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48-704: The district is named after Mount Meru , which is named after the Rwa people . The first communities in what would be the Meru District were the now extinct Koningo people, a hunter gatherer group that lived around the slopes of Mount Meru for centuries. The second community to settle in the area is the Meru People, who immigrated there from the Usambara Mountains in Tanga Region , they are

96-486: A CFR of 100%, followed by Malaria in terms of morbidity, with a CFR of 0.23. By June 2017, the prevalence of severe malaria had dropped from 10.91% to 5% and the HIV prevalence had dropped from 1.6% to 1.5%. Mount Meru (Tanzania) Mount Meru is a dormant stratovolcano located 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Kilimanjaro in southeast Arusha Region , Tanzania. At a height of 4,562.13 metres (14,968 ft), it

144-466: A Public-Private Partnership. Council has 8 health centers, 6 of which are government, 2 of which are faith-based, and 50 dispensaries, 29 of which are government, 12 of which are faith-based, and 9 of which are private. There are three dispensaries operating under temporary structures (shistoni, Kitefu and Kisimiri chini). Meru District's Maternal death rate of 26/100,000; neonatal mortality rate of 6/1000. In general, females are more afflicted than men over

192-454: A highly efficient, simplified, precise, and low cost method of altering the genomes of species. Since 2013, CRISPR has been used to enhance a variety of species of grains, fruits, and vegetables. Crops are modified to increase their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors such as parasites, disease, and drought as well as increase yield, nutrition, and flavour. Additionally, CRISPR has been used to edit undesirable traits, for example, reducing

240-451: A horticulturist may consider aspects based on the plants intended use and can include plant morphology, rarity, and utility. When selecting plants for the landscape, there are necessary observations of the location that must be made first. Considerations as to soil-type, temperature/climate, light, moisture, and pre-existing plants are made. These evaluations of the given environment are taken into consideration when selecting plant material for

288-464: A variety of methods. Covering plants with plastic in the form of cones - called hot caps, or tunnels, can help to manipulate the surrounding temperature. Mulching is also an effective method to protect outdoor plants from frost during the wintertime. Inside, other frost prevention methods include the use of wind machines, heaters, and sprinklers. Plants have evolved to require different amounts of light, and lengths of daytime; their growth and development

336-541: Is 2.2 miles (3.5 km) wide. Mount Meru is the topographic centerpiece of Arusha National Park . Its fertile slopes rise above the surrounding savanna and support a forest that hosts diverse wildlife , including nearly 400 species of birds , and also monkeys and leopards . The movie Hatari! was filmed at the foot of Mountain Meru. Horticulture Horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants. Horticulture

384-500: Is 41%. Deep and shallow wells are the district's primary source of drinking water . However, the situation is significantly better in urban areas, where 67% of all homes have piped water. All of these water sources are held by the village government, community water groups, or individuals. The paved trunk road T2 from Arusha to Moshi passes through the district. There is 146 kilometers of road in Meru District. Only 67.2 km are passable all year, with 32.8 km only usable during

432-565: Is a charity in United Kingdom that leads on the encouragement and improvement of the science, art, and practice of horticulture in all its branches. The organization shares the knowledge of horticulture through its community, learning programs, and world-class gardens and shows. The Chartered Institute of Horticulture (CIH) is the Chartered professional body for horticulturists and horticultural scientists representing all sectors of

480-535: Is commonly associated with the more professional and technical aspects of plant cultivation on a smaller and more controlled scale than agronomy . There are various divisions of horticulture because plants are grown for a variety of purposes. These divisions include, but are not limited to: propagation , arboriculture , landscaping , floriculture and turf maintenance. For each of these, there are various professions, aspects, tools used and associated challenges; Each requiring highly specialized skills and knowledge of

528-947: Is completely improper for agricultural and livestock rearing activities in the District. Meru district's soil is relatively fertile due to its volcanic origins. They are well-drained dark sandy loams with good moisture retention. However, soil erosion occurs in agro-pastoral areas, particularly in King'ori Ward of eastern Meru District. The district has bimodal rainfall, with short rains (Vuli) falling from November to January and long rains (Masika) falling from March to June, resulting in two agricultural seasons with annual rainfall ranging between 500 and 1200 mm and average temperatures of about 25   °C (January–February) and 22   °C (March–August). The district features 11 perennial rivers and 143 springs , some of which serve as irrigation, residential, and cattle water sources. Meru district

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576-457: Is determined by the amount of light/light intensity that they receive. Control of this may be achieved artificially through the use of fluorescent lights in an indoor setting. Manipulating the amount of light also controls flowering. Lengthening the day encourages the flowering of long-day plants and discourages the flowering of short-day plants. Water management methods involve employing irrigation/drainage systems, and controlling soil moisture to

624-644: Is extrapolated as evapotranspiration is increased, soils are degraded of their nutrients, and oxygen levels are depleted, resulting in up to a 70% loss in crop yield. Living organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, insects, weeds and native plants are sources of biotics stresses and can deprive the host of its nutrients. Plants respond to these stresses using defence mechanisms such as morphological and structural barriers, chemical compounds, proteins, enzymes and hormones. The impact of biotic stresses can be prevented using practices such as incorporate tilling, spraying or Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Care

672-504: Is home to Kilimanjaro International Airport (JRO) which is also shared by Hai District in Kilimanjaro Region. As for water infrastructure, the water need in Meru district as of 2017 is 18,381.12   m/day. The water supply was 11,580   m/day, approximately 64.5% of the total requirement. The percentage of persons that have access to clean and safe water is 64.5%. The percentage of persons that get water within 400 meters

720-412: Is home to five higher learning institutions : Makumira University College, Patadi Teacher's College, The University of Arusha , The Institute of Community Development, Tengeru, National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) and Nelson Mandela University, and The Institute of Livestock Development, Tengeru. The council has two hospitals. 1 government hospital and 1 faith-based hospital that operates under

768-486: Is in Arusha National Park , 5.7 km (0.4%) is water bodies, and the remaining area of 44.39 km (3.6%) is settlement and unspecified land. The major climate in Meru District is tropical savanna , with distinct rainy and dry seasons. The average annual rainfall is 500 mm to 1200 mm, and it usually rains between mid-October and December, February, and May. The distribution of these rains

816-723: Is no soil used. Growers within a greenhouse setting will often opt for a soilless mix which does not include any actual components of naturally occurring soil. These mixes offer advantages such as water absorption, sterility, and are generally very available within the industry. Soil management methods are broad, but includes the use of fertilizers, planned crop rotation to prevent the degradation of soils that are seen in monocultures, applying fertilizers, and soil analysis. Abiotic factors such as weather, light and temperature are all things that can be manipulated with enclosed environments such as cold frames, greenhouses , conservatories , poly houses and shade houses. Materials that are used in

864-429: Is required to reduce damages and losses to horticultural crops during harvest. Compression forces occur during harvesting, and horticultural goods can be hit in a series of impacts during transport and packhouse operations. Different techniques are used to minimize mechanical injuries and wounding to plants such as: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) has recently gained recognition as

912-407: Is required to support a rapidly growing population with demands for its products. Due to global climate change, extremes in temperatures, strength of precipitation events, flood frequency, and drought length and frequency are increasing. Together with other abiotic stressors such salinity, heavy metal toxicity , UV damage, and air pollution, stressful environments are created for crop production. This

960-847: Is the primary source of energy for cooking in 90% of households, followed by kerosene at 5%. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Meru District. Coffee , bananas , maize , and sunflowers are among the crops farmed. Cattle, goats, and poultry are examples of livestock. The district is also one of Tanzania's horticultural capitals. Hortanzania Ltd in Maji ya Chai , Kiliflora Ltd in Usa River, Tengeru Flowers in Maji ya Chai, Tanzania Flowers in Maji ya Chai , Kilimanjaro Dekker Bruins and Mount Meru Flowers both in Akheri Ward are flower companies situated in Meru District. The majority of

1008-547: Is visible from Mount Kilimanjaro on a clear day, and is the fifth-highest of the highest mountain peaks of Africa , dependent on definition. Mount Meru is located just north of the city of Arusha , in the Arusha Region of Tanzania. It is the second-highest mountain in Tanzania, after Mount Kilimanjaro . Mount Meru is also the highest mountain/point in Arusha Region. The Momella route – which starts at Momella gate, on

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1056-638: The International Society for Horticultural Science and the American Society of Horticultural Science . In the United Kingdom, there are two main horticulture societies. The Ancient Society of York Florists is the oldest horticultural society in the world and was founded in 1768; this organization continues to host four horticultural shows annually in York , England. Additionally, The Royal Horticultural Society , established in 1804,

1104-428: The domestication of plants around 10,000-20,000 years ago. At first, only plants for sustenance were grown and maintained, but eventually as humanity became increasingly sedentary, plants were grown for their ornamental value. Horticulture emerged as a distinct field from agriculture when humans sought to cultivate plants for pleasure on a smaller scale rather than for mere sustenance. Emerging technologies are moving

1152-475: The District's tallest waterfall. Meru District Council has a total population of 268,144 persons according to the Population and Housing Census of 2012. There are 131,264 men (49%) and 136,880 women (51%) among them. Meru District Council is predicted to have a population of 306,352 in 2017, with 149,968 (49%) males and 156,384 (51%) females. The average household size is projected to be 5 people. According to

1200-599: The Gods, as well as were given in ceremonies to leaders to demonstrate their connection to the Gods. Plant propagation in horticulture is the process in which the multiplication of a species is performed, increasing the number of individual plants. Propagation involves both sexual and asexual methods. In sexual propagation seeds are used, while asexual propagation involves the division of plants, separation of tubers, corms, and bulbs - by use of techniques such as cutting, layering, grafting. When selecting plants to cultivate,

1248-979: The Meru district is occupied by small and medium-sized businesses. In 2017, the district had 2,200 stores, 296 barbershops, 23 hotels, 95 guesthouses, and 264 bars. To name a few, important industries situated there include Jumbo Textile Ltd, Tanzania Poultry Farm Ltd, Hughes Motors Ltd, and Maji Tech. Meru District is home to tourist attractions such as the Arusha National Park , the Momella Lakes , Lake Duluti, Kalanga Forest Reserve in Nkoanenkoli, NAIC Forest Reserve in Nshapu, Sakila Hill in Sakila, Shumbumbu Hills Caves in Akheri Ward, Mringaringa in Poli Ward, and Usa River Springs Forest Reserve. Ulon'ga Falls are

1296-833: The Middle Ages. Early practices in horticulture include a number of various ways that people managed the land (using an assortment of tools), with a variety of methods and types of plants cultivated for a number of uses. Methods, tools and plants grown, have always depended on the culture and climate. There are a number of traditional horticultural practices that we know of today: such as the Indigenous peoples of pre-colonized North America using biochar to enhance soil productivity by smoldering plant waste - European settlers called this soil Terra Preta de Indio . In North America, Indigenous people grew maize, squash, and sunflower - among other crops. Mesoamerican cultures focused on

1344-830: The New Zealand Horticulture Institute is another known horticultural organization. In India, the Horticultural Society of India (now Indian Academy of Horticultural Sciences) is the oldest society which was established in 1941 at Lyallpur, Punjab (now in Pakistan) but was later shifted to Delhi in 1949. The other notable organization in operation since 2005 is the Society for Promotion of Horticulture based at Bengaluru. Both these societies publish scholarly journals – Indian Journal of Horticulture and Journal of Horticultural Sciences for

1392-570: The Population of 2012, Meru District Council has an annual population growth rate of 2.7%. According to the legislation, Meru District Council has a standard administrative structure that extends to all levels, namely the council, the Ward, the Village, and the Sub Village. The district is divided into three divisions, twenty-six wards, 90 villages, and 337 sub-villages. As of 2012, Meru District

1440-679: The advancement of horticultural sciences. Horticulture in the Indian state of Kerala is spearheaded by Kerala State Horticulture Mission . The National Junior Horticultural Association (NJHA) was established in 1934 and was the first organization in the world dedicated solely to youth and horticulture. NJHA programs are designed to help young people obtain a basic understanding of horticulture and develop skills in this ever-expanding art and science. The Global Horticulture Initiative (GlobalHort) fosters partnerships and collective action among different stakeholders in horticulture. This organization has

1488-404: The age of five, whereas males under the age of five are more affected than females. This is also reflected in total admissions, where females outnumber males. Clinical AIDS is the primary cause of death in younger children, while Pneumonia is the top cause of death in adults, with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 27. Rabies is the main cause of morbidity and mortality among notifiable diseases, with

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1536-473: The browning and production of toxic and bitter substances of potatoes. CRISPR has also been employed to solve issues of low pollination rates and low fruit yield common in greenhouses. As compared to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), CRISPR does not add any alien DNA to the plant's genes. There are various organizations worldwide that focus on promoting and encouraging research and education in all branches of horticultural science; such organizations include

1584-407: The construction of these buildings are chosen based on the climate, purpose and budget. Cold frames provide an enclosed environment, they are built close to the ground and with a top made of glass or plastic. The glass or plastic allows sunlight into the frame during the day and prevents heat loss that would have been lost as long-wave radiation at night. This allows plants to start to be grown before

1632-591: The cultivating of crops on a small scale, such as the milpa or maize field, around their dwellings or in specialized plots which were visited occasionally during migrations from one area to the next. In Central America, the Maya involved augmentation of the forest with useful trees such as papaya , avocado , cacao , ceiba and sapodilla . In the fields, multiple crops such as beans, squash, pumpkins and chili peppers were grown. The first horticulturists in many cultures, were mainly or exclusively women. In addition to

1680-679: The cultivation of plant material professionally. There are many different types of horticulturists with different job-titles, including: gardener , grower, farmer , arborist , floriculturist , landscaper , agronomist, designer, landscape architect, lawn-care specialist, nursery manager, botanical garden curator, horticulture therapist, and much more. They may be hired by a variety of companies/institutions including, but not limited to: botanical gardens, private/public gardens, parks, cemeteries, greenhouses, golf courses, vineyards, estates, landscaping companies, nurseries, educational institutions, etc. They may also be self-employed. Horticulture began with

1728-458: The domestication of plants 10,000-20,000 years ago, and has since, been deeply integrated into humanity's history. The domestication of plants occurred independently within various civilizations across the globe. The history of horticulture overlaps with the history of agriculture and history of botany , as all three originated with the domestication of various plants for food. In Europe, agriculture and horticulture diverged at some point during

1776-503: The dry seasons. Electricity, the district is linked to the national grid , and commerce centers such as Usa River, Arusha, and Moshi are linked. The primary source of energy for cooking is wood, which accounts for 90% of the total, with gas stoves accounting for the remaining 0.5%.The most common source of lightning is kerosene, which is used by 90% of all private households, followed by electricity (biogas, fuel wood,) at 5%. Trade centers such as Usa River fuel wood , including charcoal ,

1824-421: The eastern side of the mountain – is used to climb Mount Meru. Mount Meru's lavas are alkaline in character and include nephelinite . Much of the mountain's height was lost about 7,800 years ago due to a summit collapse. Mount Meru most recently had a minor eruption in 1910. The several small cones and craters seen in the vicinity probably reflect numerous episodes of volcanic activity. Mount Meru's caldera

1872-494: The growing season starts. Greenhouses/conservatories are similar in function, but are larger in construction and heated with an external energy source. They can be built out of glass, although they are now primarily made from plastic sheets. More expensive and modern greenhouses can include temperature control through shade and light control or air-conditioning as well as automatic watering. Shade houses provide shading to limit water loss by evapotranspiration. Commercial horticulture

1920-442: The horticultural industry across Great Britain, Ireland and overseas.  It is the only horticultural professional body where its top professionals can achieve Chartered status and become a Chartered Horticulturist. The Australian Institute of Horticulture and Australian Society of Horticultural Science was established in 1990 as a professional society to promote and enhance Australian horticultural science and industry. Finally,

1968-549: The horticulturist. Typically, horticulture is characterized as the ornamental, small-scale/non-industrial cultivation of plants; horticulture is distinct from gardening by its emphasis on scientific methods, plant breeding, and technical cultivation practices, while gardening, even at a professional level, tends to focus more on the aesthetic care and maintenance of plants in gardens or landscapes. However, there are aspects of horticulture that are industrialized/commercial such as greenhouse production or CEA. Horticulture began with

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2016-415: The industry forward, especially in the way of altering plants to be more adverse to parasites, disease and drought. Modifying technologies such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), are also improving the nutrition, taste and yield of crops. There are many horticultural organizations and societies found around the world, that are formed by horticulturists and those within

2064-822: The industry. These include the Royal Horticultural Society , the International Society for Horticultural Science , and the American Society of Horticultural Science . There are divisions and sub-divisions within horticulture, this is because plants are grown for many different reasons. Some of the divisions in horticulture include: It includes the cultivation of all plants including, but not limited to: ornamental trees/shrubs/plants , fruits , vegetables , flowers , turf , nuts , seeds , herbs and other medicinal/edible plants. This cultivation may occur in garden spaces, nurseries , greenhouses , vineyards , orchards , parks , recreation areas, etc. Horticulturists, are those who study and practice

2112-775: The location. Plant selection may be for annual displays, or they may be for more permanent plantings. Characteristics of the plant such as mature height/size, colour, growth habit, ornamental value, flowering time and invasive potential are what finalizes the plant selection process. Environmental factors that effect plant development include: temperature, light, water, pH, nutrient availability, weather events (rain, snow, sleet, hail and freezing rain, dew, wind and frost) humidity, elevation, terrain, and micro-climate effects. In horticulture, these environmental variables may be avoided, controlled or manipulated in an indoor growing environment. Plants require specific temperatures to grow and develop properly. Temperature control can be done through

2160-429: The majority of residents in the district. They settled on the southeastern slopes of the mountain and started to farm the land. Meru District has a total size of 1,268.2 square kilometers, with forest reserves covering around 13% (163.7 km). An area of approximately 813.5 km (64.1%) is used for agricultural activities, 37.05 km (3%) for grazing, 15 km (0.001%) for pasture /fodder, 203.7 km (16%)

2208-652: The medicinal and nutritional values that plants hold, plants have also been grown for their beauty, and to impress and demonstrate power, knowledge, status and even wealth of those in-control of the cultivated plant material. This symbolic power that plants hold has existed even before the beginnings of their cultivation. There is evidence that various gardens maintained by the Aztecs were sacred, as they grew plants that held religious value. Plants were grown for their metaphorical relation to Gods and Goddesses. Flowers held symbolic power in religious rites, as they were offered to

2256-469: The needs of the species. Methods of irrigation include surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, sub-irrigation, and trickle irrigation. Volume of water, pressure, and frequency are changed to optimize the growing environment. On a small scale watering can be done manually. The choice of growing media and components to the media help support plant life. Within a greenhouse environment, growers may choose to grow their plants in an aquaponic system where there

2304-415: Was administratively divided into 17 wards : The 9 added wards as of 2017: In 2007, there were only 38 secondary schools in the district, 21 of which were government-owned and 17 of which were private. In 2017, the district had 113 public elementary schools and 48 private primary schools. There were 29 state secondary schools and 28 private secondary schools in the same year. Meru District Council

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