Mercialys is a French company that operates in real estate, owning and managing properties. It was created by the retailer company Casino Group in 2005.
86-499: In the late 1990s, the food retailer company Casino Group delegated the management of their retailer properties in a new subsidiary, Groupe Casino Immobilière. In 2005, it was turned into a company with independent operations, which would go public itself, called Mercialys, although Groupe Casino retained a majority stake and therefore its control. Mercialys was listed on the Paris Bourse on November 1, 2005. The new company opted for
172-402: A driver's license , and only those drivers appearing on the contract may be authorized to drive. It may include an option to purchase auto insurance (UK: motor insurance), if the renter does not already have a policy to cover rentals—another important consideration for multiple drivers. Some agencies may even require a bond payable if the car is not returned in order, often held in the form of
258-497: A government agency or department) to provide evidence of title , facilitate transactions, and prevent unlawful disposal. The information recorded and the protection provided by land registration varies widely by jurisdiction . In common law countries, particularly in jurisdictions in the Commonwealth of Nations , when replacing the deeds registration system, title registrations are broadly classified into two basic types:
344-488: A service charge which is normally an express list of services in a lease to minimize disputes over service charges. A gross lease or tenancy stipulates a rent that is for the global amount due including all service charges. A cancelable lease ( UK : determinable/breakable lease) is a lease that may be terminated (formally determined ) solely by the lessee or solely by the lessor without penalty. A mutually determinable lease can be determined by either. A non-cancelable lease
430-614: A cadastre, maintained by the French public land registry. The plans are boundaries of land parcels but do not provide details of the land owner or precise boundaries. § 873.1 of the German Civil Code stipulates that the transfer of ownership of a plot of land, the encumbrance of a plot of land with a right and the transfer or encumbrance of such a right requires registration in the Land Register ( Grundbuch ). Except for
516-427: A credit-card authorization—voided if the car is returned per agreement. A renter should be advised that he or she will be responsible for any tolls, parking or traffic violations incurred upon the vehicle during the rental period. There should also be advice on handling thefts, accidents, break-downs, and towing. Further terms may include added fees for late returns, drop-off at a different location, or failure to top up
602-450: A default position in some jurisdictions. Sharing or parting with possession can be a breach of certain leases resulting in action for forfeiture. Enfranchisement is the obtaining of the landlord's title and is most commonly negotiated with the landlord where a tenant pays only a ground rent . Merger is where the landlord and tenant happen to be the same and can terminate a lease where there are no subtenants in certain jurisdictions. In
688-531: A definite beginning date and a definite ending date. Despite the name "tenancy for years", such a tenancy can last for any period of time—even a tenancy for one week may be called a tenancy for years. At common law the duration did not need to be certain, but could be conditioned upon the happening of some event, (e.g., "until the crops are ready for harvest" or "until the war is over"). In many jurisdictions that possibility has been partially or totally abolished. A fixed term tenancy comes to an end automatically when
774-458: A duration greater than one year must be in writing in order to satisfy the Statute of Frauds . The term of the lease may be fixed, periodic or of indefinite duration. If it is for a specified period of time, the term ends automatically when the period expires, and no notice needs to be given, in the absence of legal requirements. The term's duration may be conditional, in which case it lasts until
860-556: A fairly simple web forms can be found and read a part of the information on any object property. These laws are not, however, establish an immediate full liability of the state for the correctness of the information contained in databases. In 2015, the State Duma has been registered a bill that covers public access to information about the owners of the property. The bill was supported by the Government. According to some experts,
946-430: A fixed term, for consideration, the tenant may not be removed except for cause , even if there is no written lease. (However, an oral lease for more than 12 months is not enforceable if the statute of frauds in the jurisdiction includes leases of more than 12 months.) Many residential leases convert to "at will" tenancy subject to 30 days' notice. Alternatively, a tenancy at will (without a specific time limit) may exist for
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#17327935977601032-517: A gross leasable area of about 714,500 m. The Mercialys' subsidiaries include Mercialys Gestion, Timur SCI, Point Confort and La Diane, among others. On March 4, 2012, Mercialys issued a bond to seven years, raising 650 million. Also, it took debt from five banks to finance a 1.25 billion euros exceptional distribution for shareholders. It was supposed that these operations were carried out to fund Casino Group projects in Brazil. As of January 31 of 2020,
1118-414: A lease generally provides for regular periodic payments during its term and a specific ending date. If a contract has no ending date then it may be in the form of a perpetual license and still not be a lease. Under normal circumstances, owners of property are at liberty to do what they want with their property (for a lawful purpose), including dealing with it or handing over possession of the property to
1204-515: A month by month basis. It is also possible for a tenant, either expressly or impliedly, to give up the tenancy to the landlord. This process is known as a "surrender" of the lease. There have been recent restrictions and limitations in New York City regarding lease terms. One limitation in particular stated that units can not be leased for a period of less than two weeks and any unit leased for less than 90 days may not allow guests or pets in
1290-415: A periodic tenancy when the period or term is nearing completion, by giving notice to the other party as required by statute or case law in the jurisdiction. Neither landlord nor tenant may terminate a periodic tenancy before the period has ended, without incurring an obligation to pay for the months remaining on the lease. Either party must give notice if it intends to terminate a tenancy from year to year, and
1376-406: A person (called a licensee ) to use property, but which is subject to termination at the will of the owner of the property (called the licensor ). An example of a licensor/licensee relationship is a parking lot owner and a person who parks a vehicle in the parking lot. A license may be seen in the form of a ticket to a baseball game or a verbal permission to sleep a few days on a sofa. The difference
1462-483: A physical boundary feature such as a wall, fence or hedge. The exact positions of the legal boundaries are almost never shown on registered title plans and are not shown on Ordnance Survey maps. In a joint statement between Land Registry (England and Wales) and Ordnance Survey they state that: This title plan shows the general position of the boundaries: it does not show the exact line of the boundaries. Measurements scaled from this plan may not match measurements between
1548-487: A rental application which is used to build the terms of the lease. In addition to the basics of a rental (who, what, when, how much), a real estate rental may go into much more detail on these and other issues. The real estate may be rented for housing , parking vehicles, storage, business, agricultural, institutional, or government use, or other reasons. In accordance with this, a lease agreement usually includes other critical financial obligations. These factors build upon
1634-401: A result of local law. In general, by paying the negotiated fee to the lessor, the lessee (also called a tenant ) has possession and use (the rental ) of the leased property to the exclusion of the lessor and all others except with the invitation of the tenant. The most common form of real property lease is a residential rental agreement between landlord and tenant. As the relationship between
1720-489: A single organization responsible for their management – Rosreestr . Entry in the Unified State Register of real property rights is a necessary and sufficient condition for the emergence of property rights to real estate. For information about the property, contained in the cadastre and registry, sufficiently detailed and structured cover most essential information about an object runs open cadastral map. With
1806-415: A specified event occurs, such as the death of a specified individual. A periodic tenancy is one which is renewed automatically, usually on a monthly or weekly basis. A tenancy at will lasts only as long as the parties wish it to, and may be terminated by either party without penalty. It is common for a lease to be extended on a "holding over" basis, which normally converts the tenancy to a periodic tenancy on
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#17327935977601892-403: A temporary period where a tenant wishes to take possession of a property and the landlord agrees, but there is insufficient time in which to negotiate and complete a new lease. In this case, the tenancy at will is terminated as soon as a new lease is negotiated and signed. The parties may also agree on the basis that if the parties fail to enter into a new lease within a reasonable time period, then
1978-414: A tenancy. For example, the changing of locks by the landlord is an indication of the end of the tenancy, as is the vacation of the premises by the tenant. However, in some jurisdictions, such as California, a landlord is prohibited from using a "self help" remedy, such as changing the locks, to terminate a tenancy, particularly a residential tenancy. Doing so may constitute a "constructive eviction" and expose
2064-407: A tenant for a limited period of time. If an owner has granted possession to another (i.e., the tenant) then any interference with the quiet enjoyment of the property by the tenant in lawful possession is itself unlawful. Similar principles apply to real property as well as to personal property , though the terminology differs. The right to sub-lease may or may not be permitted to a tenant. Where it
2150-407: Is a contractual arrangement calling for the user (referred to as the lessee ) to pay the owner (referred to as the lessor ) for the use of an asset . Property , buildings and vehicles are common assets that are leased. Industrial or business equipment are also leased. In essence, a lease agreement is a contract between two parties : the lessor and the lessee. The lessor is the legal owner of
2236-447: Is a lease that cannot be so terminated. Commonly, "lease" may imply a non-cancelable lease, whereas "rental agreement" may connote a cancelable lease. Influenced by land registration , commonly tenancies initially granted for more than a year are referred to more simply as leases. The lease will either provide specific provisions regarding the responsibilities and rights of the lessee and lessor, or there will be automatic provisions as
2322-403: Is a requirement of leases in some common law jurisdictions, but not in civil law jurisdictions. In England and Wales it was held in the case of Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold that rent was not a requirement for there to be a lease, however the court will more often construe a licence where no rent is paid as it is seen as evidence for no intention to create legal relations. There is no requirement for
2408-427: Is a tenancy which either the landlord or the tenant may terminate at any time by giving reasonable notice . Unlike a periodic tenancy, it isn't associated with a time period. It may last for many years, but it could be ended at any time by either the lessor or the lessee for any reason, or for no reason at all. Proper notice, as always with landlord/tenant law, must be given, as set forth in the state's statutes. If there
2494-498: Is created on it in 1998. The Land Registration Act 2002 leaves the 1925 system substantially in place but enables the future compulsory introduction of electronic conveyancing using electronic signatures to transfer and register property. The Land Registry is connected to the European Land Information Service EULIS . Details of registrations are available to any person upon payment of
2580-496: Is no formal lease, the tenancy at will is the one that usually exists. In rare cases it may occur where the tenancy is not for consideration . Under the modern common law , a tenancy at will without compensation is very rare, partly because it comes about only if the parties expressly agree that the tenancy is for no rent, commonly where a family member is allowed to live in a home (a nominal consideration may be required) without any formal arrangements. In most residential tenancies for
2666-400: Is permitted, the lease granted directly by the owner is called a "headlease", or sometimes a "master lease". Headlease tenants and their tenants who may in turn also sublet are termed mesne / m iː n / landlords from the old French for middle. The headlease tenant has no right to grant a sublease which extends beyond the end of the headlease. To circumvent privity of estate which is
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2752-404: Is that if there is a term (end time), a degree of privacy suggestive of exclusive possession of a clearly defined part, practised ongoing, recurrent payments, a lack of right to terminate save for misconduct or nonpayment, these factors tend toward a lease; by contrast, a one-time entrance onto someone else's property is probably a license. The seminal difference between a lease and a license is that
2838-476: The United States a lessee may negotiate a right of first refusal clause into their land or property lease giving them the right to make a purchase offer on the property before the lessor can negotiate with third-party buyers. This gives tenants the ability to commit to a piece of property before any other potential buyers have the opportunity. Over the centuries, leases have served many purposes and
2924-602: The Land Registration Act 1862 , a register having operated for the county of Middlesex (excluding the City of London ) since 1709. This voluntary national system proved ineffective and, following further attempts in 1875 and 1897, the present system was brought into force by the Land Registration Act 1925 . It is operated by HM Land Registry . Over time various areas of the country were designated areas of compulsory registration by order so in different parts of
3010-652: The Republic of Ireland gained independence in 1922, its registries have only dealt with the land comprised in its 26 counties (formerly the Irish Free State , 1922–37). Since 1922, the remaining 6 counties of Northern Ireland have their own separate register of land now being administered by the Land and Property Services in the Northern Ireland Department of Finance and Personnel. However,
3096-657: The Torrens title system and the English system, a modified version of the Torrens system. Cadastral systems and land registration are both types of land recording and complement each other. The Falkland Islands registry holds copies of all Crown Grants from 1844. Land registration is a matter for individual states in the USA. Thus each state will define the officials, authorities, and their functions and duties with respect to
3182-541: The Torrens title system, which it adopted in 1870, replacing the deeds registration system . Land registration is governed by the Land Transfer Act 1952 . The Deeds system was introduced in 1841 and the Torrens system in 1870. Both methods ran in parallel until 1924 when registration under the Land Transfer Act (Torrens system) became compulsory and a project to issue titles for all property
3268-466: The contract law of the applicable jurisdiction. In the United States , since it also represents a conveyance of possessory rights to real estate, it is a hybrid sort of contract that involves qualities of a deed . Some kinds of leases may have specific clauses required by statute depending upon the property being leased, the jurisdiction in which the agreement was signed, and the residence of
3354-415: The tangible property is land (including at any vertical section such as airspace, storey of building or mine ). A premium is an amount paid by the tenant for the lease to be granted or to secure the former tenant's lease, often in order to secure a low rent, in long leases termed a ground rent . For parts of buildings it is most common for users to pay also by collateral contract, or by the same contract,
3440-497: The Act was voluntary and this was one of the reasons why the Act proved ineffective. The Land Registry has been dealing with the registration of all transactions (purchase, sale, mortgage , remortgage and other burdens) concerning registered land since 1892, and issued land certificates which are a state guarantee of the registered owner's good title up to 1 January 2007. Land Certificates have been abolished by virtue of Section 23 of
3526-564: The Building Management Ordinance. Land registration is a matter for individual states in India. Thus each state will define the officials, authorities, and their functions and duties with respect to the ownership of land within that state. Each and every state has different recording and management systems. In recent times, Union Government of India and many state governments have started different programs to modernise
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3612-655: The Department of Finance and Personnel for Northern Ireland. Prior to 1 April 2007 it was dealt with by the Land Registers Northern Ireland government agency. The Hong Kong Land Registry administers the Land Registration Ordinance and provides facilities for search of the Land Register and related records by the public and government departments. It has responsibility for the registration of owners corporations under
3698-529: The English system, but with features typical of the Torrens system (for example, anyone can inspect the register). Robert Torrens himself drafted the Record of Title (Ireland) Act, 1865 in order to record titles conveyed. The Landed Estates Court a register, the "Record of Title". While the record was not open to the public, the index could be inspected by anyone, today the index and folios can be viewed by anyone with an administration charge. Recording of title under
3784-417: The European Land Information Service EULIS . The land register ( nekilnojamojo turto registras ) contains factual data (area, height, volume, year of construction and owner name) and legal data (agreements of joint ownership, court rulings, easement, mortgages) on immovable property such as land and buildings. A sale agreement on real estate is legally binding even without registration in the land register,
3870-783: The Property Registration Authority. The Registry of Deeds occupies one site, namely one half of the King's Inns building on Henrietta Street , Dublin and the Land Registry has offices in Dublin , Waterford and in Roscommon , with its head office situated in the Four Courts , Dublin. Prior to COVID-19, both were freely accessible to the public and did not require an appointment to visit, but now do. Since
3956-461: The Registration of Deeds and Title Act, 2006. Every piece of land in the register – which is arranged by county — is granted a folio number, under which all transactions pertaining to the land can be examined on request and after payment of a fee, currently €5 (as of June 2020). Approximately 90% of land by area, and 85% of title, is registered. The Registry of Deeds has since 1708 dealt with
4042-567: The Registry of Deeds in Dublin still holds and provides memorials relating to the 6 Northern Irish counties for the time period 1708–1922. Recording of title under recent legislative changes is now compulsory. Public access to the index and folios is limited to individuals who have an account with the Property Registration Authority. The Property Registration Authority in Ireland is connected to
4128-515: The SIIC legal tax status for real estate investment trusts. Mercialys leases its properties (mostly shopping malls, self-service restaurants and other vendor locations) to retailer companies so that these exploit it. The fact Mercialys maintains retail property assets in the long run, renovating and renting them, with limited exposure to development activities, gives it an advantage and a lower risk for investors. It manages more than 120 properties, with
4214-750: The Torrens system were seen in Russia almost immediately after its occurrence, but scrapped the Russian legal system for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly did all ideas Russian imperial jurists consigned to history. Now operating the system of accounting and registration of rights to immovable property in Russia can not be called a complete system or Torrens cadastral system, although some of its elements and principles correspond to
4300-643: The Torrens title. Accounting for land, buildings and natural sites organized in Russia in the database of real estate cadastre of the State on the basis of a federal law in 2007 No. 221-FZ "On State Real Estate Cadastre". The account holder of these facilities is conducted in another database: the Unified State Register of rights to immovable property and transactions with them on the basis of a federal law in 1997 No. 122-FZ "On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions Therewith". Both laws established openness cadastre and registry information, and assigned to
4386-467: The amount of notice is either specified by the lease or by state statute. Notice is usually, but not always, at least one month, especially for the year-to-year periodic tenancy. Durations of less than a year must typically receive notice equal to the period of the tenancy—for example, the landlord must give a month's notice to terminate a tenancy from month to month. However, many jurisdictions have increased these required notice periods, and some have reduced
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#17327935977604472-457: The asset, while the lessee obtains the right to use the asset in return for regular rental payments. The lessee also agrees to abide by various conditions regarding their use of the property or equipment. For example, a person leasing a car may agree to the condition that the car will only be used for personal use. The term rental agreement can refer to two kinds of leases: A lease is a legal contract , and thus enforceable by all parties under
4558-401: The basic understanding of rent remittance and are integral to the agreement: The agreement may also feature terms that explain circumstances for potential increases in rent, among various other conditions. Land registration Land registration is any of various systems by which matters concerning ownership , possession , or other rights in land are formally recorded (usually with
4644-514: The capacity of a landlord to use them drastically. For jurisdictions that have local rent control laws, a landlord's ability to terminate a residential tenancy is substantially reduced. For example, in California, the cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica, West Hollywood, San Francisco, and Oakland have "rent stabilization ordinances" that limit a landlord's ability to terminate a periodic tenancy, among other restrictions. The notice must also state
4730-490: The cases explicitly provided for by law, the respective agreement becomes binding only upon its registration. Land used for purposes in the public interest is exempt from this requirement. Land registration is compulsory in the Republic of Ireland , and two parallel registries are maintained: the Land Registry ( Clárlann na Talún in Irish ) and the Registry of Deeds ( Clárlann na nGníomhas ). The system in Ireland follows
4816-534: The company reported the following composition in the ownership of shares: On February 9, 2012, Casino confirmed its intention of reducing participation in Mercialys to 30 or 40 percent with the aim of obtain by 800 million euros. On 4 May 2012, it announced the selling of a 9.8 percent to Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank, a subsidiary of Crédit Agricole , receiving 138 million euros and thus reducing its stake to 40.2 percent. Lease A lease
4902-436: The condition in order to hold the tenant liable for rent. The landlord may evict such a tenant at any time, and without notice. The landlord may also impose a new lease on the holdover tenant. For a residential tenancy, this new tenancy is month to month. For a commercial tenancy of more than a year, the new tenancy is year to year; otherwise it is the same period as the period before the original lease expired. In either case,
4988-452: The country compulsory registration has been around longer than in others. The last order was made in 1990, so now virtually all transactions in land result in compulsory registration. One difference is land changing ownership after death, where land is gifted rather than sold; these became compulsorily registrable only in April 1998. Similarly it became compulsory to register land when a mortgage
5074-417: The effective date of termination, which, in some jurisdictions, must be on the last day of the payment period. In other words, if a month-to-month tenancy began on the 15th of the month, in a jurisdiction with a last day requirement the termination could not be effective on the 20th of the following month, even though this would give the tenant more than the required one month's notice. A tenancy at will
5160-401: The fixed term runs out or, in the case of a tenancy that ends on the happening of an event, when the event occurs. If a holdover tenant remains on the property after the termination of the lease, s/he may become a tenant at sufferance because the lessor/landlord has suffered (or allowed) the tenant to remain as a tenant instead of evicting him or her. Such a tenancy is generally "at will," meaning
5246-504: The general principle flowing from privity of contract , laws exist in several jurisdictions to bind subtenants to some of the restrictive covenants (terms) of the headlease, for instance in England and Wales those which have been held by courts to touch and concern the land. A transfer of a remaining interest in a lease, assignment , is a type of ( alienation ) is often possible and an implied rights to assign exist by compulsory law or as
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#17327935977605332-491: The government's data. The process of property registration is a must in the U.S. and it differs by state. The path of purchasing a home is incomplete without property registration; you must have all of the required documentation before the home can be legally yours. Finland operates a cadastral system operated by the National Land Survey of Finland (Finnish: Maanmittauslaitos, MML ) The French system uses
5418-429: The influence of the common law and, particularly, the laissez-faire philosophy that dominated the law of contract and property law in the 19th century. With the growth of consumerism , consumer protection legislation recognized that common law principles, which assume equal bargaining power between the contracting parties, create hardships when that assumption is inaccurate. Consequently, reformers have emphasized
5504-419: The jurisdiction—without being in writing) may actually create a periodic tenancy, depending on the laws of the jurisdiction where the leased premises are located. In many jurisdictions the "default" tenancy, where the parties have not explicitly specified a different arrangement, and where none is presumed under local or business custom, is a month-to-month tenancy. Either the landlord or the tenant may terminate
5590-415: The landlord can raise the rent, so long as the landlord has told the tenant of the higher rent before the expiration of the original lease. Formal requirements for a lease are determined by the law and custom of the jurisdiction in which real property is located. In the case of personal property, it is determined by the law and custom of the jurisdiction in which the rental agreement is made. A tenancy for
5676-415: The landlord to civil and criminal liability. A tenancy at sufferance (sometimes called a holdover tenancy ) exists when a tenant remains in possession of a property after the expiration of a lease, and until the landlord acts to eject the tenant from the property. Although the tenant is technically a trespasser at this point, and possession of this type is not a true estate in land, authorities recognize
5762-399: The lease; rather, such language may be interpreted as granting the tenant a life estate or even a fee simple . A tenancy at will is broken, again by operation of law , if the: The specifics of these rules differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Subject to any notice required by law, a tenancy at will also comes to an end when either the landlord or the tenant acts inconsistently with
5848-436: The nature of legal regulation has varied according to those purposes and the social and economic conditions of the times. Leases, for example, were mainly used for agricultural purposes until the late 18th century and early 19th century when the growth of cities in industrialized countries made leases an important form of landholding in urban areas . The modern law of landlord and tenant in common law jurisdictions retains
5934-486: The need to assess residential tenancy laws in terms of protection they provide to tenants. Legislation to protect tenants is now common. Consequently, Common law has treated Lease as not similar or equivalent to a common commercial contract, especially in regard to the question of whether a Lease Agreement can be terminated by notice , in the same way and manner as a usual commercial contract. A fixed-term tenancy or tenancy for years lasts for some fixed period of time. It has
6020-432: The only requirement being certification of the agreement by a notary. Registration is required, however, in order for the new owner to sell or otherwise transfer the property, or enter a mortgage. Furthermore, only registration makes the transfer opposable to third parties. Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Misplaced Pages article at ru:Титул Торренса ; see its history for attribution. Advantages of
6106-404: The ownership of land within that state, as is more fully described in the specified main article. The journey of buying a property is incomplete without property registration; you need all the necessary documents before the property can lawfully be yours. While there is a contract between you and the seller, a change of ownership only occurs after the property is legally registered under your name in
6192-415: The parties. Common elements of a lease agreement include: All kinds of personal property (e.g. cars and furniture) or real property (e.g. raw land, apartments, single family homes, and business property, which includes wholesale and retail) may be leased. As a result of the lease, the owner (lessor) grants the use of the stated property to the lessee. The narrower term 'tenancy' describes a lease in which
6278-407: The petrol immediately before the return. Finally, there may be provisions for making a non-refundable deposit with a booking, terms for payment of the initial period (with discounts, vouchers, etc.), extended periods, and any damages or other fees that accrue prior to the return. A rental agreement is often called a lease, especially when real estate is rented. Real estate rentals are initiated by
6364-403: The prescribed fees. Precautionary measures have been introduced in recent years to verify the identity of persons attempting to change records of title. No details will be on record for any land which has not had a relevant transaction recorded as will often occur if, for example, ownership was last transferred before the introduction of compulsory registration in a particular area. Public access to
6450-436: The registrar. These documents are generally signed by at least one of the parties and one of the witnesses of the deeds. No certificates or guarantees of title are issued: the registry merely endeavours to provide information concerning the deeds lodged against a certain property – and, crucially, the order in which they were lodged – such as the last named owner or the latest mortgage to be lodged. Both registries are managed by
6536-484: The registration of wills, marriage settlements, title deeds, mortgage documents and other documentation concerning granting of title over land. It was originally set up to enforce the legislation regarding ownership of land by Catholics. A registered deed took precedence over an unregistered deed. Original deeds and their schedules were not retained by the registry, but rather detailed summaries (called "memorials") of conveyancing and mortgage documents are stamped and filed by
6622-442: The rent to be a commercial amount; a peppercorn or rent of some nominal amount is sufficient for this requirement. A sharing arrangement with much of a landlord's property or, for no specific room of a building for instance, may defeat a finding of a lease, however this common requirement of a lease is interpreted differently in many jurisdictions. In addition to the above, a car rental agreement may include various restrictions on
6708-606: The restriction of information openness reduces the chances of identifying the public cases of illegal enrichment and increases business risks. In the United Kingdom there are several land registers, including HM Land Registry for England and Wales, Registers of Scotland , and Land and Property Services in Northern Ireland. A national system of land registration was first attempted in England and Wales under
6794-604: The same points on the ground. Scotland is one of the first countries in the world to have a system of land registration. Land registration commenced in Scotland with the creation of the "Register of Sasines " by the Registration Act 1617 . For full discussion, see Land Registration (Scots law) Land registration in Northern Ireland is operated by Land and Property Services , an executive agency within
6880-444: The state level land records. The Govt. of UP has eased the experience for their citizens to get the land records. UP Bhulekh is a digital service started by the Government of Uttar Pradesh, for its citizens to keep records of their lands or properties online. Other state also provided the digital service for Land record and land registration. Now any one of the state can easily check their land related information . New Zealand uses
6966-400: The tenant and the landlord is called a tenancy , this term generally is also used for informal and shorter leases. The right to possession by the tenant is sometimes called a leasehold interest . A lease can be for a fixed period of time (called the term of the lease). A lease may be terminated sooner than its end date by: A lease should be contrasted with a license , which may entitle
7052-423: The tenant must vacate the premises. If a lease exists at the sole discretion of the landlord, the law of the jurisdiction may imply that the tenant is granted, by operation of law , a reciprocal right to terminate the lease at will. However, a lease that explicitly exists at the will of the tenant (e.g. "for as long as the tenant desires to live on this land") generally does not imply that the landlord may terminate
7138-433: The tenant or the landlord may terminate it at any time, upon the providing of proper statutory notice. A periodic tenancy, also known as a tenancy from year to year, month to month, or week to week, is an estate that exists for some period of time determined by the term of the payment of rent. An oral lease for a tenancy of years that violates the Statute of Frauds (by committing to a lease of more than one year—depending on
7224-462: The title and filed plans in pdf format is available for a fee at Land Registry of England and Wales . Public access to a digital version of the boundaries on aerial photography is available at Land Registry UK - Map Search . A legal boundary deals with the precise separation of ownership of land. It is an invisible line dividing one person's land from another's. It does not have thickness or width and usually, but not always, falls somewhere in or along
7310-498: The unit. As stated by the Australian Consumer Law (ACL), 2013, a lack of transparency regarding a term in a standard-form consumer contract may cause a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations. A term is considered transparent if it is: Terms that may not be considered transparent include terms that are hidden in fine print or schedules or phrased in complex or technical language. Rent
7396-406: The way a renter can use a car, and the condition in which it must be returned. For example, some rentals cannot be driven off-road, or out of the country, or towing a trailer, without specific permission. In New Zealand you may have to specifically endorse a promise that the car will not be driven onto Ninety-Mile Beach (because of the hazardous tides). There will certainly be a requirement to show
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