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45-471: The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 ( FMIA ) is an American law that makes it illegal to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under strictly regulated sanitary conditions. These requirements also apply to imported meat products, which must be inspected under equivalent foreign standards. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspection of poultry

90-452: A batch or run, for example a bakery may bake a limited number of cupcakes . This method involves estimating consumer demand . Mass production : This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example chocolate bars , ready meals and canned food . The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line . Just-in-time (JIT) (production): This method of production

135-436: A central force. Other than that, there few more modern technologies that can help to improve the industry as well which are, robotics and automation, blockchain, nanotech, 3D printing, artificial intelligence, smart farming and others. These new technologies can improve the industry in the following ways: As consumers grow increasingly removed from food production, the role of product creation, advertising , and publicity become

180-481: A diverse and ample supply of food to meet the dietary needs of people across the globe. Other food sources include aquaculture and fishing . Scientists, inventors, and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. One in three people worldwide are employed in agriculture, yet it only contributes 3% to global GDP . In 2017, on average, agriculture contributes 4% of national GDPs. Global agricultural production

225-559: A finger or limb per month. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of six years, in the UK 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents. In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from

270-433: A hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with you and think, 'God, that really isn't a bad looking animal.' You may want to pet it. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them – beat them to death with a pipe. I can't care. The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in

315-405: Is a critical link in food industry operations. Distribution centers run more efficiently, throughput can be increased, costs can be lowered, and manpower better utilized if the proper steps are taken when setting up a material handling system in a warehouse. With worldwide urbanization , food buying is increasingly removed from food production. During the 20th century, the supermarket became

360-474: Is challenging to find an inclusive way to cover all aspects of food production and sale. The UK Food Standards Agency describes it as "the whole food industry – from farming and food production , packaging and distribution, to retail and catering". The Economic Research Service of the USDA uses the term food system to describe the same thing, stating: "The U.S. food system is a complex network of farmers and

405-479: Is mainly used in restaurants . All components of the product are available in-house and the customer chooses what they want in the product. It is then prepared in a kitchen , or in front of the buyer as in sandwich delicatessens , pizzerias , and sushi bars . The food industry has a large influence on consumerism . Organizations, such as The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), have been criticized for accepting monetary donations from companies within

450-612: Is produced . They analyzed policy-effects for specific regions or nations such as reduction of meat production and consumption , reductions in food waste and loss, increases in crop yields and international land-use planning . Their conclusions include that raising agricultural yields is highly beneficial for biodiversity-conservation in sub-Saharan Africa while measures leading to shifts of diets are highly beneficial in North America and that global coordination and rapid action are necessary. A vast global cargo network connects

495-403: Is responsible for between 14 and 28% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it one of the largest contributors to global warming , in large part due to conventional agricultural practices, including nitrogen fertilizers and poor land management . Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fibre, and land reclamation . Agronomy encompasses work in

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540-555: Is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals ( livestock ). On average, 83% of the food consumed by humans is produced using terrestrial agriculture.In addition to terrestrial agriculture, aquaculture and fishing play vital roles in global food production. Aquaculture involves the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, shrimp, and mollusks in controlled environments like ponds, tanks, or cages. It contributes significantly to

585-455: Is understanding consumer behavior and preferences. This includes factors such as age, gender, income, and cultural background. Companies must also be aware of changing consumer trends and adapt their marketing strategies accordingly. Until the last 100 years, agriculture was labor-intensive . Farming was a common occupation and millions of people were involved in food production. Farmers, largely trained from generation to generation, carried on

630-425: Is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example, a wedding cake . The making of one-off products could take days depending on how intricate the design is. Batch production : This method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, and where there is a range within a product line . A certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up

675-915: The EU 's reports concluded that adapting the food system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions impacts and food security concerns, while shifting towards a sustainable diet , is feasible. Since World War II, agriculture in the United States and the entire national food system in its entirety has been characterized by models that focus on monetary profitability at the expense of social and environmental integrity. Regulations exist to protect consumers and somewhat balance this economic orientation with public interests for food quality, food security, food safety, animal well-being, environmental protection and health. In 2020, researchers published projections and models of potential impacts of policy -dependent mechanisms of modulation, or lack thereof, of how, where, and what food

720-539: The Secretary of Agriculture to inspect and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. Unlike previous laws ordering meat inspections, which were enforced to assure European nations from banning pork trade, this law was strongly motivated to protect the American diet. All labels on any type of food had to be accurate (although not all ingredients were provided on the label). Even though all harmful food

765-487: The Slow Food movement are indicators of a changing consumer conscience in western countries. Producers on the other hand have reacted to consumer concerns by slowly shifting towards ecological or organic farming . The Alternative meat industry is projected to be worth 140 billion in the next 10 years. Food industry The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of

810-565: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspection of meat processing plants that conducted business across state lines. The Pure Food and Drug Act , enacted on the same day (June 30, 1906), also gave the government broad jurisdiction over food in interstate commerce . The four primary requirements of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 were: After 1906, many additional laws that further standardized

855-402: The food consumed by the world's population . The food industry today has become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small, traditional, family-run activities that are highly labour-intensive, to large, capital-intensive and highly mechanized industrial processes. Many food industries depend almost entirely on local agriculture , animal farms , produce , and/or fishing . It

900-420: The food industry involves intensive animal farming in which livestock are kept almost entirely indoors or in restricted outdoor settings like pens . Many aspects of the raising of animals for meat have become industrialized, even many practices more associated with smaller family farms , e.g. gourmet foods such as foie gras . The production of livestock is a heavily vertically integrated industry where

945-617: The meat industry and its inspection were passed. In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in National Meat Assn. v. Harris , that the FMIA preempts a California law regulating the treatment of non-ambulatory livestock. Chronological legislation relative to U.S. Congressional revisions concerning the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Meat industry A great portion of the ever-growing meat branch in

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990-401: The tractor , has practically eliminated human labor in many areas of production. Biotechnology is driving much change, in areas as diverse as agrochemicals , plant breeding and food processing. Many other types of technology are also involved, to the point where it is hard to find an area that does not have a direct impact on the food industry. As in other fields, computer technology is also

1035-433: The 21st century online grocery stores emerged and digital technologies for community-supported agriculture have enabled farmers to directly sell produce. Some online grocery stores have voluntarily set social goals or values beyond meeting consumer demand and the accumulation of profit . Modern food production is defined by sophisticated technologies. These include many areas. Agricultural machinery , originally led by

1080-762: The Global South - became economically, politically, and socially tied to the West. Many countries struggled to pay back their loans, beginning the process of global debt, privatization, and the downfall of local economies. As a result of Western intervention, many small scale farmers have been displaced, as US corporations have bought out land in other countries and continued to monopolize on food. Today, several multinational corporations have pushed agricultural technologies on developing countries including improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, crop production. In 2020 scientists reported that reducing emissions from

1125-476: The PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows, that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD." Slaughterhouses in

1170-664: The United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants. In 2010, Human Rights Watch described slaughterhouse line work in the United States as a human rights crime. In a report by Oxfam America , slaughterhouse workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage. Cultured meat (aka "clean meat") potentially offers some advantages in terms of efficiency of resource use and animal welfare. It is, however, still at an early stage of development and its advantages are still contested. A growing trend towards vegetarian or vegan diets and

1215-682: The areas of plant genetics , plant physiology , meteorology , and soil science . Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences. Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing the environmental impact of agriculture , and extracting energy from plants. Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced. One-off production : This method

1260-530: The average American worker. NPR reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average. The Guardian reports that, on average, there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States . On average, one employee of Tyson Foods , the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates

1305-620: The constant screams of animals being killed. A 2004 study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry. The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for any period of time—that let's [sic] you kill things but doesn't let you care. You may look

1350-802: The day. While Sinclair's dramatized account was intended to bring attention to the terrible working conditions in Chicago, the public was more horrified by the prospect of bad meat. The book's assertions were confirmed in the Neill-Reynolds report, commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. Roosevelt was suspicious of Sinclair's socialist attitude and conclusions in The Jungle , so he sent labor commissioner Charles P. Neill and social worker James Bronson Reynolds, men whose honesty and reliability he trusted, to Chicago to make surprise visits to meat packing facilities. Despite betrayal of

1395-706: The defining retail element of the food industry. There, tens of thousands of products are gathered in one location, in continuous, year-round supply. Food preparation is another area where the change in recent decades has been dramatic. Today, two food industry sectors are in apparent competition for the retail food dollar. The grocery industry sells fresh and largely raw products for consumers to use as ingredients in home cooking. The food service industry, by contrast, offers prepared food, either as finished products or as partially prepared components for final "assembly". Restaurants, cafes, bakeries and mobile food trucks provide opportunities for consumers to purchase food. In

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1440-562: The food industry, such as Coca-Cola . These donations have been criticized for creating a conflict of interest and favoring an interest such as financial gains. There are a number of books, film, TV and web-related exposés and critiques of the food industry, including: The Bretton Woods Institutions - The World Bank and International Monetary Fund - play a large role in how the food industry functions today. These global funds were born after World War II, to help rebuild Europe and prevent another Great Depression. Overall, their main purpose

1485-628: The global food system is essential to achieving the Paris Agreement 's climate goals . In 2020, an evidence review for the European Union 's Scientific Advice Mechanism found that, without significant change, emissions would increase by 30–40% by 2050 due to population growth and changing consumption patterns, and concluded that "the combined environmental cost of food production is estimated to amount to some $ 12 trillion per year, increasing to $ 16 trillion by 2050". The IPCC 's and

1530-542: The industries that link to them. Those links include makers of farm equipment and chemicals as well as firms that provide services to agribusinesses, such as providers of transportation and financial services. The system also includes the food marketing industries that link farms to consumers, and which include food and fiber processors, wholesalers, retailers, and foodservice establishments." The food industry includes: Areas of research such as food grading , food preservation , food rheology , food storage directly deal with

1575-496: The majority of supply chain stages are integrated and owned by one company. The livestock industry uses more land than any other human activity and is one of the largest contributors to water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions . A relevant factor is the produced species' feed conversion efficiency . Taking into account other concerns, like the use of energy , pesticides , land, and nonrenewable resources , beef , lamb , goat , and bison as sources of red meat show

1620-522: The numerous parts of the industry. These include suppliers, manufacturers, warehousers, retailers and the end consumers.) Wholesale markets for fresh food products have tended to decline in importance in urbanizing countries, including Latin America and some Asian countries as a result of the growth of supermarkets , which procure directly from farmers or through preferred suppliers, rather than going through markets. The constant and uninterrupted flow of product from distribution centers to store locations

1665-627: The people involved. A 2016 study in Organization indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior." A 2009 study by criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries." As authors from

1710-673: The primary vehicles for information about food. With processed food as the dominant category, marketers have almost infinite possibilities in product creation. Of the food advertised to children on television , 73% is fast or convenience foods . One of the main challenges in food industry marketing is the high level of competition in the market. Companies must differentiate themselves from their competitors by offering unique products or using innovative marketing techniques . For example, many food companies are now using social media platforms to promote their products and engage with customers. Another important aspect of food industry marketing

1755-497: The quality and maintenance of quality overlapping many of the above processes. Only subsistence farmers , those who survive on what they grow, and hunter-gatherers can be considered outside the scope of the modern food industry. The dominant companies in the food industry have sometimes been referred to as Big Food, a term coined by the writer Neil Hamilton. Most food produced for the food industry comes from commodity crops using conventional agricultural practices. Agriculture

1800-448: The secret to the meat packers, who worked three shifts a day for three weeks to thwart the inspection, Neill and Reynolds were still revolted by the conditions at the factories and at the lack of concern by plant managers (though neither had much experience in the field). Following their report, Roosevelt became a supporter of regulation of the meat packing industry, and, on June 30, signed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. The FMIA mandated

1845-399: The world's seafood supply and provides an important source of protein for human consumption. Fishing, on the other hand, relies on harvesting wild aquatic species from oceans, rivers, and lakes, further diversifying the sources of food for human populations and supporting livelihoods in coastal communities worldwide. Together, terrestrial agriculture, aquaculture, and fishing collectively ensure

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1890-486: The worst efficiency; poultry and eggs come out best. Among the largest meat producers worldwide are: Criticized aspects and effects of industrial meat production include: Many observers suggest that the expense of dealing with the above is grossly underestimated by present economic metrics and that true cost accounting would drastically raise the price of industrial meat. American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to suffer serious injury than

1935-640: Was added by the Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957 (PPIA). The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act authorizes the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to provide inspection services for all livestock and poultry species not listed in the FMIA or PPIA, including venison and buffalo. The Agricultural Marketing Act authorizes the USDA to offer voluntary, fee-for-service inspection services for these same species. The original 1906 Act authorized

1980-511: Was banned, many warnings were still provided on the container. The production date for canned meats was a requirement in the legislation that Senator Albert Beveridge introduced but it was later removed in the House bill that was passed and became law. The law was partly a response to the publication of Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle , an exposé of the Chicago meat packing industry , as well as to other Progressive Era muckraking publications of

2025-468: Was to stabilize economies. The IMF provided short term loans while the World Bank was focused on larger projects that would bring electricity back to cities, roads, and other "essential" needs. The World Banks mission and purpose, however, transformed as its President Robert McNamara issued a system of loans known as Structural Adjustment . In accepting loans from the World Bank, countries - especially

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