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91-667: Mix-Up is the debut studio album by English band Cabaret Voltaire . It was released on 23 October 1979, through record label Rough Trade . The album contains a cover of The Seeds ' song "No Escape", from their 1966 eponymous debut album . Writing in Smash Hits in 1979, Red Starr said the album was an "intriguing but only occasionally attractive array of verbal and musical images". Starr went on to say that it sounded like "pointless backroom self indulgence". Steven Grant echoed Starr's ambivalence in Trouser Press, saying that

182-628: A hernia . Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal which can occur in any region of the spine though less commonly in the thoracic region. The stenosis can constrict the spinal canal giving rise to a neurological deficit . Pain at the coccyx (tailbone) is known as coccydynia . Spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that causes changes in its function, either temporary or permanent. Spinal cord injuries can be divided into categories: complete transection, hemisection, central spinal cord lesions, posterior spinal cord lesions, and anterior spinal cord lesions. Scalloping vertebrae

273-412: A central cavity, the central canal . Adjacent to each vertebra emerge spinal nerves . The spinal nerves provide sympathetic nervous supply to the body, with nerves emerging forming the sympathetic trunk and the splanchnic nerves . The spinal canal follows the different curves of the column; it is large and triangular in those parts of the column that enjoy the greatest freedom of movement, such as

364-449: A curve, convex forward, that begins at the axis (second cervical vertebra) at the apex of the odontoid process or dens and ends at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra; it is the least marked of all the curves. This inward curve is known as a lordotic curve. The thoracic curve, concave forward, begins at the middle of the second and ends at the middle of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. Its most prominent point behind corresponds to

455-557: A more accepting audience for their industrial , electronic sound and they were championed by Sheffield punk fanzine Gunrubber edited by Paul Bower of local band 2.3. In 1977, Watson financed the establishment of the band's own recording studio on the second floor of a building called the Western Works on Portobello Street in Sheffield. The "Western Works" studio served as the band's studio for many years as well as providing

546-413: A neural arch, while the haemal arch is found underneath the centrum in the caudal (tail) vertebrae of fish , most reptiles , some birds, some dinosaurs and some mammals with long tails. The vertebral processes can either give the structure rigidity, help them articulate with ribs, or serve as muscle attachment points. Common types are transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both

637-456: A region can vary but overall the number remains the same. The number of those in the cervical region, however, is only rarely changed. The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar. The vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently. Two special vertebrae are the atlas and axis , on which the head rests. A typical vertebra consists of two parts:

728-399: A remnant of the notochord. Reptiles often retain the primitive intercentra, which are present as small crescent-shaped bony elements lying between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae; similar structures are often found in the caudal vertebrae of mammals. In the tail, these are attached to chevron-shaped bones called haemal arches , which attach below the base of the spine, and help to support

819-438: A result of lifting the head and the lumbar curvature forms as a result of walking. The vertebral column surrounds the spinal cord which travels within the spinal canal , formed from a central hole within each vertebra . The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system that supplies nerves and receives information from the peripheral nervous system within the body. The spinal cord consists of grey and white matter and

910-526: A schism between the band members characterized by the extroverted Mallinder and the reluctant Kirk that was a mirror of the identity crisis of an experimental/unconventional band on the verge of going pop. Prior to 1988, each member of Cabaret Voltaire had released several solo recordings under their own names, and Kirk had worked with Peter Hope of The Box on an album and single. The band's physical separation — with Kirk in Sheffield and Mallinder in London — and

1001-419: A social gathering spot for the local Sheffield scene. Western Works produced some of the earliest recordings of pioneering local bands including Clock DVA , The Human League , and New Order . In 1978, Cabaret Voltaire signed to Rough Trade Records . Manchester-based Factory Records had offered to sign the band, and Throbbing Gristle were also interested in signing the band to Industrial Records , but it

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1092-558: A special ' Depeche Mode /History of Electro-pop' edition of Q magazine, Kirk suggested he was still considering resurrecting the Cabaret name, but this time he planned to "Get some young people involved". In 2009, Kirk resurrected the Cabaret Voltaire name and released an album with New Zealand band Kora called Kora! Kora! Kora! and another with Sheffield band The Tivoli called National Service Rewind . The new material

1183-425: A successful year musically, in other respects the band was faltering. The decision was made to abandon the original Western Works studio after a series of break-ins and the emergence of financial issues due to accounting problems from years before threatened to force a sale of their new studio. Additionally, Mallinder moved to London and took on more of a socialite lifestyle while Kirk remained in Sheffield. This formed

1274-648: A telephone engineer, Watson's experimentation with tape loops evolved to include custom-built kit oscillators obtained by mail order by the time he met fellow Sheffield local and Eno devotee Richard Kirk. Kirk and Watson began exploring the intersection of technology and music, producing tapes loops to generate sound collages and unusual sound structures. Kirk began to add traditional instrumentation, including clarinet and guitar. In late 1973, they brought in Kirk's friend Stephen Mallinder to provide vocals and bass guitar. Some of these early experiments were first documented on

1365-413: Is classed as a spinal disease or dorsopathy and includes the following abnormal curvatures: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column can be felt and used as surface anatomy , with reference points are taken from the middle of the vertebral body. This provides anatomical landmarks that can be used to guide procedures such as a lumbar puncture and also as vertical reference points to describe

1456-416: Is curved in several places, a result of human bipedal evolution . These curves increase the vertebral column's strength, flexibility, and ability to absorb shock, stabilising the body in upright position. When the load on the spine is increased, the curvatures increase in depth (become more curved) to accommodate the extra weight. They then spring back when the weight is removed. The upper cervical spine has

1547-432: Is shallow, and by the laminae and transverse processes in the thoracic region, where it is deep and broad; these grooves lodge the deep muscles of the back. Lateral to the spinous processes are the articular processes, and still more laterally the transverse processes. In the thoracic region, the transverse processes stand backward, on a plane considerably behind that of the same processes in the cervical and lumbar regions. In

1638-412: Is the increase in the concavity of the posterior vertebral body. It can be seen on lateral X-ray and sagittal views of CT and MRI scans. Its concavity is due to the increased pressure exerting on the vertebrae due to a mass. Internal spinal mass such as spinal astrocytoma , ependymoma , schwannoma , neurofibroma , and achondroplasia causes vertebrae scalloping. Excessive or abnormal spinal curvature

1729-611: The Body and Soul album in 1991. The album featured a more minimal sound than Groovy, Laidback and Nasty and was the last Cabaret Voltaire release to feature Mallinder on vocals. In 1991, the band entered an agreement with Mute Records to release new and past works from the band's own Plastex label imprint in the US. Between 1992 and 1994, the band released a trio of instrumental works. In 1995, Mallinder moved to Perth, Australia, and effectively left Cabaret Voltaire in order to step away from

1820-521: The Arabian (breed) can have one less vertebrae and pair of ribs. This anomaly disappears in foals that are the product of an Arabian and another breed of horse. Vertebrae are defined by their location in the vertebral column. Cervical vertebrae are those in the neck area. With the exception of the two sloth genera ( Choloepus and Bradypus ) and the manatee genus, ( Trichechus ), all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae. In other vertebrates,

1911-629: The Industrial Records cassette 1974-1976 (1980), then later on the triple album CD set Methodology '74/'78: The Attic Tapes (Mute 2002). The band eventually turned to live performance, often sharing the bill with Joy Division , though much of their earliest public performance tended more towards being unconventional and provocative stunts rather than conventional shows. The trio would deploy to various parts of Sheffield with their portable tape recorders and play their experimental compositions in places as diverse as public toilets and on

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2002-409: The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments at the front and back of the vertebral bodies , the ligamentum flavum in deep to the laminae , the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments between spinous processes , and the intertransverse ligaments between the transverse processes . The vertebrae in the human vertebral column is divided into different body regions , which correspond to

2093-433: The intervertebral discs . The notochord disappears in the sclerotome (vertebral body) segments but persists in the region of the intervertebral discs as the nucleus pulposus . The nucleus pulposus and the fibers of the anulus fibrosus make up the intervertebral disc. The primary curves (thoracic and sacral curvatures) form during fetal development. The secondary curves develop after birth. The cervical curvature forms as

2184-412: The paraxial mesoderm that lies at the sides of the neural tube and they contain the precursors of spinal bone, the vertebrae ribs and some of the skull, as well as muscle, ligaments and skin. Somitogenesis and the subsequent distribution of somites is controlled by a clock and wavefront model acting in cells of the paraxial mesoderm. Soon after their formation, sclerotomes , which give rise to some of

2275-520: The post-punk era, they gradually incorporated more conventional elements of synthpop , dance , house and funk styles. After Watson's departure in 1981, the group continued as a two-piece until disbanding in 1994. Kirk revived the name as a solo project from 2009 until his death in 2021. By the early 1970s, Chris Watson of Sheffield , England, began experimenting with electronic devices to make "music without musical instruments." Inspired by Brian Eno of Roxy Music , and helped along by his work as

2366-436: The sacrum and coccyx are fused without a central foramen. The vertebral arch is formed by a ventral pair of pedicles and a dorsal pair of laminae , and supports seven processes , four articular , two transverse and one spinous , the latter also being known as the neural spine. The transverse and spinous processes and their associated ligaments serve as important attachment sites for back and paraspinal muscles and

2457-435: The spinal canal , a body cavity that contains the spinal cord . Because the vertebral column will outgrow the spinal cord during child development , by adulthood the spinal cord often ends at the upper lumbar spine (at around L1/L2 level), the lower ( caudal ) end of the spinal canal is occupied by a ponytail -like bundle of spinal nerves descriptively called cauda equina (from Latin " horse's tail " ), and

2548-411: The spinal cord and the notochord . This column of tissue has a segmented appearance, with alternating areas of dense and less dense areas. As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body . Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes . The less dense tissue that separates the sclerotome segments develop into

2639-438: The thoracolumbar fasciae . The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin, and are important surface landmarks in clinical medicine . The four articular processes for two pairs of plane facet joints above and below each vertebra, articulating with those of the adjacent vertebrae and are joined by a thin portion of the neural arch called the pars interarticularis . The orientation of

2730-409: The vertebral body (or centrum ), which is ventral (or anterior , in the standard anatomical position ) and withstands axial structural load ; and the vertebral arch (also known as neural arch ), which is dorsal (or posterior ) and provides articulations and anchorages for ribs and core skeletal muscles . Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen , the series of which align to form

2821-558: The Big Top . Meanwhile, Kirk remained in England and continued in the vein of where Cabaret Voltaire left off through the remainder of the '90s and into the 2000s with more releases under his own name, as Sandoz, and as a new solo project, Electronic Eye. Hopes of a Cabaret Voltaire reunion were raised when Kirk dropped hints in the late 1990s, the most significant being in the notes of a reissue of Radiation , but this never happened. In

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2912-674: The Dekmantel festival in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Circa 2017, the Coachella Festival made a significant offer to Kirk to reform the original Cabaret Voltaire for a reunion show. Kirk refused, stating that "Cabaret Voltaire was always about breaking new ground and moving forward. It would be so sad to see it as a nostalgia act." In August 2020, Cabaret Voltaire announced a new studio album Shadow of Fear . Backed by

3003-742: The United States without major record label support, releasing Hai! , a live album recorded in Japan, in 1982. In late 1982, Cabaret Voltaire decided consciously to turn in a more commercial direction. Introduced by New Order to the American dance music producer John Robie , Cabaret Voltaire enlisted him to remix " Yashar ", a track from their 1982 album 2x45 . The 12-inch single was released by Factory Records in May 1983, and received extensive play in dance clubs. In 1983, Stevo Pearce signed

3094-454: The Zürich nightclub that fostered the early Dada movement, the band are often characterized as among the most innovative and influential electronic acts of their era. The band's early work consisted of experimentation with DIY electronics and tape recorders , as well as Dada-influenced performance art , helping to pioneer industrial music in the mid-1970s. Finding an audience during

3185-425: The adjacent vertebra to a degree less than a dislocation. Spondylolysis , also known as a pars defect, is a defect or fracture at the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. Spinal disc herniation , more commonly called a "slipped disc", is the result of a tear in the outer ring ( anulus fibrosus ) of the intervertebral disc , which lets some of the soft gel-like material, the nucleus pulposus , bulge out in

3276-420: The album "has an obsessive strength — like Eno in his stranger moments but without his repetitiveness," but that "The music, though fascinating, is rarely coherent." In a retrospective review, Head Heritage described Mix-Up as "a great snapshot of a brief period in post-punk UK when there was a sudden urge to grapple with a bizarre, homemade, hamfisted white dub landscape." AllMusic writer Andy Kellman

3367-592: The album — "Hypnotised" — featured remix talent from Fon Force (Mark Brydon and Robert Gordon), A Guy Called Gerald , and Daniel Miller . Despite the newfound energy and direction, the band amassed significant debt under EMI and the label dropped Cabaret Voltaire from their roster. Released from the label, Kirk began a series of projects between 1990 and 1992, including Sweet Exorcist with Richard Barratt, The Technocrats with Ralf Dörper, XON with Robert Gordon, Citrus with Steve Cobby , and solo as Sandoz. Cabaret Voltaire returned to Les Disques Du Crépuscule to release

3458-536: The band in 1981 to work for Tyne Tees Television and went on to found The Hafler Trio with Andrew M. McKenzie before becoming a BBC sound engineer and then a soloist . On 25 June 1981, John Peel broadcast a session on the BBC, recorded previously by the band, which included four songs: "Black Mask", "Greensborough", "Walls of Jericho" and "Jazz the Glass". During this time, Cabaret Voltaire toured Europe, Japan, and

3549-536: The band. In August 1983, the album The Crackdown was released and reached number 31 in the UK Albums Chart – over 60 places higher than their previous (and, at the time, only) chart placement. The album's single for "Just Fascination" peaked at number 74. In 1984, the singles "Sensoria" and "James Brown" from the album Micro-Phonies charted on the UK Indie Chart , as well as getting play in

3640-416: The bone of the skull, the vertebrae and ribs, migrate, leaving the remainder of the somite now termed a dermamyotome behind. This then splits to give the myotomes which will form the muscles and dermatomes which will form the skin of the back. Sclerotomes become subdivided into an anterior and a posterior compartment. This subdivision plays a key role in the definitive patterning of vertebrae that form when

3731-435: The bony vertebrae and the intervertebral discs, with kyphosis / scoliosis , ankylosing spondylitis , degenerative discs and spina bifida being recognizable examples. The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. In a human vertebral column, there are normally 33 vertebrae. The upper 24 pre-sacral vertebrae are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs , and

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3822-427: The bony vertebral body. In most ray-finned fishes , including all teleosts , these two structures are fused with, and embedded within, a solid piece of bone superficially resembling the vertebral body of mammals. In living amphibians , there is simply a cylindrical piece of bone below the vertebral arch, with no trace of the separate elements present in the early tetrapods. In cartilaginous fish , such as sharks ,

3913-540: The burgeoning house and acid house movements opened new opportunities for solo collaborations. In 1988, Mallinder collaborated with Robert Gordon, co-founder of Warp Records , and David Ball of Soft Cell on a one-off house album under the name Love Street, and Kirk produced a solo acid house 12" as Wicky Wacky. The band's interest in house music created new connections for the band in America. After trying in vain to contact New York producer Todd Terry , an introduction

4004-506: The centrum. Centra with flat ends are acoelous , like those in mammals. These flat ends of the centra are especially good at supporting and distributing compressive forces. Amphicoelous vertebra have centra with both ends concave. This shape is common in fish, where most motion is limited. Amphicoelous centra often are integrated with a full notochord . Procoelous vertebrae are anteriorly concave and posteriorly convex. They are found in frogs and modern reptiles. Opisthocoelous vertebrae are

4095-423: The cervical and lumbar regions, and is small and rounded in the thoracic region, where motion is more limited. The spinal cord terminates in the conus medullaris and cauda equina . Spina bifida is a congenital disorder in which there is a defective closure of the vertebral arch. Sometimes the spinal meninges and also the spinal cord can protrude through this, and this is called spina bifida cystica . Where

4186-464: The cervical and upper part of the thoracic regions and gradually increasing in size to the last lumbar. They transmit the special spinal nerves and are situated between the transverse processes in the cervical region and in front of them, in the thoracic and lumbar regions. There are different ligaments involved in the holding together of the vertebrae in the column, and in the column's movement. The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments extend

4277-430: The cervical region, the transverse processes are placed in front of the articular processes, lateral to the pedicles and between the intervertebral foramina. In the thoracic region they are posterior to the pedicles, intervertebral foramina, and articular processes. In the lumbar region they are in front of the articular processes, but behind the intervertebral foramina. The sides of the vertebral column are separated from

4368-421: The child begins to walk. When viewed from in front, the width of the bodies of the vertebrae is seen to increase from the second cervical to the first thoracic; there is then a slight diminution in the next three vertebrae. Below this, there is again a gradual and progressive increase in width as low as the sacrovertebral angle. From this point there is a rapid diminution, to the apex of the coccyx. From behind,

4459-406: The circle on a genre they helped influence: "I found it really sad that these complete pioneers, who were once willing to take risks, come here to Chicago because of the house explosion. [...] They wanted to do a house record, and they didn't understand that they informed house music through people copying them. And now they're back here to copy themselves off other people?" Jourgensen's assertion

4550-527: The commercial and financial pressures of what had become of his music career. Opting instead to make music with less emphasis on product, Mallinder set up his own music company in Perth, OffWorld Sounds, while he pursued an academic career. Eventually Mallinder returned to music collaboration with a number of projects including Sassi & Loco and Kuling-Bros. Mallinder also contributed to synthesizer and programming on Shaun Ryder 's solo album Amateur Night at

4641-429: The condition does not involve this protrusion it is known as spina bifida occulta . Sometimes all of the vertebral arches may remain incomplete. Another, though rare, congenital disease is Klippel–Feil syndrome , which is the fusion of any two of the cervical vertebrae. Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra and retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to

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4732-402: The cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). The centrum of the vertebra can be classified based on the fusion of its elements. In temnospondyls , bones such as the spinous process , the pleurocentrum and the intercentrum are separate ossifications. Fused elements, however, classify a vertebra as having holospondyly. A vertebra can also be described in terms of the shape of the ends of

4823-403: The curvatures of the vertebral column. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. Vertebrae in these regions are essentially alike, with minor variation. These regions are called the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx. There are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, and five lumbar vertebrae. The number of vertebrae in

4914-427: The duo to his Some Bizzare label and leveraged a licensing deal with Virgin . The £50,000 advance from Some Bizzare allowed Kirk and Mallinder to significantly improve their operation at Western Works, but came with the stipulation of having to record their next LP in London and making certain production changes to their music. The relationship with Some Bizzare and Virgin resulted in greater exposure and promotion for

5005-447: The facet joints restricts the range of motion between the vertebrae. Underneath each pedicle is a small hole (enclosed by the pedicle of the vertebral below) called intervertebral foramen , which transmit the corresponding spinal nerve and dorsal root ganglion that exit the spinal canal. From top to bottom, the vertebrae are: For some medical purposes, adjacent vertebral regions may be considered together: The vertebral column

5096-717: The first single "Vasto," the album was released on 20 November 2020. These are the first strictly Cabaret Voltaire recordings with Richard H. Kirk as the group's sole member. These were followed in 2021 by the release of a new EP, Shadow of Funk , and two albums, Dekadrone and BN9Drone . Richard Kirk died in September 2021 at the age of 65. New Order lead singer and guitarist, Bernard Sumner , said that Cabaret Voltaire influenced his songwriting, having helped him understand that one "could make music without guitars". In Alan Cross 's 2012 biography of Skinny Puppy , Cabaret Voltaire's "industrial-grade thumping and noise terrorism"

5187-539: The group as one of the "few bands on the [post-punk] scene at the time to whom we related". As well as helping pioneer industrial music in the 1970s, Cabaret Voltaire have been considered influential on the industrial techno movement of the 1990s. Alain Jourgensen , while working with the band on the Acid Horse project, observed the irony of Cabaret Voltaire's turn towards house music circa 1989 as closing

5278-528: The last releases for the band on Virgin. By 1986, Virgin offered to extend Cabaret Voltaire's record contract, but EMI group signalled an intent to invest more in the group and the lure of increased resources through a major label proved irresistible. One of these resources was access to producer Adrian Sherwood , who produced 1987's Code and its singles "Don't Argue" and "Here to Go". Code also featured additional musicians including Bill Nelson on guitar and Mark Brydon on bass. While 1987 proved to be

5369-432: The length of the vertebral column along the front and back of the vertebral bodies. The interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes of the vertebrae. The supraspinous ligament extends the length of the spine running along the back of the spinous processes, from the sacrum to the seventh cervical vertebra . From there it is continuous with the nuchal ligament . The striking segmented pattern of

5460-403: The locations of other parts of human anatomy, such as the positions of organs . The general structure of vertebrae in other animals is largely the same as in humans. Individual vertebrae are composed of a centrum (body), arches protruding from the top and bottom of the centrum, and various processes projecting from the centrum and/or arches. An arch extending from the top of the centrum is called

5551-433: The lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx , or tailbone . The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. From top to bottom, there are 7 cervical vertebrae , 12 thoracic vertebrae and 5 lumbar vertebrae . The number of those in the cervical region, however, is only rarely changed, while that in the coccygeal region varies most. Excluding rare deviations,

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5642-408: The lumbar region, by narrower intervals in the neck, and are closely approximated in the middle of the thoracic region. Occasionally one of these processes deviates a little from the median line — which can sometimes be indicative of a fracture or a displacement of the spine. On either side of the spinous processes is the vertebral groove formed by the laminae in the cervical and lumbar regions, where it

5733-405: The mechanisms involved in vertebral segmentation are conserved across vertebrates. In humans the first four somites are incorporated in the base of the occipital bone of the skull and the next 33 somites will form the vertebrae, ribs, muscles, ligaments and skin. The remaining posterior somites degenerate. During the fourth week of embryogenesis , the sclerotomes shift their position to surround

5824-490: The most important new bands to achieve wider recognition this year. Wait and see". Subsequently, "Nag Nag Nag" sold 10,000 copies, despite poor reviews, and reached as far afield as France and Belgium, while the debut album Mix-Up reached number 12 on the UK Indie charts. Their success continued with The Voice of America and Red Mecca , reaching number three and number one on the UK Indie charts respectively. Watson left

5915-423: The next vertebral body fits. Even these patterns are only generalisations, however, and there may be variation in form of the vertebrae along the length of the spine even within a single species. Some unusual variations include the saddle-shaped sockets between the cervical vertebrae of birds and the presence of a narrow hollow canal running down the centre of the vertebral bodies of geckos and tuataras , containing

6006-405: The number of cervical vertebrae can range from a single vertebra in amphibians to as many as 25 in swans or 76 in the extinct plesiosaur Elasmosaurus . The dorsal vertebrae range from the bottom of the neck to the top of the pelvis . Dorsal vertebrae attached to the ribs are called thoracic vertebrae, while those without ribs are called lumbar vertebrae. The sacral vertebrae are those in

6097-446: The opposite, possessing anterior convexity and posterior concavity. They are found in salamanders, and in some non-avian dinosaurs. Heterocoelous vertebrae have saddle -shaped articular surfaces. This type of configuration is seen in turtles that retract their necks, and birds, because it permits extensive lateral and vertical flexion motion without stretching the nerve cord too extensively or wringing it about its long axis. In horses,

6188-483: The past 20 years." The experimental Sensoria Music & Film Festival is named after the Cabaret Voltaire song, and has become an annual event held in Sheffield since 2008. Vertebral column There are around 50,000 species of animals that have a vertebral column. The human spine is one of the most-studied examples, as the general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical ( homologous ) of that found in other mammals , reptiles and birds . The shape of

6279-423: The pelvic region, and range from one in amphibians, to two in most birds and modern reptiles, or up to three to five in mammals. When multiple sacral vertebrae are fused into a single structure, it is called the sacrum. The synsacrum is a similar fused structure found in birds that is composed of the sacral, lumbar, and some of the thoracic and caudal vertebra, as well as the pelvic girdle . Caudal vertebrae compose

6370-418: The posterior part of one somite fuses to the anterior part of the consecutive somite during a process termed resegmentation. Disruption of the somitogenesis process in humans results in diseases such as congenital scoliosis. So far, the human homologues of three genes associated to the mouse segmentation clock, (MESP2, DLL3 and LFNG), have been shown to be mutated in cases of congenital scoliosis, suggesting that

6461-417: The posterior surface by the articular processes in the cervical and thoracic regions and by the transverse processes in the lumbar region. In the thoracic region, the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae are marked in the back by the facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs. More posteriorly are the intervertebral foramina, formed by the juxtaposition of the vertebral notches, oval in shape, smallest in

6552-542: The sacrovertebral articulation, and ends at the point of the coccyx ; its concavity is directed downward and forward as a kyphotic curve. The thoracic and sacral kyphotic curves are termed primary curves, because they are present in the fetus . The cervical and lumbar curves are compensatory , or secondary , and are developed after birth. The cervical curve forms when the infant is able to hold up its head (at three or four months) and sit upright (at nine months). The lumbar curve forms later from twelve to eighteen months, when

6643-401: The spine is established during embryogenesis when somites are rhythmically added to the posterior of the embryo. Somite formation begins around the third week when the embryo begins gastrulation and continues until all somites are formed. Their number varies between species: there are 42 to 44 somites in the human embryo and around 52 in the chick embryo. The somites are spheres, formed from

6734-446: The spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra. This curve is known as a kyphotic curve. The lumbar curve is more marked in the female than in the male; it begins at the middle of the last thoracic vertebra, and ends at the sacrovertebral angle. It is convex anteriorly, the convexity of the lower three vertebrae being much greater than that of the upper two. This curve is described as a lordotic curve. The sacral curve begins at

6825-415: The streets from loudspeakers on the top of a friend's van. This raucous and punkish attitude followed the band onstage to great effect; their first live concert in May 1975 ended in a fight between the band and the audience that sent Mallinder to hospital. In another incident, Mallinder was hospitalised with a chipped backbone after objects were thrown at the band. However, the arrival of punk rock brought

6916-416: The tail, and the final few can be fused into the pygostyle in birds, or into the coccygeal or tail bone in chimpanzees (and humans ). The vertebrae of lobe-finned fishes consist of three discrete bony elements. The vertebral arch surrounds the spinal cord, and is of broadly similar form to that found in most other vertebrates. Just beneath the arch lies a small plate-like pleurocentrum, which protects

7007-415: The tail. The general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in other mammals , reptiles , and birds ( amniotes ). The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups. In humans and other mammals, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces, while in reptiles the anterior surface commonly has a concave socket into which the expanded convex face of

7098-419: The total number of vertebrae ranges from 32 to 35. In about 10% of people, both the total number of pre-sacral vertebrae and the number of vertebrae in individual parts of the spine can vary. The most frequent deviations are: 11 (rarely 13) thoracic vertebrae, 4 or 6 lumbar vertebrae, 3 or 5 coccygeal vertebrae (rarely up to 7). There are numerous ligaments extending the length of the column, which include

7189-524: The underground dance scene. The 12" mix of "Sensoria", co-produced by Robin Scott of the new wave band M , was a vastly improved melding of two of the album's tracks, "Sensoria" and "Do Right". The video for the single was directed by Peter Care and earned significant air time and acclaim including a Los Angeles Times Best Video award for 1985. 1985 proved to be a busy year for the band with numerous releases as well as an American tour. Gasoline in your Eye

7280-463: The upper surface of the notochord , and below that, a larger arch-shaped intercentrum to protect the lower border. Both of these structures are embedded within a single cylindrical mass of cartilage. A similar arrangement was found in the primitive Labyrinthodonts , but in the evolutionary line that led to reptiles (and hence, also to mammals and birds), the intercentrum became partially or wholly replaced by an enlarged pleurocentrum, which in turn became

7371-449: The vertebrae consist of two cartilaginous tubes. The upper tube is formed from the vertebral arches, but also includes additional cartilaginous structures filling in the gaps between the vertebrae, and so enclosing the spinal cord in an essentially continuous sheath. The lower tube surrounds the notochord, and has a complex structure, often including multiple layers of calcification . Lampreys have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling

7462-409: The vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates . Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region. Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column, and are therefore not properly considered vertebrates, but a few tiny neural arches are present in

7553-501: The vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups of living species. Individual vertebrae are named according to their corresponding body region ( neck , thorax , abdomen , pelvis or tail ). In clinical medicine , features on vertebrae (particularly the spinous process ) can be used as surface landmarks to guide medical procedures such as lumbar punctures and spinal anesthesia . There are also many different spinal diseases in humans that can affect both

7644-475: The vertebral column presents in the median line the spinous processes. In the cervical region (with the exception of the second and seventh vertebrae), these are short, horizontal, and bifid. In the upper part of the thoracic region they are directed obliquely downward; in the middle they are almost vertical, and in the lower part they are nearly horizontal. In the lumbar region they are nearly horizontal. The spinous processes are separated by considerable intervals in

7735-541: Was an echo of Mick Fish's observation in his 1989 book Cabaret Voltaire: The Art of the Sixth Sense : "It was now a fact that many of the successful funk and dance records that were racing past them and into the charts were using a 'found' vocal track over a hard rhythm, a technique [Cabaret Voltaire] had nurtured and as near as damn it invented some ten years earlier." Alternative Press included Cabaret Voltaire in their 1996 list of "100 underground inspirations of

7826-471: Was cited as an influence on the band. In 2012, Trent Reznor stated that the Cabaret Voltaire was a major influence when working on his debut studio album with How to Destroy Angels . Others who have cited Cabaret Voltaire as an influence include Horrid Red , Fluke and Front Line Assembly . Depeche Mode 's Martin Gore once listed Cabaret Voltaire among his favourite bands. David J of Bauhaus named

7917-718: Was less favourable, writing that "Cabaret Voltaire's first two proper studio albums hardly match the greatness of later works like Red Mecca , 2 X 45 and even 3 Crepuscule Tracks ", while noting that Mix-Up "only helped solidify Cabaret Voltaire's status as an integral part of the extended frisson of 1978–1982 post-punk". All tracks are written by Cabaret Voltaire ( Chris Watson , Richard H. Kirk , Stephen Mallinder ), except as noted Cabaret Voltaire (band) Cabaret Voltaire were an English music group formed in Sheffield in 1973 and initially composed of Stephen Mallinder , Richard H. Kirk , and Chris Watson . Named for

8008-471: Was made by an Atlantic Records executive to Chicago house producer Marshall Jefferson . The introduction led to a cross-Atlantic collaboration, with the members of Cabaret Voltaire spending a month in Chicago to produce material for their 1990 album Groovy, Laidback and Nasty . Marshall brought numerous guest artists into the album's production including Ten City and Kym Mazelle , and the lead single from

8099-517: Was recorded at Western Works studios. In July 2014, Berlin Atonal reported that Cabaret Voltaire were to perform at the festival. The performance – the first in twenty years – saw a set list of all new material performed by a line-up "consisting solely of machines, multi-screen projections and Richard H. Kirk", the lone remaining member of the 'group'. In early August 2016, Cabaret Voltaire performed an hour long set of otherwise unreleased material at

8190-539: Was released that year, which was a compendium of singles videos along with prototype footage for the band's unfinished film "Earthshaker" and other band-filmed footage put to unreleased Cabaret Voltaire music. A double 12" release was derived from the video and released as Drinking Gasoline . The band rounded-out 1985 with a new album, The Covenant, The Sword and the Arm of the Lord and its single, "I Want You," which would be

8281-469: Was with an offer of a four-track Revox tape machine (in lieu of an advance) that Rough Trade secured the deal. With Rough Trade, they released several acclaimed, musically experimental singles and EPs , including Extended Play and "Nag Nag Nag", and albums such as Three Mantras , The Voice of America in 1980 and Red Mecca in 1981. In the 27 June 1978 edition of NME , Andy Gill said "I firmly believe Cabaret Voltaire will turn out to be one of

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