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49-493: Mess Creek's watershed covers 2,330 km (900 sq mi) and its estimated mean annual discharge is 59.3 m/s (2,090 cu ft/s). The mouth of Mess Creek is located about 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Telegraph Creek , about 73 km (45 mi) west of Iskut and about 94 km (58 mi) southwest of Dease Lake in Cassiar Land District . Mess Creek's watershed's land cover

98-540: A river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming a hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called

147-484: A sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of

196-414: A watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation , a common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as

245-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

294-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

343-531: A long and narrow graben -like depression bounded by steeply- dipping faults that extend to the north. A more than 24 km-long (15 mi) fault along the eastern edge of this structure shows signs of having been active contemporaneously with volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex . It has vertically displaced Holocene basalt flows by 15 to 20 m (50 to 70 ft) and older basalt flows by 91 to 122 m (299 to 400 ft), such that

392-414: A recently active eruptive centre of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The Mess Creek Hot Springs 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Mess Lake have a recorded temperature of 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) and may be discharging from a deeply circulating hydraulic system along a major fault on the western side of Mess Creek valley. The historic Yukon Telegraph Trail runs along the eastern side of Mess Creek. It

441-498: A short extension was built from Eagle, Alaska to Dawson City, linking the remote Alaskan territory, although a project led by Billy Mitchell would move American communications to an alternate line by 1903. Work on the Atlin–Quesnel segment had to pause with the onset of snow in fall 1900, leaving what the planners estimated to be a 30–50 mi (48–80 km) gap in the line south of Telegraph Creek . Two cabins were built at

490-491: Is classified as 38.7% conifer forest , 25% barren , 15.9% shrubland , 10% snow/glacier, 8.3% herbaceous and small amounts of other cover. Mess Creek originates from an unnamed lake behind an alluvial fan at 57°07′42″N 130°56′12″W  /  57.12833°N 130.93667°W  / 57.12833; -130.93667 . From its source the creek flows about 45 km (28 mi) north into Mess Lake and then continues northwest for another 63 km (39 mi) into

539-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

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588-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

637-398: Is the second named right tributary which flows northwest and then north into Mess Creek. The third named right tributary is Raspberry Creek which flows northwest into Mess Creek. Taweh Creek , the fourth named right tributary, flows northwest into Mess Creek west of Mount Edziza . The fifth named right tributary, Crayke Creek , flows southwest into Mess Creek off Mount Edziza. Elwyn Creek

686-463: Is the sixth named right tributary which flows west into Mess Creek. The seventh named right tributary is Dagaichess Creek which flows southeast into Mess Creek just south of Telegraph Creek. Only two left tributaries of Mess Creek are named. The first one is Schaft Creek which flows north into Mess Creek on the west side of Mount Edziza Provincial Park. The other named left tributary, Tudadela Creek, flows north into Mess Creek. Mess Creek flows through

735-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

784-828: The Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of the world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan,

833-714: The Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of the Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains

882-776: The Koshin River to its confluence with the Nahlin River , a locality called Nahlin Crossing. Proceeding north from Quesnel, the cabins and settlements (noted in italic text) on the Yukon Telegraph were: The Yukon Telegraph Trail was formally recognized by the Canadian Register of Historic Places on January 22, 2010, as one of many historic sites in Canada due to its historical association with

931-542: The groundwater . A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Yukon Telegraph Trail The Yukon Telegraph Trail , also known simply as the Telegraph Trail , is a historic pathway in the Canadian province of British Columbia that extends from the village of Ashcroft in

980-655: The Stikine River. About midway through its course, Mess Creek is bounded on the east by the Mess Creek Escarpment . This is a long, often cliff-like feature forming the western edge of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex . The final 12 km (7.5 mi) of Mess Creek flows through a gorge. Mess Creek contains seven named right tributaries . The first one is Tadekho Creek which flows northwest into Mess Creek just south of Mess Lake. Kitsu Creek

1029-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

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1078-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

1127-520: The confluence of the Kispiox and Skeena Rivers , just north of Hazelton ), as Cyrus W. Field 's Atlantic Telegraph Company had succeeded in laying a Transatlantic telegraph cable in 1866. The telegraph station at Fort Stager was abandoned in 1869. Although the rest of the Collins Line remained active to Quesnel and even was extended east to Barkerville , the trail eclipsed its utility as

1176-636: The construction of the telegraph line. Perry Collins proposed a telegraph line to link San Francisco and Moscow, Russia; the line would run north into Alaska and span the Bering Strait . He negotiated contracts in the United States, Canada, and Russia starting in 1858 and was appointed managing director of the Western Union Russian Extension , later known as the Collins Overland Line, in 1864. The route

1225-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

1274-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

1323-697: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

1372-857: The eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ), the Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain

1421-591: The end of September that year. A branch was added to Atlin that year, which had grown as a result of its own gold rush. The primary route for messages was through Bennett and Skagway , where they were transcribed and shipped to Victoria or Vancouver. The Bennett–Dawson segment had fourteen stations, spaced 30 to 40 mi (48 to 64 km) apart; smaller refuge cabins were spaced at 10 mi (16 km) to provide emergency shelter. The Yukon Telegraph Line continued construction in 1900, working south from Atlin and north from Quesnel simultaneously; that year,

1470-527: The greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America ,

1519-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

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1568-781: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

1617-639: The islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through the Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of

1666-514: The most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

1715-513: The primary overland route from Quesnel for supplies and the thousands of prospectors eager to join the Omineca , Cassiar , and Klondike Gold Rushes . A new telegraph line was authorized in 1899 to improve communications with the Klondike following the migration of an estimated 100,000 prospectors; the first segment of this Yukon Telegraph Line was completed between Dawson City and Bennett at

1764-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

1813-631: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

1862-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

1911-631: The south to the community of Atlin in the north. It was used for servicing the Yukon Telegraph Line which ran from Ashcroft in the south to Dawson City , Yukon in the north. The telegraph line was constructed by the Dominion Government Telegraph Service from 1898 to 1901. It was abandoned in 1936 with the advent of radio communication. Along the length of the trail are remains of telegraph cabins, telegraph cable and other artifacts that were used during

1960-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

2009-575: The termini and it was proposed to relay messages across the gap via dogsled during the ensuing winter, but this plan was abandoned as the gap proved to be significantly larger than estimated. When the gap was closed on September 24, 1901, it was discovered to be 121 mi (195 km). There are thirteen cabins between Hazelton and Telegraph Creek, spaced approximately 20–30 mi (32–48 km) apart. From Telegraph Creek to Whitehorse, there are seven cabins, spaced 20–50 mi (32–80 km) apart. The Yukon Telegraph operated until 1936, when it

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2058-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

2107-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

2156-965: The watershed of the Stikine, following the Klappan River partially. In Cassiar Land District , the Yukon Telegraph Trail crosses from the Stikine River watershed to the Taku River watershed between the Little Tahltan River and the Hackett River . It passes through the abandoned settlement of Sheslay at the mouth of Egnell Creek and the confluence of the Hackett and Sheslay Rivers . Continuing north it passes through Callison Ranch then follows

2205-624: The western side of the fault has been downthrown. The downthrowing of this fault during the Holocene may have been due to the draining of magma chambers following eruptions at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. Two groups of hot springs occur along Mess Creek. The Mess Lake Hot Springs near the southeastern corner of Mess Lake have deposited massive tufa over an area of more than 120 ha (300 acres). Discharge at these hot springs may be linked to shallow hydrothermal systems driven by residual magmatic heat as they are adjacent to The Ash Pit ,

2254-673: The world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and

2303-417: Was built to serve the nearly 3,000 km-long (1,900 mi) Yukon Telegraph Line which was constructed by the Dominion Government Telegraph Service between 1897 and 1901 to send messages from Ashcroft, British Columbia in the south to Dawson City , Yukon in the north. Drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as

2352-618: Was planned originally to follow the Fraser River north from Quesnel to Fort George , but the river proved to be unnavigable during spring thaws, so an alternate route was chosen, following a trail used by the Dakelh First Nations people, who also were serving as guides for the surveying crews. The line was abandoned in February 1867 after it had been built from New Westminster to Fort Stager (present-day Kispiox at

2401-698: Was wiped out by floods and replaced by radio communications. As the trail was used by heavily-laden animals to bring supplies north, continuing from the terminus of the Cariboo Wagon Road in Quesnel, soil compaction has continued to preserve the trail by discouraging tree growth. North of Kispiox, the Telegraph Trail that likely was scouted as part of the Collins Line ran north along the Skeena River to its headwaters, then crossed into

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