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49-399: Nowadays Mei County is known for its kiwifruit cultivation and trout and carp aquaculture. As 2020, this County is divided to 1 subdistrict, 7 towns and 2 others. Others This Shaanxi location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kiwifruit Kiwifruit (often shortened to kiwi outside Australia and New Zealand), or Chinese gooseberry ,

98-753: A 100-gram (3.5 oz) amount, green kiwifruit provides 255 kilojoules (61 kilocalories) of food energy , is 83% water and 15% carbohydrates , with negligible protein and fat (table). It is particularly rich in vitamin C (103% DV) and vitamin K (34% DV), has a moderate content of vitamin E (10% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content. Gold kiwifruit has similar nutritional value to green kiwifruit, but contains higher vitamin C content (179% DV) and insignificant vitamin K content (table). Kiwifruit seed oil contains on average 62% alpha-linolenic acid , an omega-3 fatty acid . Kiwifruit pulp contains carotenoids , such as provitamin A beta-carotene , lutein and zeaxanthin . Allergy to kiwifruit

147-472: A few cultivars of A. deliciosa (fuzzy kiwifruit): 'Hayward', 'Blake' and 'Saanichton 12'. They have a fuzzy, dull brown skin and bright green flesh. The familiar cultivar 'Hayward' was developed by Hayward Wright in Avondale , New Zealand, around 1924. It was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in the 1940s. 'Hayward' is the most commonly available cultivar in stores. It

196-520: A few days to a week when stored at room temperature, but should not be kept in direct sunlight. Faster ripening occurs when placed in a paper bag with an apple, pear, or banana. Once a kiwifruit is ripe, however, it is preserved optimally when stored far from other fruits, as it is very sensitive to the ethylene gas they may emit, thereby tending to over-ripen even in the refrigerator. If stored appropriately, ripe kiwifruit normally keep for about one to two weeks. Pseudomonas syringae actinidiae (PSA)

245-572: A garnish. The whole fruit, including the skin, is suitable for human consumption; however, the skin of the fuzzy varieties is often discarded due to its texture. Sliced kiwifruit has long been used as a garnish atop whipped cream on pavlova , a meringue-based dessert. Traditionally in China, kiwifruit was not eaten for pleasure, but was given as medicine to children to help them grow and to women who have given birth to help them recover. Raw kiwifruit contains actinidain (also spelled actinidin ) which

294-444: A problem, as they are attracted to a catnip -like smell produced by the hardy kiwi vines. Cats have been known to destroy vines and dig up roots in search of the source of the scent. Attempts to commercialize the fruit have been historically unsuccessful due to its short shelf-life and sporadic tendencies to ripen. However, attempts are being made to bring the fruit to greater bear, and commercial production initiatives are underway on

343-443: A single type of flower in any foray and maybe only a few branches of a single plant. The pollen needed from a different plant (such as a male for a female kiwifruit) might never reach it were it not for the cross-pollination that principally occurs in the crowded colony; it is in the colonies that bees laden with different pollen literally cross paths. To deal with these pollination challenges, some producers blow collected pollen over

392-603: A small scale in South America , New Zealand, Europe, Canada, and the United States (in Oregon , Washington , and central Pennsylvania ). Hardy kiwi can be used in jam . In Korea , hardy kiwi is known as darae ( 다래 ). Young leaves, called darae-sun , are often consumed as namul vegetable. In China, it is known as 软枣猕猴桃 . This species is strongly differentiated and widely distributed across China. It

441-646: A soft texture with a sweet and unique flavour. Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China . The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to the 12th century during the Song dynasty . In the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. The fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II , and later became commonly exported, first to Great Britain and then to California in

490-587: A strong trellis for support. Each vine can grow up to 20 ft in a single season, given ideal growing conditions. For commercial planting, placement is important: plants can tolerate partial shade, but yields are optimized with full sunlight. Hardy kiwi vines consume large volumes of water; therefore, they are usually grown in well-drained, acidic soils to prevent root rot. For vines to bear fruit, both male and female plants must be present to enable pollination. A male pollinator can enable six female producers to fruit. Flowering typically occurs in late spring (May in

539-510: A thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species: Actinidia arguta (hardy kiwi), A. kolomikta (Arctic kiwifruit) and A. polygama (silver vine). They are fast-growing, climbing vines, durable over their growing season . They are referred to as "kiwi berry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, or cocktail kiwi". The cultivar 'Issai' is a hybrid of hardy kiwifruit and silver vine which can self-pollinate. Grown commercially because of its relatively large fruit, 'Issai'

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588-439: Is a large, egg-shaped fruit with a sweet flavour. 'Saanichton 12', from British Columbia, is somewhat more rectangular than 'Hayward' and comparably sweet, but the inner core of the fruit can be tough. 'Blake' can self-pollinate, but it has a smaller, more oval fruit and the flavour is considered inferior. Kiwi berries are edible fruits the size of a large grape, similar to fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and internal appearance but with

637-437: Is about one month), propagating from cuttings is also possible. Growing from seeds needs a period of cold stratification of one to two months to germinate. Hardy kiwi cuttings may be grafted directly onto established kiwifruit rootstock , or rooted themselves. In domestic cultivation, a trellis may be used to encourage horizontal growth for easy maintenance and harvesting; however, vines grow extremely quickly and require

686-466: Is an edible, berry- or grape-sized fruit similar to kiwifruit in taste and appearance, but is green, brownish, or purple with smooth skin, sometimes with a red blush. Often sweeter than the kiwifruit, hardy kiwifruit can be eaten whole and do not need to be peeled. Thin-walled, its exterior is smooth and leathery. Actinidia arguta was first described by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1843 as Trochostigma argutum . It

735-427: Is commercially useful as a meat tenderizer and possibly as a digestive aid . Actinidain also makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing milk or any other dairy products because the enzyme digests milk proteins. This applies to gelatin -based desserts, due to the fact that the actinidain will dissolve the proteins in gelatin, causing the dessert to either liquefy or prevent it from solidifying. In

784-449: Is considered adequate. Some varieties can self pollinate, but even they produce a greater and more reliable yield when pollinated by male kiwifruit. Cross-species pollination is often (but not always) successful as long as bloom times are synchronised. In nature, the species are pollinated by birds and native bumblebees, which visit the flowers for pollen, not nectar. The female flowers produce fake anthers with what appears to be pollen on

833-1061: Is distributed in China from the Heilongjiang River in the north to the Wuling Mountains in Guangxi in the south. It is a seasonal fruit, usually sold at farmer's markets. Actinidia arguta has been cultivated by hobbyists, and more recently commercially, in the northeastern United States since at least the early 1900s with no significant impact on the region's forests noted, until recently. Due to rampant overgrowth and "complete domination of mature trees" at sites in western Massachusetts and Coffin Woods, North Shore Wildlife Sanctuary in Long Island, New York, A. arguta vines of unknown genotype and provenance are now reported by groups including Mass Audubon to be invasive. Whether such localized sites indicate an invasive risk for

882-401: Is less hardy than most hardy kiwifruit. Actinidia chinensis (yellow kiwi or golden kiwifruit) has a smooth, bronze skin, with a beak shape at the stem attachment. Flesh colour varies from bright green to a clear, intense yellow. This species is 'sweeter and more aromatic' in flavour compared to A. deliciosa . One of the most attractive varieties has a red 'iris' around the centre of

931-429: Is no guarantee that the fruit will have the same quality as the parent. Additionally, seedlings take seven years before they flower, so determining whether the kiwifruit is fruit bearing or a pollinator is time-consuming. Therefore, most kiwifruits, with the exception of rootstock and new cultivars , are propagated asexually . This is done by grafting the fruit producing plant onto rootstock grown from seedlings or, if

980-541: Is roughly 50 lb per vine. Both fruit size and total yield are highly cultivar-dependent. Fruit left to ripen on the vine has an 18 to 25% sugar content at time of harvest. Hardy kiwi vines are vulnerable to several botanical diseases, including phytophthora crown and root rot (the most serious problem), botrytis rot, and sclerotinia blight . Vines are also vulnerable to pest infestations, including root knot nematodes , two-spotted spider mites , leaf rollers , thrips , and Japanese beetles . Cats can also pose

1029-466: Is the Japanese cultivar 'Issai' ( A. arguta × polygama ) and its offspring 'Super Issai', while the hybrid 'Ken's Red' ( A. arguta × melanandra ) originates from New Zealand. The fast-growing, climbing, twining vine (bine) is very hardy (hence the name hardy kiwi), and is capable of surviving slow temperature drops to −34 °C (−30 °F), although young shoots can be vulnerable to frost in

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1078-497: Is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia . The most common cultivar group of kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward') is oval, about the size of a large hen's egg : 5–8 centimetres (2–3 inches) in length and 4.5–5.5 cm ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 2 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter. Kiwifruit has a thin, fuzzy, fibrous, tart but edible, light brown skin and light green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has

1127-638: The PSA bacterium. A new cultivar of golden kiwifruit, Gold3 , was found to be more disease-resistant and most growers have now changed to this cultivar. 'Gold3', marketed by Zespri as SunGold is not quite as sweet as 'Hort16A', and lacks its usually slightly pointed tip. Clones of the new variety SunGold have been used to develop orchards in China, resulting in partially successful legal efforts in China by Zespri to protect their intellectual property . In 2021, Zespri estimated that around 5,000 hectares of Sungold orchards were being cultivated in China, mainly in

1176-515: The Sichuan province . Kiwifruit can be grown in most temperate climates with adequate summer heat. Where fuzzy kiwifruit ( A. deliciosa ) is not hardy, other species can be grown as substitutes. Often in commercial farming, different breeds are used for rootstock , fruit bearing plants and pollinators . Therefore, the seeds produced are crossbreeds of their parents. Even if the same breeds are used for pollinators and fruit bearing plants, there

1225-504: The hardy kiwi or kiwiberry , is a perennial vine native to Japan, Korea , Northern China, and the Russian Far East . It produces a small kiwifruit without the hair-like fiber covering the outside, unlike most other species of the genus. The fruit is referred to as the arctic kiwi, baby kiwi, cocktail kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, hardy kiwifruit, kiwi berry, northern kiwi, Siberian gooseberry, or Siberian kiwi, and

1274-463: The plastid matK gene sequence for cladistic analysis revealed the current circumscription of the sections to be polyphyletic , with A. arguta forming a clade with A. melanandra near the base of the phylogenetic tree. The most popular cultivars include 'Ananasnaya' (syn. 'Jumbo Verde'), 'Geneva', 'MSU', 'Weiki', 'Super Jumbo', 'Rogow', 'Kievskaya Krupnoplodnaya', 'Taezhniy Dar' and 'Estafeta'. A commonly sold self-fertile hybrid

1323-453: The 1960s. Early varieties discovered and cultivated in China, were described in a 1904 nursery catalogue as having "...edible fruits the size of walnuts , and the flavour of ripe gooseberries ", leading to the name Chinese gooseberry . In the late 1950s, a major New Zealand exporter began calling it "kiwifruit" ( Māori : huakiwi ) after being advised by a United States client that border officials might associate gooseberries with

1372-494: The Northern Hemisphere) starting in the third year of growth. If flowers become frost-burned, however, no fruit production will occur during the remainder of the year. An autumn harvest is standard among all varieties; within this, actual harvest times are highly dependent on local climate and the specific cultivar grown. Each individual vine can produce up to 100 pounds of fruit per year, but average annual yield

1421-431: The United States and Canada, the shortened name kiwi is commonly used when referring to the fruit. Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China. The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to 12th century China during the Song dynasty . As it was usually collected from the wild and consumed for medicinal purposes, the plant was rarely cultivated or bred . Cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China in

1470-473: The development of commercially viable cultivars, agricultural practices, shipping, storage, and marketing. The genus Actinidia comprises around 60 species. Their fruits are quite variable, although most are easily recognised as kiwifruit because of their appearance and shape. The skin of the fruit varies in size, hairiness and colour. The flesh varies in colour, juiciness, texture and taste. Some fruits are unpalatable, while others taste considerably better than

1519-481: The early 20th century to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. After the Hayward variety was developed, the fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II. Kiwifruit were later exported, first to Great Britain and then to California in the 1960s. In New Zealand during the 1940s and 1950s, the fruit became an agricultural commodity through

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1568-457: The female flowers. Most common, though, is saturation pollination , in which the honey bee populations are made so large (by placing hives in the orchards at a concentration of about 8 hives per hectare) that bees are forced to use this flower because of intense competition for all flowers within flight distance. Kiwifruit is picked by hand and commercially grown on sturdy support structures, as it can produce several tonnes per hectare, more than

1617-510: The fruit and yellow flesh outside. The yellow fruit obtains a higher market price and, being less hairy than the fuzzy kiwifruit, tastes better without peeling. A commercially viable variety of this red-ringed kiwifruit, patented as EnzaRed, is a cultivar of the Chinese hong yang variety. 'Hort16A' is a golden kiwifruit cultivar marketed worldwide as Zespri Gold . This cultivar suffered significant losses in New Zealand in 2010–2013 due to

1666-584: The government and fruit growers so that the industry could continue. Scientists reported they had worked out the strain of PSA affecting kiwifruit from New Zealand, Italy and Chile originated in China. In 2022, world production of kiwifruit was 4.5 million tonnes , led by China with 52% of the total. In China, kiwifruit is grown mainly in the mountainous area upstream of the Yangtze River , as well as Sichuan . Other major producers were New Zealand and Italy . Kiwifruit exports rapidly increased from

1715-518: The infrastructure and techniques required to support grape production were adapted to the kiwifruit. This, coupled with being close to the European kiwifruit market, led to Italians becoming the leading producer of kiwifruit in 1989. The growing season of Italian kiwifruit does not overlap much with the New Zealand or the Chilean growing seasons, therefore direct competition between New Zealand or Chile

1764-422: The late '1960s to early 1970s' in New Zealand. By 1976, exports exceeded the amount consumed domestically. Outside of Australasia , New Zealand kiwifruit are marketed under the brand-name label Zespri . The general name, "Zespri", has been used for marketing of all cultivars of kiwifruit from New Zealand since 2012. In the 1980s, many countries outside New Zealand began to grow and export kiwifruit. In Italy,

1813-507: The majority of commercial cultivars. The most commonly sold kiwifruit is derived from A. deliciosa (fuzzy kiwifruit). Other species that are commonly eaten include A. chinensis (golden kiwifruit), A. coriacea (Chinese egg gooseberry), A. arguta (hardy kiwifruit), A. kolomikta (Arctic kiwifruit), A. melanandra (purple kiwifruit), A. polygama (silver vine) and A. purpurea (hearty red kiwifruit). Most kiwifruit sold belongs to

1862-453: The plant is desired to be a true cultivar, rootstock grown from cuttings of a mature plant. Kiwifruit plants generally are dioecious , meaning a plant is either male or female. The male plants have flowers that produce pollen, the females receive the pollen to fertilise their ovules and grow fruit; most kiwifruit requires a male plant to pollinate the female plant. For a good yield of fruit, one male vine for every three to eight female vines

1911-491: The rather weak vines can support. These are generally equipped with a watering system for irrigation and frost protection in the spring. Kiwifruit vines require vigorous pruning, similar to that of grapevines. Fruit is borne on 'one-year-old and older' canes, but production declines as each cane ages. Canes should be pruned off and replaced after their third year. In the northern hemisphere the fruit ripens in November, while in

1960-437: The region as a whole is controversial, given the long history of this widely distributed and cultivated species in the northeastern United States. Since successful invasions of non-native species can occur gradually over time, these reported sites warrant further investigation and suggest the need for more widespread monitoring. Macrofossils of A. arguta from the early Pliocene epoch have been found in western Georgia in

2009-421: The risk of anthrax. The name was first registered by Turners & Growers on 15 June 1959 and commercially adopted in 1974. In New Zealand and Australia, the word kiwi alone either refers to the bird or is used as a nickname for New Zealanders ; it is almost never used to refer to the fruit. Kiwifruit has since become a common name for all commercially grown green kiwifruit from the genus Actinidia . In

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2058-589: The southern it ripens in May. Four year-old plants can produce 15 tonnes of fruit per hectare (14,000 lb per acre) while eight year-old plants can produce 20 tonnes (18,000 lb per acre). The plants produce their maximum at eight to ten years old. The seasonal yields are variable; a heavy crop on a vine one season generally comes with a light crop the following season. Fruit harvested when firm will ripen when stored properly for long periods. This allows fruit to be stored up to 8 weeks after harvest. Firm kiwifruit ripen after

2107-448: The spring. The vines need a frost-free growing season of about 150 days, but are not damaged by late freezes, provided that temperature changes are sufficiently gradual to allow plants to acclimate. Indeed, a period of winter chill is necessary for successful cultivation. However, rapid freezes kill off buds and split vines. The vines can also be grown in low-chill areas. While hardy kiwi may be grown directly from seeds (germination time

2156-607: The tips in order to attract the pollinators, although these fake anthers lack the DNA and food value of the male anthers. Kiwifruit growers rely on honey bees , the principal ‘for-hire’ pollinator, but commercially grown kiwifruit is notoriously difficult to pollinate. The flowers are not very attractive to honey bees, in part because the flowers do not produce nectar and bees quickly learn to prefer flowers with nectar. Honey bees are inefficient cross-pollinators for kiwifruit because they practice “floral fidelity”. Each honey bee visits only

2205-492: Was first described in 1981, and there have since been reports of the allergy presenting with numerous symptoms from localized oral allergy syndrome to life-threatening anaphylaxis. The actinidain found in kiwifruit can be an allergen for some individuals, including children. The most common symptoms are unpleasant itching and soreness of the mouth, with wheezing as the most common severe symptom; anaphylaxis may occur. Actinidia arguta Actinidia arguta ,

2254-663: Was first identified in Japan in the 1980s. This bacterial strain has been controlled and managed successfully in orchards in Asia. In 1992, it was found in northern Italy. In 2007/2008, economic losses were observed, as a more virulent strain became more dominant (PSA V). In 2010 it was found in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty Region kiwifruit orchards in the North Island. The yellow-fleshed cultivars were particularly susceptible. New, resistant varieties were selected in research funded by

2303-610: Was not a significant factor. Much of the breeding to refine the green kiwifruit was undertaken by the Plant & Food Research Institute (formerly HortResearch) during the decades of '1970–1999'. In 1990, the New Zealand Kiwifruit Marketing Board opened an office for Europe in Antwerp , Belgium . Kiwifruit may be eaten raw, made into juices, used in baked goods, prepared with meat or used as

2352-457: Was originally described at the species rank ( Actinidia hypoleuca ) by Takenoshin Nakai in 1904, but reduced to a variety of A. arguta in 1980 by Siro Kitamura . Actinidia arguta had been placed in section Leiocarpae and series Lamellatae , but this current infrageneric classification is unsupported. A 2002 study of the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer sequence and

2401-487: Was then moved to the genus Actinidia in 1867 by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel after the invalidly published suggestion by Jules Émile Planchon to move the species. The species consists of three varieties : Actinidia arguta var. giraldii was originally described by Ludwig Diels at the species rank ( Actinidia giraldii ) in 1905, but was later reduced to a variety of A. arguta in 1972 by Vladimir Nikolaevich Voroschilov . A. arguta var. hypoleuca

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