Courier was a prototype concept by Microsoft for a dual-touchscreen tablet . The device was conceived as being a digital notebook , consisting of two 7-inch touchscreens hinged together like a book, and running a custom operating system built primarily around handwriting input and a notebook-like journal for storing notes, images, and clippings from web pages.
47-411: Reports had indicated that the system was largely developed outside of the normal development channels, and existence of the project was only known by a few key engineers. The project was considered to be a successor of Codex and InkSeine , two earlier Microsoft Research efforts. Microsoft had previously classified the project as an "incubation", which is further along than a "research" project but
94-421: A book. The outside of the hinge would have contained wireless signal and battery strength indicators, and a home button to interact with the system while the booklet was closed. Courier would have relied entirely on touch input and handwriting recognition , as no external keyboard would have been available. Reports indicated that it would have been powered by NVIDIA’s Tegra 250 processor and would have weighed
141-423: A built-in clipboard with image and richtext storing support. To copy and paste text, while pressing and holding # , scroll left or right to highlight text. To copy the text to the clipboard, while still holding # , select Copy . To insert the text into a document, press and hold # , and select Paste . In S60v3 (S60 3rd Edition, Symbian 9.1-9.2) examples of clipboard provided with
188-683: A desire to build Microsoft OneNote from scratch with the dual-screen booklet form factor in mind. This idea spawned from the popularity of the Franklin Covey planner products, which utilize the booklet design. The "Smart Agenda" would have been a condensed summary of the Infinite Journal, in which hyperlinked content would bring the user to the appropriate pages of the Infinite Journal. The smart agenda would have coordinated daily activities, appointments, and tasks, as well as coordinating email and messaging. An innovative feature of
235-648: A device at this time" part. In October 2017, it was reported that Microsoft was working on a new foldable digital ink device codenamed "Andromeda", based on the concept of the Courier. In October 2019, Microsoft unveiled an upcoming dual-screen tablet in the Surface family with strong similarities to the Courier concept, known as the Surface Neo . Microsoft emphasized its support of various "postures" to support different use cases and scenarios, including support for
282-600: A little over a pound. A 3-megapixel digital camera with 4x zoom was integrated into the prototype system, and the final model might have contained an inductive charging pad for charging batteries wirelessly. The system's main purpose would have been to function as a personal notebook and day planner to track contacts, tasks, and appointments. Courier would have included applications such as Microsoft Paint and notepad to help users create and organize original content, as well as web and photo browsers, email applications, and possibly an e-reader . The core operating system of
329-694: A marker-style input, the other would have served as a quick "undo" function. Twisting the stylus would have engaged Courier's drawing functionality, and flipping the stylus over (like a pencil ) would have caused the stylus to erase content on the virtual page. On April 29, 2010, Microsoft confirmed that they will no longer support this project. The official statement was: At any given time, across any of our business groups, there are new ideas being investigated, tested, and incubated. It's in Microsoft's DNA to continually develop and incubate new technologies to foster productivity and creativity. The "Courier" project
376-411: A multi-year deal to collaborate with Syneos Health in development of a platform to leverage machine learning for the optimization of clinical trials. Microsoft's "AI for Good" initiative represents a significant commitment to leveraging artificial intelligence technology for social and environmental benefits. This initiative is part of a broader vision by Microsoft to utilize AI in addressing some of
423-468: A promise (for larger objects). In some circumstances, the transfer of certain common data formats may be achieved opaquely through the use of an abstract factory ; for example, Mac OS X uses a class called NSImage to provide access to image data stored on the clipboard, though the actual format of the image data backing the object is hidden. The sending and receiving application negotiate the formats which can be transferred in between them, oftentimes with
470-512: A single item or multiple items in different formats. The formats are identified by Uniform Type Identifiers (UTI). The data contained in the pasteboard cannot be accessed via the GUI but only from the system and applications The clipboard in macOS holds one item in multiple available formats. The contents of the clipboard can be viewed by selecting the Show Clipboard menu item from
517-458: A stylus pen and a Bluetooth keyboard (which can attach to the bottom screen of the device to create a laptop-like experience, using the remainder of the screen as either a special toolbar or a touchpad depending on position). Microsoft concurrently unveiled a dual-touchscreen smartphone with a similar concept, the Surface Duo . Microsoft Research Microsoft Research ( MSR ) is
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#1732790508881564-419: A text in one place and restore it in another, the term "delete" wasn't what one would expect in this case. Larry Tesler renamed this in 1973 as cut, copy, and paste and coined the term "clipboard" for this buffer, since these techniques need a clipboard for temporary saving the copied or cut data. Applications communicate through the clipboard by providing either serialized representations of an object, or
611-406: A time. The Courier would have featured multi-touch and stylus operation. The stylus would have operated in several different modes, allowing users to easily toggle between writing, painting, and sketching. Additionally, the physical stylus would have been able to access some new editing functions. It would have contained two quick-access buttons: one would have switched between a writing pen and
658-413: A topological quantum computer from Majorana quasiparticles. In 2002, Michael Freedman , who led Microsoft’s quantum research at Station Q in 2005, authored a paper with Kitaev demonstrating how a topological quantum computer could perform any computation that a conventional quantum computer could. In 2005, 2006 and 2008, Sankar Das Sarma , Freedman and Chetan Nayak developed theoretical proposals for
705-548: A topological qubit using the fractional quantum Hall effect and for topological quantum computing based on non-abelian anyons. In 2015, Microsoft developed the theoretical framework of Majorana zero modes for information processing through braiding-based topological quantum computing. In 2023, Microsoft research demonstrated the creation and control of Majorana quasiparticles for topological quantum computing. In 2024, Microsoft created 4 logical qubits from 30 physical qubits, demonstrating reliable logical qubits by reducing
752-408: A user logs out or reboots the system the clipboard contents are deleted – an added functionality is to save the clipboard persistently. Another example is making the local clipboard work with online applications by saving the clipboard data to the online location upon a copy or cut event, making this data available to online applications for pasting. Clipboard managers can also serve as tools to overcome
799-399: Is an exploit in which a person's clipboard's content is replaced by malicious data, such as a link to a malicious web site. For example, if a user copies a cryptocurrency receiving address into the clipboard, a hijacking program can overwrite it with an address controlled by the hijacker, so that when the user pastes the address their cryptocurrency is transmitted to the hijacker instead of
846-436: Is an example of this type of effort and its technologies will be evaluated for use in future Microsoft offerings, but we have no plans to build such a device at this time. On The Official Microsoft Blog, Frank Shaw, the Microsoft vice president who made the statement, referenced the articles published about the cancellation of the project as "speculation" and re-quoted himself, leaving out the "but we have no plans to build such
893-407: Is left to the program to define methods for the user to command these operations, which may include keybindings and menu selections . When an element is copied or cut, the clipboard must store enough information to enable a sensible result no matter where the element is pasted. Application programs may extend the clipboard functions that the operating system provides. A clipboard manager may give
940-418: Is not standardized. However, most modern toolkits and desktop environments, such as GNOME or KDE , follow a widely accepted convention, outlined in the freedesktop.org specification. One selection, CLIPBOARD, is used for traditional clipboard semantics, with shortcuts identical to Windows. Another selection, PRIMARY, is an X11-specific mechanism. Data is "copied" immediately upon highlighting and pasted with
987-427: Is not yet in the commercial pipeline. In 2010, Microsoft confirmed that the project had ended and that they had no current plans to produce such a device. In October 2019, Microsoft unveiled an upcoming dual-screen tablet known as the Surface Neo , which has been widely-compared to Courier in terms of design and concept. The tablet was reported to have two seven-inch screens with a flexible hinge to allow closure like
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#17327905088811034-504: The Basic Application Framework Library (BAFL). There was a number of free and commercial third party clipboard managing applications with multi-item clipboard support created for different Symbian editions. The X Window System commonly used on Unix and Linux systems provides three clipboards, which are named "CLIPBOARD", "PRIMARY" and "SECONDARY". The usage and handling of various selections
1081-452: The Courier was reportedly a specialized version of Microsoft Windows CE , however the Courier would not have allowed installation of native Windows applications onto the system. All Courier applications would have had to have been designed specifically for the Courier's booklet form factor. In addition, some reports had indicated that the Courier would incorporate a front-side video camera for live video conferencing (via Microsoft Messenger) on
1128-662: The Finder's Edit menu. The raw data and the stored formats can be seen using the ClipboardViewer. Using the following commands the clipboard can be accessed from the command line: The clipboard in Microsoft Windows and ReactOS holds one item in multiple available formats. Every item has at least one clipboard format, but can have different types of format of the same data. The three different types of possible formats are: Up to and including Windows XP
1175-468: The Microsoft Courier would have been users' ability to "clip" content from web sites or emails, to "tuck" the clipping underneath the physical hinge of the journal, and then to flip the virtual pages until the clipping was pasted into the appropriate page. This differs from a traditional clipboard , in which copied items are not visible while on the clipboard, and are usually manipulated one at
1222-556: The SDK: ..\Examples\SysLibs\Clipboard\Basics . To read and write clipboard used CPlainText Class: CPlainText could be very nice solution. But in Symbian reality, let read the manual. There is one small but important phrase which can figure out CPlainText as non-acceptable solution in your case: “…all line feeds are converted into paragraph delimiters…” In Symbian Belle , clipboard support defined with CClipboard Class in
1269-625: The active GUI widget responsible for providing acceptable type transformations. The pasteboard allows for transfer of common items such as URLs, colors, images, strings, attributed strings ( Rich text ), and sounds. The operating system and GUI toolkit may provide some common conversions, for example converting from rich text to plain text and vice versa. Various type identifiers for data transfer are supported by modern operating systems, which may automatically provide acceptable mappings between type systems, such as between MIME and Uniform Type Identifier . Clipboard hijacking or clipboard injection
1316-722: The clipboard could be accessed via the ClipBook Viewer application. In newer versions of Windows the content can be accessed via clipboard managers . Data can be stored to the Windows and ReactOS clipboard via command line using the clip command : The clipboard can also be accessed via PowerShell : Windows 10 and Windows 11 include the Clipboard application, allowing for the storage of multiple text-based clipboard items. It can be accessed by pressing Windows+V. Symbian S60 ( Series 60 ), depending on edition, has
1363-423: The clipboard. On platforms such as Linux that use multiple incompatible GUI toolkits, clipboard managers are often used to transfer data between applications using different such frameworks. When a clipboard manager provides multiple cut and paste transactions, the clipboard is treated as a stack or scrap book, with new cuts and copies being placed on a list of recent transactions. The standard paste operation copies
1410-434: The clipboard; complex data are stored by reference. The clip object has one of three formats: text string, URI object, or intent. To interact with the clipboard, an app uses the class ClipboardManager and system calls to cut, copy, and paste objects. In Android 8.0, the clipboard first appears in the user interface: In a situation where the user prepares to paste from the clipboard, a "Clipboard" option appears that gives
1457-436: The content of a clipboard or read from it (clipboardData.getData(), clipboardData.setData()) exist, but aren't supported by every browser since altering the clipboard of a user can represent a security issue. In Qt a wrapper for every supported platform exists. It provides access to window system clipboards with the use of the class QClipboard. This class facilitates access to common data types by functions. The data type of
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1504-484: The core Microsoft Research labs and Microsoft Research AI, Microsoft Research NExT (for New Experiences and Technologies), and other incubation efforts all directed by corporate vice president Peter Lee . Microsoft research is categorized into the following broad areas: Microsoft Research sponsors the Microsoft Research Fellowship for graduate students. Microsoft has research labs around
1551-519: The intended recipient. While some security-holes were patched, JavaScript can still be used to modify clipboard content via an attack dubbed 'pastejacking'. Dylan Ayrey who developed the attack set up a website that demonstrates how this exploit can be used to trick a user into running commands they didn't want to run. There have been exploits where web pages grab clipboard data. In early 2013 researchers exposed risks stemming from Android -based password managers and documented how passwords in 21 of
1598-584: The largest percentage of those patents, at 20%. According to estimates in trade publications, Microsoft spent about $ 6 billion annually in research initiatives from 2002 to 2010 and has spent from $ 10–14 billion annually since 2010. Microsoft Research has made significant advances in the field of AI which it has infused in its products including Kinect , Bing , Holo Lens , Cortana , Microsoft Translator , Linkedin , Havok and Dynamics to provide its customers with more benefits and better service. The mission statement of MSR is: Microsoft Research includes
1645-427: The left side of the notebook so that users could have edited documents or taken notes on the right side. The primary interface of the Courier would have been the Infinite Journal, an electronic journal with an unlimited number of pages upon which users could have taken notes, dragged photos, sketched drawings, and stored "web clippings." Each page would have been stamped with the current time and location when each page
1692-403: The limitation of software not supporting copying and pasting (for example, while logging into remote Windows server, one cannot copy and paste their user name and password). The Amiga operating system uses 256 units, so one has multiple clipboards at the same time. Android provides a clipboard that can hold up to one clip object and is accessible system-wide. Simple text is stored directly in
1739-473: The logical error rate by 800x compared to the physical error rate. Clipboard (computing) The clipboard is a buffer that some operating systems provide for short-term storage and transfer within and between application programs. The clipboard is usually temporary and unnamed, and its contents reside in the computer's RAM . The clipboard provides an application programming interface by which programs can specify cut, copy and paste operations. It
1786-410: The most popular of these apps could be accessed by any other app on an Android device including those with extremely low-level privileges. Joe Siegrist notes that this is an " OS -level issue that impacts everything running on Android". Clipboard manager extensions add functionality to the integrated clipboard functions of an operating system. They are applications that enable the user to manipulate
1833-441: The most recent transaction, while specialized pastes provide access to the other stored transactions. These managers generally also provide a window that displays the transaction history and allows the user to select earlier copies, edit them, change their format and even search amongst them. Since most operating systems (e.g. Windows, macOS, Linux, X11, Android, iOS) do not save the clipboard contents to any persistent storage – when
1880-521: The reference to the copied or cut data. The application claims the ownership of the CLIPBOARD selection and communicates its ownership to the X Server. When pasting this data, the data and its available formats are requested from the application that owns the CLIPBOARD selection. Applications can access the clipboard or its data via APIs . In JavaScript a class which detects changes in the users clipboard data (ClipboardEvent) and functions to alter
1927-630: The research subsidiary of Microsoft . It was created in 1991 by Richard Rashid , Bill Gates and Nathan Myhrvold with the intent to advance state-of-the-art computing and solve difficult world problems through technological innovation in collaboration with academic, government, and industry researchers. The Microsoft Research team has more than 1,000 computer scientists, physicists, engineers, and mathematicians, including Turing Award winners, Fields Medal winners, MacArthur Fellows , and Dijkstra Prize winners. Between 2010 and 2018, 154,000 AI patents were filed worldwide, with Microsoft having by far
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1974-489: The third (middle) mouse button. This copied data is usually separated from the CLIPBOARD selection and does not change its contents. SECONDARY was planned as an alternative to PRIMARY but is only used inconsistently. There are two command line tools (xsel and xclip) which can access the clipboard: The main difference to OS X and Windows is that no data is actually stored in the CLIPBOARD-clipboard but only
2021-495: The user access to many objects copied or cut to the clipboard in the past. Apart from that, and in earlier versions, the user has no access to the clipboard except in apps that make it available to the user. The clipboard is called "pasteboard" in iOS similar to OS X. Apps on this operating system can create additional pasteboards, called instances of the UIPasteboard class, which can be public or private. One instance can hold
2068-473: The user additional control over the clipboard. Specific clipboard semantics vary among operating systems, can also vary between versions of the same system, and can sometimes be changed by programs and by user preferences. Windows , Linux and macOS support a single clipboard transaction. Clipboards as buffers for small text snippets were first used by Pentti Kanerva when he used it to store deleted texts in order to restore them. Since one could delete
2115-765: The world including the following non-exhaustive list: Microsoft Research invests in multi-year collaborative joint research with academic institutions at Barcelona Supercomputing Center , INRIA , Carnegie Mellon University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), the Microsoft Research Centre for Social NUI and others. Since 2016, Microsoft has partnered with Toyota Connected to research technology for telematics , data analytics and network security services. In October 2019, Microsoft partnered with Novartis to apply artificial intelligence to enhance personalized medicine research. In 2023, Microsoft signed
2162-452: The world's most challenging issues, including those related to health, the environment, accessibility, cultural heritage, and humanitarian action. AI for Good includes topics like Microsoft AI for Earth . Microsoft Azure Quantum has researched quantum information science since 2000 and is developing a topological quantum computer based on Majorana zero modes. In 2000, physicist Alexei Kitaev at Microsoft Research proposed developing
2209-652: Was entered. These concepts are similar to the existing Windows Journal , which has been included in every version of Windows since XP. The mechanism for the location geotagging function might have come through an internal GPS, geolocation through IP connectivity through wireless access points, or through manual entry. Users might also have been able to highlight an infinite number of keywords to tag and index for future searching. The journal (in whole or in part) would have been able to be published online in several formats, including PDF and Microsoft PowerPoint documents. The Infinite Journal concept reportedly originated from
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