The Miyakoan language ( 宮古口/ミャークフツ Myākufutsu/Myākufutsї [mjaːkufutss̩] or 島口/スマフツ Sumafutsu/Sїmafutsї , Japanese : 宮古語 , romanized : Miyako-go ) is a diverse dialect cluster spoken in the Miyako Islands , located southwest of Okinawa . The combined population of the islands is about 52,000 (as of 2011). Miyakoan is a Southern Ryukyuan language , most closely related to Yaeyama . The number of competent native speakers is not known; as a consequence of Japanese language policy which refers to the language as the Miyako dialect ( 宮古方言 , Miyako hōgen ) , reflected in the education system, people below the age of 60 tend to not use the language except in songs and rituals, and the younger generation mostly uses Japanese as their first language. Miyakoan is notable among the Japonic languages in that it allows non-nasal syllable-final consonants, something not found in most Japonic languages.
18-922: [REDACTED] Look up miyako , Miyako , or みやこ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Miyako may refer to: Places in Japan [ edit ] Miyako, Iwate , a city in Iwate Prefecture Miyako Islands Miyako Island Miyakojima, Okinawa , a city of the Miyako Islands Miyako, Fukuoka , a town in Fukuoka Prefecture Miyako and Kyō no Miyako , former names of Kyoto Other use [ edit ] Miyako (given name) Miyako language ,
36-555: A Ryukyuan dialect spoken on Miyako Island and other nearby islands Miyako Pony , a breed of pony originating from Miyako island in Japan Japanese cruiser Miyako , an unprotected cruiser of the Imperial Japanese navy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Miyako . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
54-423: A Ryukyuan dialect spoken on Miyako Island and other nearby islands Miyako Pony , a breed of pony originating from Miyako island in Japan Japanese cruiser Miyako , an unprotected cruiser of the Imperial Japanese navy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Miyako . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
72-450: A devoiced nasal after s ). There is a contrast between ff꞊mɑi 'comb꞊ INCL ' and ffu꞊mɑi 'shit꞊ INCL '. With tongue twisters, speakers do not insert schwas or other voiced sounds to aid in pronunciation: The minimal word is either VV, VC, or CC (consisting of a single geminate), as in aa 'millet', ui 'over', is 'rock', ff 'comb'. There are no V or CV words; however, CCV and CVV words are found, as shown above. Syllabification
90-438: A dozen words with optionally voiced initial consonants, such as babe ~ pape (a sp. of fish) and gakspstu ~ kakspstu 'glutton', but Pellard suggests they may be loans ( babe is found in other variants, and gaks- is a Chinese loan; only a single word gama ~ kama 'grotto, cave' is not an apparent loan). /k/ may be spirantized before /ɑ/ : kaina 'arm' [kɑinɑ ~ xɑinɑ] , a꞊ka 'I (nominative)' [ɑkɑ ~ ɑxɑ ~ ɑɣɑ] . /n/
108-399: A single morpheme, the quotative particle tta . There are a few words with no voiced sounds at all (compare Nuxálk language § Syllables ): The contrast between a voiceless syllable and a voiced vowel between voiceless consonants can be seen in kff puskam [k͡f̩ːpuskɑm] 'I want to make (it)', ff꞊nkɑi [f̩ːŋɡɑi] 'to꞊the.comb', and paks꞊nu꞊tu [pɑksn̥udu] 'bee꞊ NOM ꞊ FOC ' (with
126-412: Is [ŋ] at the end of a word, and assimilates to succeeding consonants ( [m~n~ŋ] ) before another consonant. When final [ŋ] geminates, it becomes [nn] ; compare tin [tiŋ] 'silver' with tinnu [tinnu] 'silver (accusative)'. It tends to devoice after /s/ and /f/ . /m/ , on the other hand, does not assimilate and appears finally unchanged, as in mku 'right', mta 'earth', and im 'sea'. /f/
144-423: Is close to the alveolar ridge, and this feature has been inaccurately described as "apical" (it is actually laminal). In certain environments /ɨ/ rises beyond vowel space to syllabic [s̩] after /p/ and /k/ (especially before another voiced consonant) and, in variants that have voiced stops, to [z̩] after /b/ and /ɡ/ : Ōgami vowels other than /ɨ/ are not subject to devoicing next to unvoiced consonants
162-513: Is labiodental, not bilabial, and /s/ palatalizes to [ɕ] before the front vowels /i ɛ/ : pssi [pɕɕi] 'cold'. Some speakers insert an epenthetic [t] between /n/ and /s/ in what would otherwise be a sequence thereof, as in ansi [ɑnɕi ~ ɑntɕi] 'thus'. /ʋ/ is clearly labiodental as well and tends to become a fricative [v] when emphasized or when geminated, as in /kuʋʋɑ/ [kuvvɑ] 'calf'. It can be syllabic, as can all sonorants in Ōgami: vv [v̩ː] 'to sell'. Final /ʋ/ contrasts with
180-532: Is that of Tarama Island , the farthest island away. The other variants cluster as Ikema – Irabu and Central Miyako. Given the low degree of mutual intelligibility, Tarama language is sometimes considered a distinct language in its own right. An illustrative lexeme is the name of the plant Alocasia (evidently an Austronesian loan: Tagalog /biːɡaʔ/ ). This varies as Central Miyako (Hirara, Ōgami) /biʋkasːa/ , Ikema /bɯbɯːɡamː/ , Irabu (Nagahama) /bɭ̆bɭːɡasːa/ , Tarama /bivːuɭ̆ɡasːa/ . A short description of
198-416: Is truly unrounded, unlike the compressed Japanese u . It is centralized after /s/ . /u/ is rounded normally, but varies as [ʊ] . /ɛ/ varies from [e] to [æ] . Numerous vowel sequences occur, and long vowels are treated as sequences of identical vowels, keeping the inventory at five. Historical *i and *u centralized and merged to /ɨ/ as *e and *o rose to /i/ and /u/. The blade of the tongue in /ɨ/
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#1732765707809216-760: The Aragusuku dialect (spoken in the southeastern area of Miyako Island and not to be confused with the Yaeyama dialect of the same name) was published in 2022 by Wang Danning. The description here is mostly based on the Ōgami variant, the Central Miyakoan variant of the smallest of the Miyako islands, from Pellard (2009). There is additional description based on the Irabu variant, the Ikema-Irabu variant of
234-523: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up miyako , Miyako , or みやこ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Miyako may refer to: Places in Japan [ edit ] Miyako, Iwate , a city in Iwate Prefecture Miyako Islands Miyako Island Miyakojima, Okinawa , a city of the Miyako Islands Miyako, Fukuoka , a town in Fukuoka Prefecture Miyako and Kyō no Miyako , former names of Kyoto Other use [ edit ] Miyako (given name) Miyako language ,
252-542: The high back vowels: /paʋ/ 'snake', /pau/ 'stick', /paɯ/ 'fly' are accusative [pɑvvu, pɑuju, pɑɯu] with the clitic -u . [j] is mainly heard in complementary distribution with /i/ , only occurring before vowels /u, a/ . Various sequences of consonants occur ( mna 'shell', sta 'under', fta 'lid'), and long consonants are bi moraic ( sta [s̩.tɑ] fta [f̩.tɑ] , pstu [ps̩.tu] ), so they are analyzed as consonant sequences as well. These can be typologically unusual: Geminate plosives do not occur, apart from
270-460: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miyako&oldid=1203865026 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages miyako From Misplaced Pages,
288-479: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miyako&oldid=1203865026 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Miyako language The most divergent variant
306-439: The second largest of the Irabu islands. Central Miyakoan variants do not have pitch accent ; therefore, they are of ikkei type, except for the dialects of Ikema, Karimata, Uechi, and Yonaha, which have at most three types of pitch accent. Tarama distinguishes three types of accent on the phonological word (stem plus clitics), e.g. /juda꞊mai neen/ , /jadu꞊maiꜜ neen/ , /maduꜜ꞊mai neen/ , There are five vowels in Ōgami. /ɯ/
324-459: The way Japanese high vowels are. Sequences of phonetic consonants have been analyzed by Pellard (2009) as being phonemically consonantal as well. In Irabu there are five main vowels and two rare mid vowels that occur in loanwords and some clitics. In Ōgami there are nine consonants, without a voicing contrast. (Most Miyakoan variants do distinguish voicing.) The plosives tend to be somewhat aspirated initially and voiced medially. There are maybe
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