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46-520: Central European Media Enterprises Ltd. ( CME ) is a media and entertainment company that operates television channels in seven geographic areas: Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Romania and Moldova , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Until its acquisition by PPF Group N.V. in October 2020, the company was listed on NASDAQ and Prague Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CETV. It has since been delisted. Central European Media Enterprises Ltd.

92-419: A transition band the gain is not specified. In this case, the filter bandwidth corresponds to the passband width, which in this example is the 1 dB-bandwidth. If the filter shows amplitude ripple within the passband, the x  dB point refers to the point where the gain is x  dB below the nominal passband gain rather than x  dB below the maximum gain. In signal processing and control theory

138-451: A 31% stake. By 2Q 2013, Time Warner had acquired a controlling interest in CME in a series of transactions. In October 2019, AT&T signed an agreement to sell WarnerMedia's stake to PPF. The transaction valued at $ 2.1 billion was completed in October 2020. On 14 February 2022, Central European Media Enterprises announced buying RTL Hrvatska from RTL Group for €50 million. The transaction

184-459: A distributor like TNT may start producing its own programming, and shows presented exclusively on pay-TV by one distributor may be syndicated to terrestrial stations. The cost of creating a nationwide channel has been reduced and there has been a huge increase in the number of such channels, with most catering to a small group. From the definitions above, use of the terms network or station in reference to nationwide cable or satellite channels

230-539: A foundation across various film-making disciplines, enabling students to become TV professionals. The practice is divided according to the production scheme of TV Nova , POP TV , PRO TV , bTV , RTL and TV Markíza and takes place in Brno , Prague , Zagreb , Ljubljana , Bucharest , Sofia and Bratislava . Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Romania and Moldova Slovakia Slovenia Television channel A television channel , or TV channel ,

276-435: A system of frequency response H ( f ) {\displaystyle H(f)} is the bandwidth of an ideal filter with rectangular frequency response centered on the system's central frequency that produces the same average power outgoing H ( f ) {\displaystyle H(f)} when both systems are excited with a white noise source. The value of the noise equivalent bandwidth depends on

322-556: Is a terrestrial frequency or virtual number over which a television station or television network is distributed. For example, in North America , channel 2 refers to the terrestrial or cable band of 54 to 60 MHz , with carrier frequencies of 55.25 MHz for NTSC analog video ( VSB ) and 59.75 MHz for analog audio ( FM ), or 55.31 MHz for digital ATSC ( 8VSB ). Channels may be shared by many different television stations or cable-distributed channels depending on

368-631: Is a less meaningful measure in wideband applications. A percent bandwidth of 100% corresponds to a ratio bandwidth of 3:1. All higher ratios up to infinity are compressed into the range 100–200%. Ratio bandwidth is often expressed in octaves (i.e., as a frequency level ) for wideband applications. An octave is a frequency ratio of 2:1 leading to this expression for the number of octaves, log 2 ⁡ ( B R ) . {\displaystyle \log _{2}\left(B_{\mathrm {R} }\right).} The noise equivalent bandwidth (or equivalent noise bandwidth (enbw) ) of

414-440: Is also used in spectral width , and more generally for the extent of functions as full width at half maximum (FWHM). In electronic filter design, a filter specification may require that within the filter passband , the gain is nominally 0 dB with a small variation, for example within the ±1 dB interval. In the stopband (s), the required attenuation in decibels is above a certain level, for example >100 dB. In

460-458: Is also used to denote system bandwidth , for example in filter or communication channel systems. To say that a system has a certain bandwidth means that the system can process signals with that range of frequencies, or that the system reduces the bandwidth of a white noise input to that bandwidth. The 3 dB bandwidth of an electronic filter or communication channel is the part of the system's frequency response that lies within 3 dB of

506-449: Is defined as the ratio of the upper and lower limits of the band, B R = f H f L . {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {R} }={\frac {f_{\mathrm {H} }}{f_{\mathrm {L} }}}\,.} Ratio bandwidth may be notated as B R : 1 {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {R} }:1} . The relationship between ratio bandwidth and fractional bandwidth

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552-490: Is given by, B F = 2 B R − 1 B R + 1 {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {F} }=2{\frac {B_{\mathrm {R} }-1}{B_{\mathrm {R} }+1}}} and B R = 2 + B F 2 − B F . {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {R} }={\frac {2+B_{\mathrm {F} }}{2-B_{\mathrm {F} }}}\,.} Percent bandwidth

598-408: Is half its maximum value (or the spectral amplitude, in V {\displaystyle \mathrm {V} } or V / H z {\displaystyle \mathrm {V/{\sqrt {Hz}}} } , is 70.7% of its maximum). This figure, with a lower threshold value, can be used in calculations of the lowest sampling rate that will satisfy the sampling theorem . The bandwidth

644-592: Is inconsequentially larger. For wideband applications they diverge substantially with the arithmetic mean version approaching 2 in the limit and the geometric mean version approaching infinity. Fractional bandwidth is sometimes expressed as a percentage of the center frequency ( percent bandwidth , % B {\displaystyle \%B} ), % B F = 100 Δ f f C . {\displaystyle \%B_{\mathrm {F} }=100{\frac {\Delta f}{f_{\mathrm {C} }}}\,.} Ratio bandwidth

690-436: Is nonetheless mapped to the 1 input on most British television sets). On digital platforms, such (location) channels are usually arbitrary and changeable, due to virtual channels . A television station is a type of terrestrial station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. Traditionally, TV stations made their broadcasts by sending specially-encoded radio signals over

736-459: Is often quoted relative to the frequency of operation which gives a better indication of the structure and sophistication needed for the circuit or device under consideration. There are two different measures of relative bandwidth in common use: fractional bandwidth ( B F {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {F} }} ) and ratio bandwidth ( B R {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {R} }} ). In

782-526: Is one of the determinants of the capacity of a given communication channel . A key characteristic of bandwidth is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of information , regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum . For example, a 3 kHz band can carry a telephone conversation whether that band is at baseband (as in a POTS telephone line) or modulated to some higher frequency. However, wide bandwidths are easier to obtain and process at higher frequencies because

828-418: Is possible to use adjacent channels only because they are all at the same power, something which could only be done terrestrially if the two stations were transmitted at the same power and height from the same location . For DTT, selectivity is inherently better, therefore channels adjacent (either to analog or digital stations) can be used even in the same area . Commonly, the term television channel

874-481: Is technically inaccurate. However, this is an arbitrary, inconsequential distinction, and varies from company to company. Indeed, the term cable network has entered into common usage in the United States in reference to such channels, even with the existence of direct broadcast satellite . There is even some geographical separation among national pay television channels in the U.S., be it programming (e.g.,

920-493: Is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter , a communication channel , or a signal spectrum . Baseband bandwidth is equal to the upper cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter or baseband signal, which includes a zero frequency. Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics , information theory , digital communications , radio communications , signal processing , and spectroscopy and

966-480: Is the total bandwidth (i.e. the maximum passband bandwidth of the carrier-modulated RF signal and the minimum passband bandwidth of the physical passband channel), and W {\displaystyle W} is the positive bandwidth (the baseband bandwidth of the equivalent channel model). For instance, the baseband model of the signal would require a low-pass filter with cutoff frequency of at least W {\displaystyle W} to stay intact, and

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1012-691: Is used to mean a television station or its pay television counterpart (both outlined below). Sometimes, especially outside the U.S. and in the context of pay television, it is used instead of the term television network , which otherwise (in its technical use above) describes a group of geographically-distributed television stations that share affiliation / ownership and some or all of their programming with one another. This terminology may be muddled somewhat in other jurisdictions , for instance Europe , where terrestrial channels are commonly mapped from physical channels to common numerical positions (i.e. BBC One does not broadcast on any particular channel 1 but

1058-620: Is usually defined as the arithmetic mean of the upper and lower frequencies so that, f C = f H + f L 2   {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {C} }={\frac {f_{\mathrm {H} }+f_{\mathrm {L} }}{2}}\ } and B F = 2 ( f H − f L ) f H + f L . {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {F} }={\frac {2(f_{\mathrm {H} }-f_{\mathrm {L} })}{f_{\mathrm {H} }+f_{\mathrm {L} }}}\,.} However,

1104-592: The Bally Sports group of regional sports channels, which share several programs), or simply regionalized advertising inserted by the local cable company. Should a legal distinction be necessary between a (location) channel as defined above and a television channel in this sense, the terms programming service (e.g. ) or programming undertaking (for instance, ) may be used instead of the latter definition. Bandwidth (signal processing) It may refer more specifically to two subcategories: Passband bandwidth

1150-560: The § Fractional bandwidth is smaller. Bandwidth is a key concept in many telecommunications applications. In radio communications, for example, bandwidth is the frequency range occupied by a modulated carrier signal . An FM radio receiver's tuner spans a limited range of frequencies. A government agency (such as the Federal Communications Commission in the United States) may apportion

1196-813: The air, called terrestrial television . Individual television stations are usually granted licenses by a government agency to use a particular section of the radio spectrum (a channel ) through which they send their signals. Some stations use LPTV broadcast translators to retransmit to further areas. Many television stations are now in the process of converting from analog terrestrial ( NTSC , PAL or SECAM ) broadcast, to digital terrestrial ( ATSC broadcast , DVB or ISDB ). Because some regions have had difficulty picking up terrestrial television signals (particularly in mountainous areas), alternative means of distribution such as direct-to-home satellite and cable television have been introduced. Television channels specifically built to run on cable or satellite blur

1242-583: The bandwidth is the frequency at which the closed-loop system gain drops 3 dB below peak. In communication systems, in calculations of the Shannon–Hartley channel capacity , bandwidth refers to the 3 dB-bandwidth. In calculations of the maximum symbol rate , the Nyquist sampling rate , and maximum bit rate according to the Hartley's law , the bandwidth refers to the frequency range within which

1288-585: The center frequency is sometimes defined as the geometric mean of the upper and lower frequencies, f C = f H f L {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {C} }={\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {H} }f_{\mathrm {L} }}}} and B F = f H − f L f H f L . {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {F} }={\frac {f_{\mathrm {H} }-f_{\mathrm {L} }}{\sqrt {f_{\mathrm {H} }f_{\mathrm {L} }}}}\,.} While

1334-402: The context of Nyquist symbol rate or Shannon-Hartley channel capacity for communication systems it refers to passband bandwidth. The Rayleigh bandwidth of a simple radar pulse is defined as the inverse of its duration. For example, a one-microsecond pulse has a Rayleigh bandwidth of one megahertz. The essential bandwidth is defined as the portion of a signal spectrum in

1380-404: The following, the absolute bandwidth is defined as follows, B = Δ f = f H − f L {\displaystyle B=\Delta f=f_{\mathrm {H} }-f_{\mathrm {L} }} where f H {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {H} }} and f L {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {L} }} are

1426-470: The frequencies beyond which performance is degraded. In the case of frequency response , degradation could, for example, mean more than 3  dB below the maximum value or it could mean below a certain absolute value. As with any definition of the width of a function, many definitions are suitable for different purposes. In the context of, for example, the sampling theorem and Nyquist sampling rate , bandwidth typically refers to baseband bandwidth. In

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1472-1279: The frequency domain using H ( f ) {\displaystyle H(f)} or in the time domain by exploiting the Parseval's theorem with the system impulse response h ( t ) {\displaystyle h(t)} . If H ( f ) {\displaystyle H(f)} is a lowpass system with zero central frequency and the filter reference gain is referred to this frequency, then: B n = ∫ − ∞ ∞ | H ( f ) | 2 d f 2 | H ( 0 ) | 2 = ∫ − ∞ ∞ | h ( t ) | 2 d t 2 | ∫ − ∞ ∞ h ( t ) d t | 2 . {\displaystyle B_{n}={\frac {\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|H(f)|^{2}df}{2|H(0)|^{2}}}={\frac {\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|h(t)|^{2}dt}{2\left|\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }h(t)dt\right|^{2}}}\,.} The same expression can be applied to bandpass systems by substituting

1518-463: The frequency domain which contains most of the energy of the signal. In some contexts, the signal bandwidth in hertz refers to the frequency range in which the signal's spectral density (in W/Hz or V /Hz) is nonzero or above a small threshold value. The threshold value is often defined relative to the maximum value, and is most commonly the 3 dB point , that is the point where the spectral density

1564-428: The gain is non-zero. The fact that in equivalent baseband models of communication systems, the signal spectrum consists of both negative and positive frequencies, can lead to confusion about bandwidth since they are sometimes referred to only by the positive half, and one will occasionally see expressions such as B = 2 W {\displaystyle B=2W} , where B {\displaystyle B}

1610-406: The geometric mean is more rarely used than the arithmetic mean (and the latter can be assumed if not stated explicitly) the former is considered more mathematically rigorous. It more properly reflects the logarithmic relationship of fractional bandwidth with increasing frequency. For narrowband applications, there is only marginal difference between the two definitions. The geometric mean version

1656-418: The ideal filter reference gain used. Typically, this gain equals | H ( f ) | {\displaystyle |H(f)|} at its center frequency, but it can also equal the peak value of | H ( f ) | {\displaystyle |H(f)|} . The noise equivalent bandwidth B n {\displaystyle B_{n}} can be calculated in

1702-460: The line between TV station and TV network. That fact led some early cable channels to call themselves superstations . Satellite and cable have created changes. Local programming TV stations in an area can sign-up or even be required to be carried on cable, but content providers like TLC cannot. They are not licensed to run broadcast equipment like a station, and they do not regularly provide content to licensed broadcasters either. Furthermore,

1748-677: The location and service provider Depending on the multinational bandplan for a given region, analog television channels are typically 6, 7, or 8 MHz in bandwidth , and therefore television channel frequencies vary as well. Channel numbering is also different. Digital terrestrial television channels are the same as their analog predecessors for legacy reasons, however through multiplexing , each physical radio frequency (RF) channel can carry several digital subchannels . On satellites , each transponder normally carries one channel, however multiple small, independent channels can be on one transponder, with some loss of bandwidth due to

1794-536: The need for guard bands between unrelated transmissions . ISDB , used in Japan and Brazil , has a similar segmented mode. Preventing interference between terrestrial channels in the same area is accomplished by skipping at least one channel between two analog stations' frequency allocations . Where channel numbers are sequential, frequencies are not contiguous , such as channel 6 to 7 skip from VHF low to high band, and channel 13 to 14 jump to UHF . On cable TV, it

1840-437: The physical passband channel would require a passband filter of at least B {\displaystyle B} to stay intact. The absolute bandwidth is not always the most appropriate or useful measure of bandwidth. For instance, in the field of antennas the difficulty of constructing an antenna to meet a specified absolute bandwidth is easier at a higher frequency than at a lower frequency. For this reason, bandwidth

1886-444: The regionally available bandwidth to broadcast license holders so that their signals do not mutually interfere. In this context, bandwidth is also known as channel spacing . For other applications, there are other definitions. One definition of bandwidth, for a system, could be the range of frequencies over which the system produces a specified level of performance. A less strict and more practically useful definition will refer to

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1932-399: The response at its peak, which, in the passband filter case, is typically at or near its center frequency , and in the low-pass filter is at or near its cutoff frequency . If the maximum gain is 0 dB, the 3 dB bandwidth is the frequency range where attenuation is less than 3 dB. 3 dB attenuation is also where power is half its maximum. This same half-power gain convention

1978-451: The upper and lower frequency limits respectively of the band in question. Fractional bandwidth is defined as the absolute bandwidth divided by the center frequency ( f C {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {C} }} ), B F = Δ f f C . {\displaystyle B_{\mathrm {F} }={\frac {\Delta f}{f_{\mathrm {C} }}}\,.} The center frequency

2024-624: Was closed on 1 June 2022. CME is the broadcast market leader in most countries where it has television stations. CME currently operates 46 television channels broadcasting to approximately 49 million people across 6 geographic segments. CME develops and produces content for its television channels, and its content is also consumed through subscription and advertising VOD . It also operates the Voyo streaming platform that provides on demand local content in all of CME’s geographic regions In 2023, CME launched its ESG strategy branded CME Cares. This initiative

2070-589: Was co-founded in 1991 by Americans Ronald Lauder and Mark Palmer in Germany as CEDC GmbH (Central European Development Corporation), and later changed its name and reincorporated in the Netherlands as Central European Media Enterprises (CME). It started broadcasting its first channel in the Czech Republic in 1994. On 23 March 2009, Time Warner announced it would invest $ 241.5 million in CME for

2116-439: Was created to communicate CME’s efforts to leave a lasting positive impact on its environment, communities, and societies. CME Cares aims to offer socially responsible content, implement sustainable production practices, aid underprivileged communities, and follow transparent business practices. In 2022 Central European Media Enterprises Ltd. launched CME Content Academy. The two-year course is designed to provide participants with

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