37-518: Messia may refer to: Messia gens , family at ancient Rome Pedro Messía de la Cerda, 2nd Marquis of Vega de Armijo (1700–1783); a Spanish naval officer a harvesting goddess associated with Tutelina Agutazza Messia, an illiterate Sicilian woman (a quilt maker and domestic) from whom Giuseppe Pitre takes most of his tales, also in Italo Calvino 's folktales collection Topics referred to by
74-635: A Latin grammarian who flourished at the end of the fourth century. Messius Phoebus Severus , consul in AD 470, under the emperor Anthemius , who granted him the rank of Patricius , and appointed him praefectus urbi . He restored parts of the Colosseum , and according to Damascius , Severus and the emperor planned to restore Rome's pagan cults. See also [ edit ] List of Roman gentes Notes [ edit ] ^ "Vectius" in some manuscripts. ^ Zosimus says that Decius
111-590: A Volscian warrior of humble origin, who in 431 BC rallied his countrymen against the Roman army under the command of the dictator Aulus Postumius Tubertus . So fiercely did the Volsci fight that the outcome of the battle was in doubt for some time, but the Romans prevailed; the fate of Vettius Messius is unknown. Gaius Messius, tribune of the plebs in 57 BC, introduced a bill to recall Cicero from exile, and passed
148-404: A certain day (the date would vary from place to place and the order may have been that the sacrifice had to be completed within a specified period after a community received the edict). When they sacrificed they would obtain a certificate ( libellus ) recording the fact that they had complied with the order. That is, the certificate would testify the sacrificant's loyalty to the ancestral gods and to
185-850: A law granting Gnaeus Pompeius control over the grain supply. He was plebeian aedile in 54, and defended by Cicero in the same year. During the Civil War , he served as one of Caesar's lieutenants in Africa . Messius Maximus, a close friend of Pliny the Younger , who addressed a number of letters to him. Messius was an author, whose work Pliny admired, and whose advice he sought upon his own writing. Marcus Messius Rusticus, consul suffectus from September to December in AD 114. Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius , emperor from AD 249 to 251. Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius C. f. Decius , better known simply as "Herennius Etruscus",
222-461: A sacrifice for the emperor and the Empire's well-being by a specified date risked torture and execution. A number of prominent Christians did, in fact, refuse to make a sacrifice and were killed in the process, including Pope Fabian himself in 250, and "anti-Christian feeling[s] led to killings at Carthage and Alexandria." However, towards the end of the second year of Decius' reign, "the ferocity of
259-671: A traitor who was responsible for the loss of so many soldiers from their ranks. Decius was the first Roman emperor to die in battle against a foreign enemy. The Decian persecution was the first organized persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and served as the basis for the Diocletianic Persecution , the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire. The later telling of the Seven Sleepers , about seven Christian youths from Ephesus who fled
296-425: A vivid picture of the demoralizing effects of the plague and Cyprian moralized the event in his essay De mortalitate . In Carthage, the "Decian persecution", unleashed at the onset of the plague, sought out Christian scapegoats. Decius' edicts were renewed under Valerian in 253 and repealed under his son, Gallienus , in 260–261. The barbarian incursions into the Empire were becoming more daring and frequent whereas
333-399: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Messia gens The gens Messia was a plebeian family at Rome . The first person of this name to appear in history is Vettius Messius, a Volscian soldier whose courage inspired his comrades in a desperate battle against the Romans in 431 BC. It
370-532: Is not known when the Messii first obtained Roman citizenship . Members of the family appear in the lists of annual magistrates during the final decades of the Republic . In imperial times , some of the Messii achieved the highest offices of the Roman state. Members [ edit ] This list includes abbreviated praenomina . For an explanation of this practice, see filiation . Vettius Messius,
407-1171: The Bibliotheca . Jordanes , Romana . Joannes Zonaras , Epitome Historiarum (Epitome of History). Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont , Histoire des Empereurs et des Autres Princes qui ont Régné Durant les Six Premiers Siècles de l’Église (History of the Emperors and Other Princes who Ruled During the First Six Centuries of the Church), Chez Rollin Fils, Paris (1690-1697, 1701, 1738). Joseph Hilarius Eckhel , Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , William Smith , ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). René Cagnat et alii , L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE ), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). T. Robert S. Broughton , The Magistrates of
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#1732776875801444-599: The battle of Abritus , in which the Goths fought with the courage of despair, under the command of Cniva, took place during the second week of June 251 on swampy ground in the Ludogorie (region in northeastern Bulgaria which merges with Dobruja plateau and the Danube Plain to the north) near the small settlement of Abritus or Forum Terebronii (modern Razgrad ). Jordanes records that Decius' son Herennius Etruscus
481-872: The African War). Titus Livius ( Livy ), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome). Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ( Pliny the Younger ), Epistulae (Letters). Eusebius of Caesarea , Historia Ecclesiastica . Eutropius , Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome). Sextus Aurelius Victor , De Caesaribus (On the Caesars), Epitome de Caesaribus (attributed). Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta ( Augustan History ). Zosimus , Historia Nova (New History). Damascius , Vita Isidori (The Life of Isidore ), summarized by Photius in
518-454: The Arab or Maximinus Thrax who did not have extensive administrative experience before assuming the throne, Decius was a distinguished senator who had served as suffect consul in 232, had been governor of Moesia and Germania Inferior soon afterwards, served as governor of Hispania Tarraconensis between 235 and 238, and was urban prefect of Rome during the early reign of Emperor Philip
555-513: The Arab. Around 245, Philip entrusted Decius with an important command on the Danube. By the end of 248 or 249, Decius was sent to quell the revolt of Pacatian and his troops in Moesia and Pannonia; some modern historians see this rebellion as a reflection of emerging Balkan separatism. After the collapse of the revolt, Decius let the troops proclaim him emperor. Philip advanced against him and
592-469: The Colosseum, which had been damaged by lightning strikes. In late 249, Decius had issued one of the most remarkable Roman imperial edicts. From the numerous surviving texts from Egypt, recording the act of sacrifice, it appears that the edict itself was fairly clear: All the inhabitants of the empire were required to sacrifice before the magistrates of their community "for the safety of the empire" by
629-602: The Empire was facing a serious economic crisis in Decius' time. During his brief reign, Decius engaged in important operations against the Goths , who crossed the Danube to raid districts of Moesia and Thrace . This is the first considerable occasion that the Goths ;– who would later come to play such an important role – appear in the historical record. The Goths under King Cniva were surprised by
666-494: The Roman Republic , American Philological Association (1952). Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messia_gens&oldid=1078415954 " Categories : Messii Roman gentes Decius Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius ( c. 201 – June 251), known as Trajan Decius or simply Decius , was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. A distinguished politician during
703-1643: The Younger, Epistulae , ii. 14, 20, iii. 2, iv. 20, 24, 25, v. 5, vi. 11, 34, vii. 26, viii. 19, 24, ix. 1, 23. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. II, p. 998 ("Messius Maximus"). ^ AE 1994, 1480 . ^ Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus , 29, Epitome de Caesaribus , 29. ^ Eutropius, ix. 4. ^ Trebellius Pollio, "The Life of Valerian", c. 1. ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica , vi. 39 ff . ^ Zosimus, i. 21–23. ^ Zonaras, xii. 19, 20. ^ Jordanes, Romana , c. 16 ff . ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. I, pp. 948, 949 ("Decius"). ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. II, pp. 54 ("Herennius Etruscus"). ^ Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus , 30, Epitome de Caesaribus , 30. ^ Eutropius, ix. 5. ^ Zosimus, i. 25. ^ Zonaras, vol. i, p. 625 (ed. du Cange , Paris, 1687). ^ Tillemont, Histoire des Empereurs , vol. iii. ^ Eckhel, vol. vii., p. 350. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. II, pp. 530 ("Hostilianus"). ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. I, pp. 378, 379 ("Arusianus, Messus or Messius"). ^ Damascius, The Life of Isidore . Bibliography [ edit ] Marcus Tullius Cicero , Epistulae ad Atticum , Post Reditum in Senatu . Gaius Julius Caesar , (attributed), De Bello Africo (On
740-515: The [anti-Christian] persecution had eased off, and the earlier tradition of tolerance had begun to reassert itself." Christians bore the brunt of the persecution and never forgot the reign of Decius, whom they remembered as "that fierce tyrant". In June 251 Decius died alongside his co-emperor Herennius Etruscus in the Battle Abrittus against the Goths; their successors Trebonianus Gallus and Hostilian rescinded Decius's decree, ending
777-426: The barbarians across the Danube, died through treachery at Abritus after reigning two years. ... Very many report that the son had fallen in battle while pressing an attack too boldly; that the father however, has strenuously asserted that the loss of one soldier seemed to him too little to matter. And so he resumed the war and died in a similar manner while fighting vigorously. One literary tradition claims that Decius
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#1732776875801814-436: The consumption of sacrificial food and drink as well as the names of the officials who were overseeing the sacrifice. According to D. S. Potter, Decius did not try to impose the superiority of the Roman pantheon over any other gods. It is very probable that the edict was an attempt to legitimize his position and to respond to a general unease provoked by the passing of the Roman millennium. While Decius himself may have intended
851-583: The dangers and difficulties attached to the office at such a time, declined the responsibility. The invasion of the Goths and Decius' death put an end to the abortive attempt. During his reign, he proceeded with several building projects in Rome, including the Thermae Decianae (Baths of Decius in the Aventine), which were completed in 252 and survived through to the 16th century; Decius also repaired
888-464: The edict as a way to reaffirm his conservative vision of the Pax Romana and to reassure Rome's citizens that the empire was still secure, it nevertheless sparked a "terrible crisis of authority as various Christian bishops and their flocks reacted to it in different ways." Measures were first taken demanding that the bishops and officers of the church make a sacrifice for the emperor. The sacrifice
925-570: The emperor while besieging Nicopolis on the Danube; the Goths fled through the difficult terrain of the Balkans , but then doubled back and surprised the Romans near Beroë (modern Stara Zagora ), sacking their camp and dispersing the Roman troops ( Battle of Beroe ). The Goths then moved to attack Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv ), which fell into their hands. The governor of Thrace, Titus Julius Priscus , declared himself emperor under Gothic protection in opposition to Decius but Priscus's challenge
962-632: The last year of his reign, Decius co-ruled with his son Herennius Etruscus , until they were both killed by the Goths in the Battle of Abritus . Trajanus Decius was born Gaius Messius Quintus Decius Valerinus at Budalia , Illyricum , near Sirmium in Pannonia Inferior . Decius was one of the first among a long succession of Roman emperors ( Illyrian emperors ) to originate from the Danube provinces, often referred to as Illyricum. Unlike some of his immediate imperial predecessors such as Philip
999-478: The persecution after approximately eighteen months. At this time, there was a second outbreak of the Antonine Plague , which at its height from 251 to 266, took the lives of 5,000 daily in Rome. This outbreak is referred to as the " Plague of Cyprian " ( Cyprian was the bishop of Carthage , where both the plague and the persecution of Christians were especially severe). Cyprian's biographer Pontius gave
1036-588: The reign of Philip the Arab , Decius was proclaimed emperor by his troops after putting down a rebellion in Moesia . In 249, he defeated and killed Philip near Verona and was recognized as emperor by the Senate afterwards. During his reign, he attempted to strengthen the Roman state and its religion, leading to the Decian persecution , where a number of prominent Christians (including Pope Fabian ) were put to death. In
1073-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Messia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messia&oldid=1046183609 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1110-561: The strength of the State, both militarily opposing the external threats, and restoring the public piety with a program of renovation of the state religion . Either as a concession to the Senate, or perhaps with the idea of improving public morality, Decius endeavoured to revive the separate office and authority of the censor . The choice was left to the Senate, who unanimously selected Valerian (the future emperor). But Valerian, well aware of
1147-402: Was "on behalf of" (Latin pro ) the emperor, not to the emperor, since a living emperor was not considered divine . Certificates were issued to those who satisfied the commissioners during the persecution of Christians under Decius. Forty-six such certificates have been published, all dating from 250, four of them from Oxyrhynchus . Anyone, including Christian followers, who refused to offer
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1184-420: Was betrayed by his successor, Trebonianus Gallus, who was involved in a secret alliance with the Goths, but this cannot be substantiated and was most likely a later invention since Gallus felt compelled to adopt Decius' younger son, Gaius Valens Hostilianus, as joint emperor even though the latter was too young to rule in his own right. It is also unlikely that the shattered Roman legions would proclaim as emperor
1221-518: Was killed at Verona , Italy , in September 249. The Senate then recognized Decius as emperor, giving him the attribute Traianus in reference to Emperor Trajan . According to the Byzantine historian Zosimus , Decius was clothed in purple and forced to undertake the [burdens of] government, despite his reluctance and unwillingness. Decius' political program was focused on the restoration of
1258-404: Was killed by an arrow early in the battle, and to cheer his men Decius exclaimed, "Let no one mourn; the death of one soldier is not a great loss to the republic." Nevertheless, Decius' army was entangled in the swamp and annihilated in this battle, while he himself was killed on the field of battle. As the historian Aurelius Victor relates: The Decii (i.e., Decius and his son), while pursuing
1295-400: Was rendered moot when he was killed soon afterwards. Then the invaders began returning to their homeland, laden with booty and captives, among them many of senatorial rank. In the meantime, Decius had returned with his re-organized army, accompanied by his son Herennius Etruscus and the general Trebonianus Gallus , intending to defeat the invaders and recover the booty. The final engagement,
1332-808: Was succeeded by a second son, whom he does not name; but various inconsistencies in the records of this time have led some historians to suppose that Hostilian was Decius' son-in-law, or perhaps his nephew. For some of the arguments put forth supporting each view, see Tillemont and Eckhel. ^ Or "Messus". References [ edit ] ^ Livy, iv. 28, 29. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. II, p. 1054 ("Vectius Messius"). ^ Cicero, Post Reditum in Senatu , 8, Epistulae ad Atticum , iv. 1, 15, viii. 11. ^ Caesar, De Bello Africo , 33. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 202, 216. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , vol. II, p. 1054 ("Gaius Messius"). ^ Pliny
1369-456: Was the son of Decius, and briefly ruled alongside his father until they were both slain in battle, in AD 251. Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius C. f. Quintus , generally believed to have been the son of Decius, succeeded to the empire on the deaths of his father and brother, in AD 251, reigning alongside Trebonianus Gallus . Hostilian died later the same year, either in an epidemic, or betrayed by his colleague. Messius Arusianus ,
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