53-497: [REDACTED] Look up Merle or merle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Merle may refer to: People and fictional characters [ edit ] Merle (given name) , a list of men, women and fictional characters Merle (surname) , a list of people Others [ edit ] Merle (dog coat) , a pattern in dogs’ coats Merle (grape) , another name for
106-455: A similar-looking local species. It breeds in Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It has a number of subspecies across its large range; a few former Asian subspecies are now widely treated as separate species. Depending on latitude , the common blackbird may be resident , partially migratory , or fully migratory. The adult male of
159-515: A fight between male blackbirds does occur, it is usually short and the intruder is soon chased away. The female blackbird is also aggressive in the spring when it competes with other females for a good nesting territory, and although fights are less frequent, they tend to be more violent. The bill 's appearance is important in the interactions of the common blackbird. The territory-holding male responds more aggressively towards models with orange bills than to those with yellow bills, and reacts least to
212-404: A list of people Others [ edit ] Merle (dog coat) , a pattern in dogs’ coats Merle (grape) , another name for the wine grape Merlot Akaflieg München Mü17 Merle , a German glider originally built in 1938 for the 1940 Olympics gliding competition MS Phocine , a ferry formerly named MS Merle A Crusader fort near Tantura on the coast of Israel The French name for
265-404: A subspecies of T. maximus , but it differs in structure, voice and the appearance of the eye-ring. In Europe, the common blackbird can be confused with the paler-winged first-winter ring ouzel ( Turdus torquatus ) or the superficially similar common starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ). A number of similar Turdus thrushes exist far outside the range of the common blackbird, for example
318-505: A tenth of that density, and open and very built-up habitats even less. They are often replaced by the related ring ouzel in areas of higher altitude. The common blackbird also lives in parks, gardens and hedgerows. The common blackbird occurs at elevations of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Europe, 2,300 m (7,500 ft) in North Africa, and at 900–1,820 m (2,950–5,970 ft) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka, but
371-445: A variety of tick hosts, such as foxes, deer and boar, are more numerous. Although ixodid ticks can transmit pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and are known to transmit Borrelia bacteria to birds, there is no evidence that this affects the fitness of blackbirds except when they are exhausted and run down after migration. The common blackbird is one of a number of species which has unihemispheric slow-wave sleep . One hemisphere of
424-457: A yellow eye-ring and an orange-yellow bill . The bill darkens somewhat in winter. The adult female is sooty-brown with a dull yellowish-brownish bill, a brownish-white throat and some weak mottling on the breast. The juvenile is similar to the female, but has pale spots on the upperparts, and the very young juvenile also has a speckled breast. Young birds vary in the shade of brown, with darker birds presumably males. The first year male resembles
477-520: Is considered a pest because it damages a variety of soft fruits in orchards, parks and gardens, including berries, cherries, stone fruit and grapes. It is thought to spread weeds, such as blackberry , and may compete with native birds for food and nesting sites. The introduced common blackbird is, together with the native silvereye ( Zosterops lateralis ), the most widely distributed avian seed disperser in New Zealand. Introduced there along with
530-421: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Merle [REDACTED] Look up Merle or merle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Merle may refer to: People and fictional characters [ edit ] Merle (given name) , a list of men, women and fictional characters Merle (surname) ,
583-524: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Common blackbird The common blackbird ( Turdus merula ) is a species of true thrush . It is also called the Eurasian blackbird (especially in North America, to distinguish it from the unrelated New World blackbirds ), or simply the blackbird where this does not lead to confusion with
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#1732776253354636-533: Is mentioned in the poem Adlestrop by Edward Thomas ; And for that minute a blackbird sang Close by, and round him, mistier, Farther and farther, all the birds Of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. In the English Christmas carol " The Twelve Days of Christmas ", the line commonly sung today as "four calling birds" is believed to have originally been written in the 18th century as "four colly birds", an archaism meaning "black as coal" that
689-815: Is minimal because the common blackbird recognizes the adult of the parasitic species and its non-mimetic eggs. In the UK, only three nests of 59,770 examined (0.005%) contained cuckoo eggs. The introduced merula blackbird in New Zealand, where the cuckoo does not occur, has, over the past 130 years, lost the ability to recognize the adult common cuckoo but still rejects non-mimetic eggs. As with other passerine birds, parasites are common. Intestinal parasites were found in 88% of common blackbirds, most frequently Isospora and Capillaria species. and more than 80% had haematozoan parasites ( Leucocytozoon , Plasmodium , Haemoproteus and Trypanosoma species). Common blackbirds spend much of their time looking for food on
742-575: Is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as least concern . In the western Palearctic , populations are generally stable or increasing, but there have been local declines, especially on farmland, which may be due to agricultural policies that encouraged farmers to remove hedgerows (which provide nesting places), and to drain damp grassland and increase
795-407: Is particularly important during the breeding season, with windfall apples and berries taken more in the autumn and winter. The nature of the fruit taken depends on what is locally available, and frequently includes exotics in gardens. Near human habitation the main predator of the common blackbird is the domestic cat, with newly fledged young especially vulnerable. Foxes and predatory birds, such as
848-470: Is shell. Eggs of birds of the southern Indian races are paler than those from the northern subcontinent and Europe. The female incubates for 12–14 days before the altricial chicks are hatched naked and blind. Fledging takes another 10–19 (average 13.6) days, with both parents feeding the young and removing faecal sacs. The nest is often ill-concealed compared with those of other species, and many breeding attempts fail due to predation. The young are fed by
901-461: Is the national bird of Sweden, which has a breeding population of 1–2 million pairs, and was featured on a 30 öre Christmas postage stamp in 1970; it has also featured on a number of other stamps issued by European and Asian countries, including a 1966 4d British stamp and a 1998 Irish 30p stamp. This bird—arguably—also gives rise to the Serbian name for Kosovo (and Metohija), which
954-615: Is usually quiet and hard to detect. The common blackbird is omnivorous , eating a wide range of insects , earthworms , seeds and berries. It feeds mainly on the ground, running and hopping with a start-stop-start progress. It pulls earthworms from the soil, usually finding them by sight, but sometimes by hearing, and roots through leaf litter for other invertebrates . Small amphibians , lizards and (on rare occasions) small mammals are occasionally hunted. This species will also perch in bushes to take berries and collect caterpillars and other active insects. Animal prey predominates, and
1007-632: The Chinese blackbird ( T. mandarinus )—are also named blackbirds; the latter three species were formerly treated as conspecific with the common blackbird. In addition, the Somali thrush ( T. (olivaceus) ludoviciae ) is alternatively known as the Somali blackbird. The icterid family of the New World is sometimes called the blackbird family because of some species' superficial resemblance to
1060-609: The Usutu virus which is spread by mosquitoes. This was detected in Italy in 1996 and has since spread to other countries including Germany and the UK. The common blackbird was seen as a sacred though destructive bird in Classical Greek folklore, and was said to die if it consumed pomegranates . Like many other small birds, it has in the past been trapped in rural areas at its night roosts as an easily available addition to
1113-556: The common blackbird See also [ edit ] Merl (disambiguation) Merles , a commune in southern France Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Merle . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merle&oldid=1241095141 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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#17327762533541166-425: The melodious blackbird . As would be expected for a widespread passerine bird species, several geographical subspecies are recognised. The treatment of subspecies in this article follows Clement et al. (2000). The Central Asian subspecies, the relatively large intermedius , also differs in structure and voice, and may represent a distinct species. Alternatively, it has been suggested that it should be considered
1219-596: The song thrush ( Turdus philomelos ) in 1862, it has spread throughout the country up to an elevation of 1,500 metres (4,921 ft), as well as outlying islands such as the Campbell and Kermadecs . It eats a wide range of native and exotic fruit, and makes a major contribution to the development of communities of naturalised woody weeds. These communities provide fruit more suited to non-endemic native birds and naturalised birds than to endemic birds. The numbers of blackbirds in Europe have been significantly reduced by
1272-491: The sparrowhawk and other accipiters , also take this species when the opportunity arises. However, there is little direct evidence to show that either predation of the adult blackbirds or loss of the eggs and chicks to corvids , such as the European magpie or Eurasian jay , decrease population numbers. This species is occasionally a host of parasitic cuckoos , such as the common cuckoo ( Cuculus canorus ), but this
1325-543: The 1971 bird in Quebec . However, a 1994 record from Bonavista, Newfoundland , has been accepted as a genuine wild bird, and the species is therefore on the North American list . The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory, chasing away other males or utilising a "bow and run" threat display. This consists of a short run, the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously. If
1378-519: The British Isles. Until about the 17th century, another name for the species was ouzel , ousel or wosel (from Old English osle , cf. German Amsel ). Another variant occurs in Act 3 of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream , where Bottom refers to "The Woosell cocke, so blacke of hew, With Orenge-tawny bill". The ouzel usage survived later in poetry, and still occurs as the name of
1431-545: The Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden. Female blackbirds in Scotland and the north of England migrate more (to Ireland) in winter than do the males. Common over most of its range in woodland, the common blackbird has a preference for deciduous trees with dense undergrowth. However, gardens provide the best breeding habitat with up to 7.3 pairs per hectare (nearly three pairs per acre), with woodland typically holding about
1484-639: The South American Chiguanco thrush ( Turdus chiguanco ). The Indian blackbird ( Turdus simillimus ), the Tibetan blackbird ( Turdus maximus ), and the Chinese blackbird ( Turdus mandarinus ) were formerly treated as subspecies of the common blackbird. The common blackbird of the nominate subspecies T. m. merula is 23.5–29 cm (9.3–11.4 in) in length, has a long tail, and weighs 80–125 g (2.8–4.4 oz). The adult male has glossy black plumage , blackish-brown legs,
1537-619: The adult male, but has a dark bill and weaker eye ring, and its folded wing is brown, rather than black like the body plumage. The common blackbird breeds in temperate Eurasia, North Africa, the Canary Islands , and South Asia. It has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. Populations are sedentary in the south and west of the range, although northern birds migrate south as far as northern Africa and tropical Asia in winter. Urban males are more likely to overwinter in cooler climes than rural males, an adaptation made feasible by
1590-492: The birds will nest in sheds or outbuildings where a ledge or cavity is used. The cup-shaped nest is made with grasses, leaves and other vegetation, bound together with mud. It is built by the female alone. She lays three to five (usually four) bluish-green eggs marked with reddish-brown blotches, heaviest at the larger end; the eggs of nominate T. merula are 2.9 cm × 2.1 cm (1.14 in × 0.83 in) in size and weigh 7.2 g (0.25 oz), of which 6%
1643-431: The blackbird is descended from ancestors that had colonised the Canary Islands from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there. It is close in evolutionary terms to the island thrush ( T. poliocephalus ) of Southeast Asia and islands in the southwest Pacific, which probably diverged from T. merula stock fairly recently. It may not immediately be clear why the name "blackbird", first recorded in 1486,
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1696-499: The brain is effectively asleep, while a low-voltage EEG , characteristic of wakefulness, is present in the other. The benefit of this is that the bird can rest in areas of high predation or during long migratory flights, but still retain a degree of alertness. The common blackbird has an extensive range, estimated at 32.4 million square kilometres (12.5 million square miles), and a large population, including an estimated 79 to 160 million individuals in Europe alone. The species
1749-648: The breeding grounds, with distinctive threat displays, but are more gregarious during migration and in wintering areas. Pairs stay in their territory throughout the year where the climate is sufficiently temperate . This common and conspicuous species has given rise to a number of literary and cultural references, frequently related to its song. The common blackbird was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Turdus merula (characterised as T. ater, rostro palpebrisque fulvis ). The binomial name derives from two Latin words, turdus , "thrush", and merula , "blackbird",
1802-550: The brown bill colour typical of the first-year male. The female is, however, relatively indifferent to bill colour, but responds instead to shinier bills. As long as winter food is available, both the male and female will remain in the territory throughout the year, although occupying different areas. Migrants are more gregarious, travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds. The flight of migrating birds comprises bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement, and differs from both
1855-479: The closely related ring ouzel ( Turdus torquatus ), and in water ouzel, an alternative name for the unrelated but superficially similar white-throated dipper ( Cinclus cinclus ). Five related Asian Turdus thrushes —the white-collared blackbird ( T. albocinctus ), the grey-winged blackbird ( T. boulboul ), the Indian blackbird ( T. simillimus ), the Tibetan blackbird ( T. maximus ), and
1908-494: The common blackbird ( Turdus merula merula , the nominate subspecies ), which is found throughout most of Europe, is all black except for a yellow eye-ring and bill and has a rich, melodious song ; the adult female and juvenile have mainly dark brown plumage . This species breeds in woods and gardens, building a neat, cup-shaped nest, bound together with mud. It is omnivorous , eating a wide range of insects , earthworms , berries , and fruits . Both sexes are territorial on
1961-456: The common blackbird and other Old World thrushes, but they are not evolutionarily close, being related to the New World warblers and tanagers . The term is often limited to smaller species with mostly or entirely black plumage, at least in the breeding male, notably the cowbirds , the grackles , and for around 20 species with "blackbird" in the name, such as the red-winged blackbird and
2014-425: The diet, and in medieval times the practice of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving may have been the origin of the familiar nursery rhyme : Sing a song of sixpence , A pocket full of rye; Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie! When the pie was opened the birds began to sing, Oh, wasn't that a dainty dish to set before the king? The common blackbird's melodious, distinctive song
2067-511: The ground where they can become infested with ticks, which are external parasites that most commonly attach to the head of a blackbird. In France, 74% of rural blackbirds were found to be infested with Ixodes ticks, whereas, only 2% of blackbirds living in urban habitats were infested. This is partly because it is more difficult for ticks to find another host on lawns and gardens in urban areas than in uncultivated rural areas, and partly because ticks are likely to be commoner in rural areas, where
2120-458: The large Himalayan subspecies range much higher, with T. m. maximus breeding at 3,200–4,800 m (10,500–15,700 ft) and remaining above 2,100 m (6,900 ft) even in winter. This widespread species has occurred as a vagrant in many locations in Eurasia outside its normal range, but records from North America are normally considered to involve escapees, including, for example,
2173-476: The latter giving rise to its French name, merle , and its Scots name, merl . About 65 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus Turdus , characterised by rounded heads, longish, pointed wings, and usually melodious songs. Although two European thrushes, the song thrush and mistle thrush , are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of Turdus thrushes after they spread north from Africa,
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2226-561: The normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes. The male common blackbird attracts the female with a courtship display which consists of oblique runs combined with head-bowing movements, an open beak, and a "strangled" low song. The female remains motionless until she raises her head and tail to permit copulation. This species is monogamous, and the established pair will usually stay together as long as they both survive. Pair separation rates of up to 20% have been noted following poor breeding. Although
2279-505: The northern winter, blackbirds can be heard quietly singing to themselves, so much so that September and October are the only months in which the song cannot be heard. Like other passerine birds, it has a thin high seee alarm call for threats from birds of prey since the sound is rapidly attenuated in vegetation, making the source difficult to locate. At least two subspecies, T. m. merula and T. m. nigropileus , will mimic other species of birds, cats, humans or alarms, but this
2332-423: The oldest recorded age is 21 years and 10 months. In its native Northern Hemisphere range, the first-year male common blackbird of the nominate race may start singing as early as late January in fine weather in order to establish a territory, followed in late March by the adult male. The male's song is a varied and melodious low-pitched fluted warble, given from trees, rooftops or other elevated perches mainly in
2385-462: The parents for up to three weeks after leaving the nest, and will follow the adults begging for food. If the female starts another nest, the male alone will feed the fledged young. Second broods are common, with the female reusing the same nest if the brood was successful, and three broods may be raised in the south of the common blackbird's range. A common blackbird has an average life expectancy of 2.4 years, and, based on data from bird ringing ,
2438-434: The period from March to June, sometimes into the beginning of July. It has a number of other calls, including an aggressive seee , a pook-pook-pook alarm for terrestrial predators like cats, and various chink and chook, chook vocalisations. The territorial male invariably gives chink-chink calls in the evening in an attempt (usually unsuccessful) to deter other blackbirds from roosting in its territory overnight. During
2491-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Merle . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merle&oldid=1241095141 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2544-593: The species is socially monogamous, there have been studies showing as much as 17% extra-pair paternity. The nominate T. merula may commence breeding in March, but eastern and Indian races are a month or more later, and the introduced New Zealand birds start nesting in August (late winter). The breeding pair prospect for a suitable nest site in a creeper or bush, favouring evergreen or thorny species such as ivy , holly , hawthorn , honeysuckle or pyracantha . Sometimes
2597-590: The use of pesticides , both of which could have reduced the availability of invertebrate food. The common blackbird was introduced to Australia by a bird dealer visiting Melbourne in early 1857, and its range has expanded from its initial foothold in Melbourne and Adelaide to include all of southeastern Australia, including Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands. The introduced population in Australia
2650-508: The warmer microclimate and relatively abundant food that allow the birds to establish territories and start reproducing earlier in the year. Recoveries of blackbirds ringed on the Isle of May show that these birds commonly migrate from southern Norway (or from as far north as Trondheim ) to Scotland, and some onwards to Ireland. Scottish-ringed birds have also been recovered in England, Belgium,
2703-420: The wine grape Merlot Akaflieg München Mü17 Merle , a German glider originally built in 1938 for the 1940 Olympics gliding competition MS Phocine , a ferry formerly named MS Merle A Crusader fort near Tantura on the coast of Israel The French name for the common blackbird See also [ edit ] Merl (disambiguation) Merles , a commune in southern France Topics referred to by
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#17327762533542756-431: Was a popular English nickname for the common blackbird. The common blackbird, unlike many black creatures, is not normally seen as a symbol of bad luck, but R. S. Thomas wrote that there is "a suggestion of dark Places about it", and it symbolised resignation in the 17th century tragic play The Duchess of Malfi ; an alternate connotation is vigilance, the bird's clear cry warning of danger. The common blackbird
2809-484: Was applied to this species, but not to one of the various other common black English birds, such as the carrion crow , raven , rook , or jackdaw . However, in Old English , and in modern English up to about the 18th century, "bird" was used only for smaller or young birds, and larger ones such as crows were called "fowl". At that time, the blackbird was therefore the only widespread and conspicuous "black bird" in
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