midday meal lunch and their early evening meal supper or dinner. Except for "breakfast," these names can vary from region to region or even from family to family. Breakfast

5763-402: Is similar to the French, and can be plain or filled with custard, chocolate, fruit jam, or a typical Portuguese cream made of egg yolk and sugar, "doce de ovo". It is customary for these to also have powdered sugar on top. The second version has a similar consistency to brioche and is commonly eaten with ham and cheese. Sometimes this type is also served like toast, with a spread of butter. While

SECTION 50

#1732766185206

5876-428: Is the anniversary of the birth of a person, or figuratively of an institution . Birthdays of people are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with birthday gifts , birthday cards , a birthday party , or a rite of passage . Many religions celebrate the birth of their founders or religious figures with special holidays (e.g. Christmas , Mawlid , Buddha's Birthday , Krishna Janmashtami , and Gurpurb ). There

5989-837: Is the first meal of a day, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day's work. Some believe it to be the most important meal of the day. The word breakfast literally refers to breaking the fasting period of the prior night. Breakfast foods vary widely from place to place, but often include carbohydrates such as grains or cereals, fruit, vegetables, protein foods like eggs , meat or fish, and beverages such as tea , coffee , milk , or fruit juice , juices often taken first of all. Coffee, milk, tea, juice, breakfast cereals , pancakes , waffles , sausages , French toast , bacon , sweetened breads , fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs , baked beans , muffins , crumpets and toast with butter , margarine , jam or marmalade are common examples of Western breakfast foods, though

6102-446: Is typically butter or margarine . Butter and margarine are both water-in-oil emulsions , composed of stabilized water droplets dispersed in oil. While butter is appealing due to its high consumer acceptance, its low melting point, 32 °C (90 °F), actually makes it undesirable for production purposes. The use of butter as roll-in fat during the lamination step will cause problems of oiling out during sheeting and fermentation if

6215-462: Is unclear whether people eating alone eat more, less, or the same amount of food compared to people eating in groups, partly because of differences in whether they are eating alone at home or eating alone in restaurants. Restaurants have responded to the increasing number of people eating alone by accepting reservations for solo diners and installing bar seating and large tables that solo diners can share with others. Birthday A birthday

6328-431: Is used by the yeast for growth. After consuming all of the oxygen, the yeast switches to anaerobic fermentation . At this point, the yeast partially breaks down sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Once CO 2 saturates the dough’s aqueous phase, the gas begins to leaven the dough by diffusing to preexisting gas cells that were incorporated into the predough during mixing. Yeast action does not produce new gas cells, as

6441-460: Is usually found in coffeehouses. Besides the regular croissant, a variation called Xuixos ( pronounced [ʃuʃu] ) is sold. It is half of a croissant, usually stuffed with cream. A pastry with croissant shape is the Turkish ay çöreği . It is filled with cinnamon , walnut , hazelnut , cacao and raisin . Its rectangular shape variant is known as pastiç or İzmir çöreği . It

6554-471: Is usually softer. Furthermore, the cornetto vuoto ( lit.   ' empty cornetto ' ) is commonly accompanied by variants with filling, which include crema pasticciera ( custard ), apricot jam or chocolate cream. They often come covered with powdered sugar or other toppings. Cornetto with cappuccino at the bar is one of the most common breakfasts in Italy. On 11 November, St. Martin's Day

6667-725: The American occupation that followed World War II . Children's birthday parties are the most important, typically celebrated with a cake, candles, and singing. Adults often just celebrate with their partner. In North Korea , the Day of the Sun , Kim Il Sung 's birthday, is the most important public holiday of the country, and Kim Jong Il 's birthday is celebrated as the Day of the Shining Star . North Koreans are not permitted to celebrate birthdays on July 8 and December 17 because these were

6780-699: The Gregorian New Year , "year ages" that start with 0 at birth and otherwise increase the same way, and "actual ages" that start with 0 at birth and increase each birthday. First birthday celebrations were heavily celebrated, despite usually having little to do with the child's age. In June 2023, all Korean ages were set back at least one year and official ages henceforth are reckoned only by birthdays. Croissant A croissant ( UK : / ˈ k r w ʌ s ɒ̃ , ˈ k r w æ s ɒ̃ / , US : / k r ə ˈ s ɒ n t , k r w ɑː ˈ s ɒ̃ / ; French: [kʁwasɑ̃] )

6893-476: The United States and Europe celebrate birthdays as customary especially for children, while some abstain. There is also much controversy regarding the permissibility of celebrating Mawlid , (the anniversary of the birth of Muhammad ), as some Muslims judge the custom as an unacceptable practice according to Islamic tradition. Many monasteries celebrate the anniversary of Buddha's birth, usually in

SECTION 60

#1732766185206

7006-497: The United States , sweet fillings or toppings are sometimes used, and warm croissants may be filled with ham and cheese , or feta cheese and spinach . In the Levant , croissants are sold plain or filled with chocolate, cheese, almonds, or zaatar . In Germany , croissants are sometimes filled with Nutella or persipan ; in southern Germany, there is also a popular variety of a croissant glazed with lye ( Laugencroissant ) . In

7119-472: The gluten network, thus contributing to the consistency of the dough. The granules may not be intact, as the process of milling wheat into flour damages some of the starch granules. Given that damaged starch granules have the capacity to absorb around three times as much water as undamaged starch, the use of flour with higher levels of damaged starch requires the addition of more water to achieve optimal dough development and consistency. Water content affects

7232-791: The kipferl in a long and extensive list of breakfast foods. The legends include tales that it was invented in Europe to celebrate the defeat of the Umayyad forces by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732, with the shape representing the Islamic crescent ; that it was invented in Buda ; or, according to other sources, in Vienna in 1683 to celebrate the defeat of the Ottomans by Christian forces in

7345-603: The rabbis are divided about celebrating this custom, although it is accepted by the majority of the faithful. In the Torah the only mention that is made of the birthday, refers to the celebration of Pharaoh's birthday in Egypt, as recorded in Genesis (Parashat Vaieshev) 40:20. Origen in his commentary "On Levites" wrote that Christians should not only refrain from celebrating their birthdays, but should look on them with disgust as

7458-527: The red 100 RMB notes —are the usual gift from relatives and close family friends for most children. Gifts for adults on their birthday are much less common, although the birthday for each decade is a larger occasion that might prompt a large dinner and celebration. The Japanese reckoned their birthdays by the Chinese system until the Meiji Reforms . Celebrations remained uncommon or muted until after

7571-465: The siege of the city , as a reference to the crescents on the Ottoman flags , when bakers staying up all night heard the tunneling operation and gave the alarm. The Islamic origin story seems to have originated with the 20th-century writer Alfred Gottschalk, who gave two versions: According to one of a group of similar legends, which vary only in detail, a baker of the 17th century, working through

7684-436: The 1800s was usually just toast or some variation of gruel or porridge and the main meal was dinner. Peasants (which were the majority in every country) had dinner around noon, after six or seven hours of work. Then, in the late 1700s and the 1800s, people began to work farther from home, and the midday meal had to become something light, just whatever they could carry to work (lunch). They began to eat dinner (the main meal) in

7797-551: The German-speaking part of Switzerland , the croissant is typically called a Gipfeli ; this usually has a crisper crust and is less buttery than the French-style croissant. Croissants are commonly served alongside coffee for breakfast, aperitivo (a light mid-morning meal), or merienda (a mid-afternoon meal). They are referred to as medialunas ("half moons") because of their shape and are typically coated with

7910-491: The US. In the United States between 1973 and 1999, September 16 is the most common birthday in the United States and December 25 the least common birthday (other than February 29, because of leap years). In 2011, October 5 and 6 were reported as the most frequently occurring birthdays. In New Zealand, the most common birthday is September 29, and the least common birthday is December 25. The ten most common birthdays all fall within

8023-523: The Viennese bakery on the rue de Richelieu ". By 1869, the croissant was well established enough to be mentioned as a breakfast staple, and in 1872, Charles Dickens wrote (in his periodical All the Year Round ) of "the workman's pain de ménage and the soldier's pain de munition , to the dainty croissant on the boudoir table" The puff pastry technique that now characterizes the croissant

8136-417: The amorphous gluten network and some of the amorphous starch fraction, which reduces the plasticity of both. Water migration influences the quality of stored croissants through two mechanisms. First, as previously stated, water redistributes from gluten to starch as a result of starch retrogradation . Secondly, during the baking process, a moisture gradient was introduced as a result of heat transfer from

8249-484: The crescent being the symbol of Islam. He was duly rewarded in this way, and the croissant was born. The story seems to owe its origin, or at least its wide diffusion, to Alfred Gottschalk, who wrote about the croissant for the first edition of the Larousse Gastronomique (1938) and there gave the legend in the 'Turkish attack on Budapest in 1686' version; but who subsequently, in his own book (1948) on

8362-512: The croissant, the baking time can range from 10 to 20 minutes and the oven temperature can be set anywhere from 165 to 205 °C (329 to 401 °F). The final steps are the cooling and storage of the croissant. Croissants are generally not stored for very long and are typically consumed soon after baking. Gluten proteins affect the water absorption and viscoelastic properties of the predough. The role of proteins can be divided into two stages of dough formation: hydration and deformation. In

8475-531: The dates of the deaths of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il , respectively. More than 100,000 North Koreans celebrate displaced birthdays on July 9 and December 18 instead to avoid these dates. A person born on July 8 before 1994 may change their birthday, with official recognition. South Korea was one of the last countries to use a form of East Asian age reckoning for many official purposes. Prior to June 2023, three systems were used together—"Korean ages" that start with 1 at birth and increase every January 1st with

8588-400: The dough has expanded two-and-a-half times its original volume. The fourth step is the baking process. Also known as "pastry lift" or "dough lift", the dough expands as water is converted to steam , thus increasing the pressure between each dough layer. As a result, the croissant dough rises up to yield its characteristic flaky texture. Depending on the type of oven used and specific size of

8701-436: The dough, then the dough can rupture. If the fat is softer than the dough, then it will succumb to the mechanical stress of sheeting and potentially migrate into the dough. Croissants contain yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is incorporated during predough formation. When oxygen is abundant, the yeast breaks down sugar into carbon dioxide and water through the process of respiration . This process releases energy that

8814-426: The dough: the English method and the French method. In the English method, one fold results in two fat layers and three dough layers. After spreading out predough, roll-in fat is flattened to a similar thickness as the predough and spread over two-thirds of the surface of the laminated predough. The exposed third of predough is then folded over half of the roll-in fat, while the other end (one predough and one fat layer)

8927-439: The dough’s temperature stays under the gelatinization temperature, this granule swelling is limited and reversible. However, once the baking process begins and the dough is exposed to temperatures above the gelatinization temperature, amylopectin crystallites become more disordered inside the starch granules and cause an irreversible destruction of molecular order. At the same time, starch gelatinization actively draws water from

9040-418: The ends of the roll are curved inwards to form a crescent. The third step is the fermentation process. Croissants are different from other puff pastries in that they include yeast, which, during proofing, increases the dough volume. Ideally, the optimum croissant quality is achieved at a yeast level of 7.5%, with a proof time of 60 minutes at 31 °C (88 °F). The croissants are finished proofing when

9153-427: The entire baking process, only half of the water vapor contributes to dough lift, as the other half is lost through micropores and capillaries of interconnected dough layers. The effect of gluten proteins during cooling and storage is still unclear. It is possible that gluten proteins influence croissant firming through the loss of plasticizing water, which increases the stiffness of the gluten network. Starch plays

9266-403: The evening. Throughout history, meals were normally communal affairs. People got together, shared the food, and perhaps talked over the day. In the 21st century, an increasing number of adults in developed countries eat most or all of their meals alone. Although more people are eating alone, research suggests that many people do not consider a "meal" a solo act, but rather commensal dining. It

9379-409: The final product. Thus, to offset the negative effects of yeast on layer integrity and dough lift, croissants usually contain fewer layers than other puff pastries. During baking, the transient gluten network turns into a permanent network. At higher temperatures, intermolecular disulfide bonds form between glutenin molecules, as well as between gliadin and glutenin . With more bonds being made,

9492-476: The first type of croissant is considered sweet and is eaten during breakfast or tea, the second type is a more filling meal and is usually considered a sandwich and often prepared for picnics or as travel food. Both types share the same name (French/Portuguese: "croissant") but are typically found in different bakeries: the sweet croissant is more commonly found in Portuguese pâtisseries and the brioche croissant

9605-406: The flakiness and flavor of the croissant. In laminated dough , fat layers alternate with dough layers. As such, the most important function of roll-in fat is to form and maintain a barrier between the different dough layers during sheeting and folding. As previously stated, the ability for fat to maintain separation between folded dough layers ensures proper dough lift. The type of roll-in fat used

9718-446: The gluten network becomes more rigid, strengthening the croissant’s crumb texture. Additionally, the baking process significantly stretches the dough layers due to the large macroscopic deformation that occurred during fermentation’s dough lift. Starch undergoes gelatinization as a result of baking. Prior to baking, starch granules absorb a small amount of water at room temperature as it is mixed with water to form predough. As long as

9831-489: The gluten network, further decreasing the flexibility of the gluten. Currently, the extent of amylose leaching and granular structure distortion during the baking of croissants is still unknown. Roll-in fat gradually melts as the temperature in the oven increases. Some of the melting fat can migrate into the dough, which could then interfere with gluten protein crosslinking. The fat phase also contributes to dough lift through gas inflation, which will be described next. Water

9944-408: The growing obesity crisis . Dinner usually refers to a significant and important meal of the day, which can be the noon or the evening meal. However, the term dinner can have many different meanings depending on the culture; it may mean a meal of any size eaten at any time of the day. Historically, it referred to the first large meal of the day, eaten around noon, and is still sometimes used for

10057-797: The history of food, opted for the 'siege of Vienna in 1683' version. For this reason, the Islamic State attempted to ban croissants during the Syrian civil war . Uncooked croissant dough can also be wrapped around any praline , almond paste , or chocolate before it is baked (in the last case, it becomes like pain au chocolat , which has a different, non-crescent, shape), or sliced to include sweet or savoury fillings. It may be flavored with dried fruit such as sultanas or raisins , or other fruits such as apples . In France and Spain, croissants are generally sold without filling and eaten without added butter, but sometimes with almond filling. In

10170-447: The hydration stage, gluten proteins absorb water up to two times their own weight. In the deformation or kneading stage, the action of mixing causes the gluten to undergo a series of polymerization and depolymerization reactions, forming a viscoelastic network. Hydrated glutenin proteins in particular help form a polymeric protein network that makes the dough more cohesive. On the other hand, hydrated gliadin proteins do not directly form

10283-446: The immense pressure required for a single CO 2 molecule to create a new gas bubble is not physically attainable In order to ensure the flaky texture of the croissant, it is important to balance the yeast activity with steam production. If the yeast overproduces CO 2 , then the well-defined layers may collapse. During the baking process, this would cause steam to escape too early from the bread, reducing dough lift and flakiness of

10396-444: The ingredients. In comparison to the mixing of bread dough ingredients, pastry predough is considered underdeveloped in that mixing is stopped as soon as the dough appears homogeneous, to allow for further dough development in the next step. The second step is the lamination process. Lamination is necessary to produce multilayered dough with alternating layers of predough and fat. Generally, there are two methods for folding fat into

10509-472: The late 1970s, the development of factory-made, frozen , preformed but unbaked dough made them into a fast food that could be freshly baked by unskilled labor . The croissant bakery, notably the La Croissanterie chain, was a French response to American-style fast food, and as of 2008, 30–40% of the croissants sold in French bakeries and patisseries were baked from frozen dough. Croissants are

10622-508: The legal control and legal responsibilities of their parents or guardians over and for them. Most countries set the age of majority at 18, though it varies by jurisdiction. Many cultures have one or more coming of age birthdays: The birthdays of historically significant people, such as national heroes or founders, are often commemorated by an official holiday marking the anniversary of their birth. An individual's Beddian birthday, named in tribute to firefighter Bobby Beddia, occurs during

10735-528: The longest nights of the year also occur in the Northern Hemisphere nine months before. However, it appears the holidays have more of an effect on birth rates than the winter: New Zealand , a Southern Hemisphere country, has the same September and October peak with no corresponding peak in March and April. The least common birthdays tend to fall around public holidays, such as Christmas , New Year's Day and fixed-date holidays such as July 4 in

10848-579: The mainland. Birthday traditions reflected the culture's deep-seated focus on longevity and wordplay. From the homophony in some dialects between 酒 (" rice wine ") and 久 (meaning "long" in the sense of time passing), osmanthus and other rice wines are traditional gifts for birthdays in China . Longevity noodles are another traditional food consumed on the day, although western-style birthday cakes are increasingly common among urban Chinese. Hongbaos —red envelopes stuffed with money, now especially

10961-413: The mechanical behavior of predough. As previously discussed, water is absorbed by gluten and starch granules to increase the viscosity of the dough. The temperature of the water is also important as it determines the temperature of the predough. In order to facilitate processing, cold water should be used for two main reasons. First, chilled water provides a desirable environment for gluten development, as

11074-459: The military, to consent to sexual intercourse , to marry with parental consent , to marry without parental consent, to vote , to run for elected office, to legally purchase (or consume) alcohol and tobacco products, to purchase lottery tickets, or to obtain a driver's licence . The age of majority is the age when minors cease to legally be considered children and assume control over their persons, actions, and decisions, thereby terminating

11187-578: The most internationally recognised British dishes , along with such staples as bangers & mash , shepherd's pie , fish and chips and the Christmas dinner . The full breakfast became popular in the British Isles during the Victorian era, and appeared as one among many suggested breakfasts in the home economist Isabella Beeton 's The Book of Household Management (1861). A full breakfast

11300-404: The network, but do act as plasticizers of the glutenin network, thus imparting fluidity to the dough’s viscosity. Starch also affects the viscosity of predough. At room temperature and in a sufficient amount of water, intact starch granules can absorb water up to 50% of their own dry weight, causing them to swell to a limited extent. The slightly swollen granules are found in the spaces between

11413-457: The night at a time when his city (either Vienna in 1683 or Budapest in 1686) was under siege by the Turks, heard faint underground rumbling sounds which, on investigation, proved to be caused by a Turkish attempt to invade the city by tunneling under the walls. The tunnel was blown up. The baker asked no reward other than the exclusive right to bake crescent-shaped pastries commemorating the incident,

11526-471: The oven to the croissant. In fresh croissants, there is high moisture content on the inside and low moisture content on the outside. During storage, this moisture gradient induces water migration from the inside to the outer crust. On a molecular level, water is lost from the amorphous starch fraction and gluten network. At the same time, water diffuses from the outer crust to the environment, which has less moisture. The result of this redistribution of water

11639-441: The presence of small bubbles in the gluten sheets. Upon proofing, these bubbles expand and destroy the integrity of the dough layers. The resulting interconnections between different dough layers would over-increase dough strength and allow water vapor to escape through micropores during baking, consequently decreasing dough lift. The role of fat also influences the separation of layers, as will be discussed next. Roll-in fat affects

11752-454: The recipe as having "[given] birth to the croissant of present day". Goy's recipe uses a laminated yeast dough known in French as pâte feuilletée levée . Stories of how the kipferl — sometimes confused with the croissant — was created are widespread and persistent culinary legends, going back to the 19th century. However, there are no contemporary sources for any of these stories, and an aristocratic writer, writing in 1799, does not mention

11865-602: The shape but also the texture of the dough and the taste, was published in 1906, in Paris , in Colombié's Nouvelle Encyclopédie culinaire. Sylvain Claudius Goy was a French chef who is sometimes said to have recorded the earliest recipe of the modern croissant. His 1915 book La Cuisine Anglo-Americaine contains a croissant recipe which Frey Fine Books consider to be the first such recipe published, and they describe

11978-418: The skill and type of training an individual cook has. Cooking is done both by people in their own dwellings and by professional cooks and chefs in restaurants and other food establishments. Cooking can also occur through chemical reactions without the presence of heat, most notably with ceviche , a traditional South American dish where fish is cooked with the acids in lemon or lime juice. Breakfast before

12091-425: The temperature at which mixing occurs impacts the dough’s hydration time, consistency, and required amount of mixing energy. Secondly, cold water is comparable to the temperature of the roll-in fat to be added later, which better facilitates the latter’s incorporation. In-dough fat affects the texture and lift of predough. Although higher levels of dough fat may lower dough lift during baking, it also correlates with

12204-420: The temperature is not tightly controlled, thus disrupting the integrity of the layers. On the other hand, kinds of margarine are commonly used as roll-in fat because they facilitate dough handling. Generally, roll-in margarine should have a melting point between 40 and 44 °C (104 and 111 °F), at least 3 °C (37 °F) higher than the fermentation temperature to prevent oiling out prior to baking. It

12317-534: The world. In some parts of the UK it can be called dinner or lunch, with the last meal called tea. A packed lunch (also called pack lunch , sack lunch or bag lunch in North America , or packed lunch in the United Kingdom , as well as the regional variations: bagging in Lancashire , Merseyside and Yorkshire ,) is a lunch prepared at home and carried to be eaten somewhere else, such as school,

12430-543: The year following their birth on January 1 in the Northern Hemisphere and August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere. In certain parts of the world, an individual's birthday is celebrated by a party featuring a specially made cake . It may be decorated with lettering and the person's age, or studded with the same number of lit candles as the age of the individual. The celebrated individual may make

12543-399: The year that their age matches the last two digits of the year they were born. In many cultures and jurisdictions, if a person's real birthday is not known (for example, if they are an orphan), then their birthday may be adopted or assigned to a specific day of the year, such as January 1. The birthday of Jesus is celebrated at Christmas . Racehorses are reckoned to become one year old in

12656-420: Was already mentioned in the late 17th century, when La Varenne's Le Cuisinier françois gave a recipe for it in the 1680 – and possibly earlier – edition. It was typically used not on its own but for shells holding other ingredients (as in a vol-au-vent ). It does not appear to be mentioned in relation to the croissant until the 20th century. The first recipe corresponding to the modern croissant, not only for

12769-506: Was not celebrated by early Christians, is negatively expounded in the Holy Scriptures and has customs linked to superstition and magic . The birthday does not reflect Islamic tradition, and because of this, the majority of Muslims refrain from celebrating it. Others do not object, as long as it is not accompanied by behavior contrary to Islamic tradition. A good portion of Muslims (and Arab Christians ) who have emigrated to

#205794