62-595: The Midland Air Museum (MAM) is situated just outside the village of Baginton in Warwickshire , England , and is adjacent to Coventry Airport . The museum includes the Sir Frank Whittle Jet Heritage Centre (named after the local aviation pioneer and inventor of the jet engine ), where many exhibits are on display in a large hangar . It also has a small hangar, and a fenced-off green area where many aircraft are on display in
124-524: A restaurant and hotel called The Old Mill. Baginton is often misspelt / mispronounced as 'Bagington'. Baginton was populated since at least the Iron Age , and the Domesday Book of 1086 records that in the 11th century, Baginton consisted of 15 households and a mill. Baginton Castle was built around 1397 on the site of a house built during the 6th century, and 15th-16th century earthworks from
186-417: A given species, and a number of resources exist to collect and analyse cicada sounds. In some species of cicadas, the males remain in one location and call to attract females. Sometimes, several males aggregate and call in chorus. In other species, the males move from place to place, usually with quieter calls, while searching for females. The Tettigarctidae differ from other cicadas in producing vibrations in
248-538: A nuclear missile, and a Boulton Paul BP.111A , an experimental delta-winged aircraft of the 1950s. The museum also has an English Electric Canberra PR.3 , two English Electric Lightnings (the RAF's fastest ever interceptor), two Gloster Meteors (one on loan from the Royal Air Force Museum ), an Armstrong Whitworth Sea Hawk FGA.6 , a Mil Mi-24 helicopter, and many others. The Midland Air Museum has
310-671: A number of aero engines on display with a dedicated section on the work of Frank Whittle . Baginton Baginton is a village and civil parish in the Warwick district of Warwickshire , England, and has a common border with the City of Coventry / West Midlands county . With a population of 801 ( 2001 Census ), Baginton village is 4 miles (6.4 km) south of central Coventry, 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northeast of Kenilworth (its post town) and 7 miles (11 km) north of Leamington Spa . The population had reduced slightly to 755 at
372-418: A number of distinct "broods" that go through either a 17-year (Brood XIII), or in some parts of the region, a 13-year (Brood XIX) life cycle The long life cycles may have developed as a response to predators , such as the cicada killer wasp and praying mantis . A specialist predator with a shorter life cycle of at least two years could not reliably prey upon the cicadas; for example, a 17-year cicada with
434-587: A predator approaches. A loud cicada song, especially in chorus, has been asserted to repel predators, but observations of predator responses refute the claim. Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of Homer's Iliad , and as motifs in decorative art from the Chinese Shang dynasty (1766–1122 BCE). They are described by Aristotle in his History of Animals and by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History ; their mechanism of sound production
496-497: A predator with a five-year life cycle will only be threatened by a peak predator population every 85 (5 × 17) years, while a non-prime cycle such as 15 would be endangered at every year of emergence. An alternate hypothesis is that these long life cycles evolved during the ice ages so as to overcome cold spells, and that as species co-emerged and hybridized, they left distinct species that did not hybridize having periods matching prime numbers . The 13- and 17-year cicadas only emerge in
558-525: A ring with an image of a cicada and a hair pin . Baginton is the site of Coventry Airport , which lies just southeast of the village. First opened in 1936 as Baginton Aerodrome, it has been used for general aviation , flight training and commercial freight and passenger flights. It had a grass surface for aeroplanes to land and take off. With the Second World War it became a fighter airfield. By October 1941, No. 308 Polish Fighter Squadron
620-493: A summer day; roughly a 24-hour cycle . Most cicadas are diurnal in their calling and depend on external heat to warm them up, while a few are capable of raising their temperatures using muscle action and some species are known to call at dusk. Kanakia gigas and Froggattoides typicus are among the few that are known to be truly nocturnal and there may be other nocturnal species living in tropical forests. Cicadas call from varying heights on trees. Where multiple species occur,
682-469: A variety of species by imitating the timed click replies of sexually receptive female cicadas, which respond in pair formation by flicking their wings. Their prime-number life cycle prevents predators with a life cycle of two or more years from synchronising with their emergence. Several fungal diseases infect and kill adult cicadas, while other fungi in the genera Ophiocordyceps and Isaria attack nymphs. Massospora cicadina specifically attacks
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#1732780133806744-668: A velocity of up to 3 meters per second, making them the fastest among all assessed animals, including mammals like elephants and horses. Cicadas, unlike other Auchenorrhyncha, are not adapted for jumping (saltation). They have the usual insect modes of locomotion , walking and flight, but they do not walk or run well, and take to the wing to travel distances greater than a few centimetres. Cicadas are commonly eaten by birds and mammals, as well as bats , wasps , mantises , spiders , and robber flies . In times of mass emergence of cicadas, various amphibians, fish, reptiles, mammals, and birds change their foraging habits so as to benefit from
806-561: Is among the loudest insects in the world. More than 40 species from five genera populate New Zealand, ranging from sea level to mountain tops, and all are endemic to New Zealand and its surrounding islands ( Kermadec Islands , Chatham Islands ). One species is found on Norfolk Island, which technically is part of Australia. The closest relatives of the NZ cicadas live in New Caledonia and Australia. Fossil Cicadomorpha first appeared in
868-408: Is loud enough to cause permanent hearing loss in humans should the cicada be at "close range". In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that they are inaudible to humans. For the human ear, telling precisely where a cicada song originates is often difficult. The pitch is nearly constant, the sound is continuous to the human ear, and cicadas sing in scattered groups. In addition to
930-530: Is mentioned by Hesiod in his poem " Works and Days ": "when the Skolymus flowers, and the tuneful Tettix sitting on his tree in the weary summer season pours forth from under his wings his shrill song". In the classic 14th-century Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Diaochan took her name from the sable ( diāo ) tails and jade decorations in the shape of cicadas ( chán ), which adorned
992-587: Is not synchronized, so some members of each species appear every year. Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of Homer 's Iliad and as motifs in art from the Chinese Shang dynasty . They have also been used in myth and folklore as symbols of carefree living and immortality. The cicada is also mentioned in Hesiod 's Shield (ll.393–394), in which it is said to sing when millet first ripens. Cicadas are eaten by humans in various parts of
1054-411: Is produced principally and in the majority of species using a special structure called a tymbal , a pair of which lies below each side of the anterior abdominal region. The structure is buckled by muscular action and, being made of resilin , unbuckles rapidly on muscle relaxation, producing their characteristic sounds. Some cicadas, however, have mechanisms for stridulation , sometimes in addition to
1116-549: Is subdivided into the subfamilies Cicadettinae , Cicadinae , Derotettiginae , Tibicininae (or Tettigadinae), and Tettigomyiinae they are found on all continents except Antarctica. Some previous works also included a family-level taxon called the Tibiceninae . The largest species is the Malaysian emperor cicada Megapomponia imperatoria ; its wingspan is up to about 20 cm (8 in). Cicadas are also notable for
1178-602: The 2011 Census . The Lucy Price playing field is situated centrally in the village. Coventry Airport (built 1936), the Lunt Roman Fort and the ancient "Baginton oak" tree are within the village, whilst the Midland Air Museum is just outside Baginton. The road from Baginton to southern Coventry (the city's Finham district) passes over the River Sowe near an old mill, which now is inhabited by
1240-452: The Battle of Shrewsbury . The ruin that can be seen is of a late fourteenth-century house, but it is not well known due to its location in an area of woodland on private land. If Baginton Castle did exist here before this house, there is no sign of its ruins. Baginton Castle and Fish Ponds constitute a Scheduled Monument . The vestiges of the castle are a Grade II listed building. The site
1302-538: The Cicadidae , with more than 3,000 species described from around the world; many species remain undescribed. Nearly all of cicada species are annual cicadas with the exception of the few North American periodical cicada species, genus Magicicada , which in a given region emerge en masse every 13 or 17 years. Cicadas have prominent eyes set wide apart, short antennae, and membranous front wings. They have an exceptionally loud song, produced in most species by
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#17327801338061364-602: The Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Eurasia and South America. The first of these was a fore wing discovered in the Taynton Limestone Formation of Oxfordshire, England; it was initially described as a butterfly in 1873, before being recognised as a cicada-like form and renamed Palaeontina oolitica . Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae had diverged from each other prior to or during the Jurassic , as evidenced by fossils related to both lineages present by
1426-598: The Late Triassic . The superfamily Palaeontinoidea contains three families. The Upper Permian Dunstaniidae are found in Australia and South Africa, and also in younger rocks from China. The Upper Triassic Mesogereonidae are found in Australia and South Africa. This group, though, is currently thought to be more distantly related to Cicadomorpha than previously thought. The Palaeontinidae or "giant cicadas" (though only distantly related to true cicadas) come from
1488-475: The Paleocene , around 56-59 million years ago. Cicadas are large insects made conspicuous by the courtship calls of the males. They are characterized by having three joints in their tarsi , and having small antennae with conical bases and three to six segments, including a seta at the tip. The Auchenorrhyncha differ from other hemipterans by having a rostrum that arises from the posteroventral part of
1550-413: The substrate rather than audible sounds. After mating, the female cuts slits into the bark of a twig where she deposits her eggs. Both male and female cicadas die within a few weeks after emerging from the soil. Although they have mouthparts and are able to consume some plant liquids for nutrition, the amount eaten is very small and the insects have a natural adult lifespan of less than two months. When
1612-603: The tracheae serve as resonance chambers with which it amplifies the sound. The cicada also modulates the song by positioning its abdomen toward or away from the substrate. Partly by the pattern in which it combines the clicks, each species produces its own distinctive mating songs and acoustic signals, ensuring that the song attracts only appropriate mates. The tettigarctid (or hairy) cicadas Tettigarcta crinita of Australia and T. tomentosa have rudimentary tymbals in both sexes and do not produce airborne sounds. Both males and females produce vibrations that are transmitted through
1674-550: The Baptist is situated in the old part of Baginton. A scenic footpath starts near the church and leads to Stoneleigh . Baginton is the site of an old oak tree which is often called the Baginton oak . It is about 300–350 years old and is thought to be one of the oldest trees in Warwickshire . A nearby public house is called The Oak. Henry Percy was imprisoned at Baginton Castle following his son Harry Hotspur 's defeat at
1736-507: The Cicadidae in having the prothorax extending as far as the scutellum , and by lacking the tympanal apparatus. The adult insect, known as an imago , is 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) in total length in most species. The largest, the empress cicada ( Megapomponia imperatoria ), has a head-body length around 7 cm (2.8 in), and its wingspan is 18–20 cm (7–8 in). Cicadas have prominent compound eyes set wide apart on
1798-550: The Middle Jurassic (~ 165 million years ago) The morphology of well preserved fossils of early relatives of Cicadidae from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar suggests that unlike many modern cicadids, they were either silent or only made quiet sounds. Most fossil Cicadidae are known from the Cenozoic, and the oldest unambiguously identified modern cicadid is Davispia bearcreekensis (subfamily Tibicininae) from
1860-1033: The North American species are the annual or jarfly or dog-day cicadas, members of the Neotibicen , Megatibicen , or Hadoa genera, so named because they emerge in late July and August. The best-known North American genus, however, may be Magicicada . These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 or 17 years, with adults suddenly and briefly emerging in large numbers . Australian cicadas are found on tropical islands and cold coastal beaches around Tasmania, in tropical wetlands, high and low deserts, alpine areas of New South Wales and Victoria , large cities including Sydney , Melbourne , and Brisbane , and Tasmanian highlands and snowfields. Many of them have common names such as cherry nose, brown baker, red eye , greengrocer, yellow Monday, whisky drinker, double drummer , and black prince. The Australian greengrocer, Cyclochila australasiae ,
1922-703: The Western Pacific. About 100 species occur in the Palaearctic . A few species are found in southern Europe, and a single species was known from England, the New Forest cicada , Cicadetta montana , which also occurs in continental Europe. Many species await formal description and many well-known species are yet to be studied carefully using modern acoustic analysis tools that allow their songs to be characterized. Cicadinae Cicadettinae Tettigomyiinae Tibicininae Tettigarctidae Many of
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1984-401: The abdomen. The abdomen is segmented, with the hindermost segments housing the reproductive organs, and terminates in females with a large, saw-edged ovipositor . In males, the abdomen is largely hollow and used as a resonating chamber . The surface of the fore wing is superhydrophobic ; it is covered with minute, waxy cones, blunt spikes that create a water-repellent film. Rain rolls across
2046-428: The adults of periodical cicadas, the spores remaining dormant in the soil between outbreaks. This fungus is also capable of dosing cicadas with psilocybin , the psychedelic drug found in magic mushrooms , as well as cathinone , an alkaloid similar to various amphetamines . These chemicals alter the behaviour of the cicadas, driving males to copulate, including attempts with males, and is thought to be beneficial to
2108-445: The body and pressed close to the substrate. Some cicada species play dead when threatened. Some cicadas such as Hemisciera maculipennis display bright deimatic flash coloration on their hind wings when threatened; the sudden contrast helps to startle predators, giving the cicadas time to escape. Most cicadas are diurnal and rely on camouflage when at rest, but some species use aposematism -related Batesian mimicry , wearing
2170-546: The bright colors that warn of toxicity in other animals; the Malaysian Huechys sanguinea has conspicuous red and black warning coloration, is diurnal, and boldly flies about in full view of possible predators. Predators such as the sarcophagid fly Emblemasoma hunt cicadas by sound, being attracted to their songs. Singing males soften their song so that the attention of the listener gets distracted to neighbouring louder singers, or cease singing altogether as
2232-411: The cicadas' distinctive sounds, both sexes have membranous structures called tympana (singular – tympanum) by which they detect sounds, the equivalent of having ears. Males disable their own tympana while calling, thereby preventing damage to their hearing; a necessity partly because some cicadas produce sounds up to 120 dB (SPL) which is among the loudest of all insect-produced sounds. The song
2294-405: The day as adults, with some calling at dawn or dusk. Only a rare few species are known to be nocturnal. One exclusively North American genus, Magicicada (the periodical cicadas ), which spend most of their lives as underground nymphs, emerge in predictable intervals of 13 or 17 years, depending on the species and the location. The unusual duration and synchronization of their emergence may reduce
2356-473: The eggs hatch, the newly hatched nymphs drop to the ground and burrow. Cicadas live underground as nymphs for most of their lives at depths down to about 2.5 m (8 ft). Nymphs have strong front legs for digging and excavating chambers near to roots, where they feed on xylem sap. In the process, their bodies and interior of the burrow become coated in anal fluids. In wet habitats, larger species construct mud towers above ground to aerate their burrows. In
2418-433: The eyes and makes up most of the front of the head; it contains the pumping musculature. The thorax has three segments and houses the powerful wing muscles. They have two pairs of membranous wings that may be hyaline , cloudy, or pigmented. The wing venation varies between species and may help in identification. The middle thoracic segment has an operculum on the underside, which may extend posteriorly and obscure parts of
2480-434: The final nymphal instar , they construct an exit tunnel to the surface and emerge. They then moult (shed their skins) on a nearby plant for the last time, and emerge as adults. The exuviae or abandoned exoskeletons remain, still clinging to the bark of the tree. Most cicadas go through a life cycle that lasts 2–5 years. Some species have much longer life cycles, such as the North American genus, Magicicada , which has
2542-666: The food plants and extrude the excess water through pores in the tergum at a modest cost in energy. Such a rapid loss of water can be sustained only by feeding on water-rich xylem sap . At lower temperatures, feeding cicadas would normally need to excrete the excess water. By evaporative cooling, desert cicadas can reduce their bodily temperature by some 5 °C. Some non-desert cicada species such as Magicicada tredecem also cool themselves evaporatively, but less dramatically. Conversely, many other cicadas can voluntarily raise their body temperatures as much as 22 °C (40 °F) above ambient temperature. The "singing" of male cicadas
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2604-482: The former village also survive. In December 2019, Roman and Anglo-Saxon artifacts, including pottery , jugs , and jewelry , were unearthed from burial grounds by archaeologists led by Nigel Page. The team of researchers believed that two of the graves belonged to a "high-status" rank officer and a Roman girl aged 6–12 years old. Findings from the Roman cremation burial site of a young girl included four brooches ,
2666-709: The fungus, as the fungal spores are dispersed by a larger number of infected carriers. Plants can also defend themselves against cicadas. Although cicadas can feed on the roots of gymnosperms, it has been found that resinous conifers such as pine do not allow the eggs of Magicicada to hatch, the resin sealing up the egg cavities. Cicadas use a variety of strategies to evade predators. Large cicadas can fly rapidly to escape if disturbed. Many are extremely well camouflaged to evade predators such as birds that hunt by sight. Being coloured like tree bark and disruptively patterned to break up their outlines, they are difficult to discern; their partly transparent wings are held over
2728-472: The glut. Newly hatched nymphs may be eaten by ants, and nymphs living underground are preyed on by burrowing mammals such as moles. In northern Japan, brown bears prey on final instar nymphs of cicadas during summer by digging up the ground. In Australia, cicadas are preyed on by the Australian cicada killer wasp ( Exeirus lateritius ), which stings and stuns cicadas high in the trees, making them drop to
2790-951: The great length of time some species take to mature. At least 3,000 cicada species are distributed worldwide, in essentially any habitat that has deciduous trees, with the majority being in the tropics. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographical region, and many species have a very limited range. This high degree of endemism has been used to study the biogeography of complex island groups such as in Indonesia and Asia. There are several hundred described species in Australia and New Zealand , around 150 in South Africa, over 170 in America north of Mexico, at least 800 in Latin America, and over 200 in Southeast Asia and
2852-417: The ground, where the cicada hunter mounts and carries them, pushing with its hind legs, sometimes over a distance of 100 m, until they can be shoved down into its burrow, where the numb cicadas are placed onto one of many shelves in a "catacomb", to form the food stock for the wasp grub that grows out of the egg deposited there. A katydid predator from Australia is capable of attracting singing male cicadas of
2914-530: The hats of high-level officials. In the Japanese novel The Tale of Genji , the title character poetically likens one of his many love interests to a cicada for the way she delicately sheds her robe the way a cicada sheds its shell when molting. Cicada exuviae play a role in the manga Winter Cicada . Cicadas are a frequent subject of haiku , where, depending on type, they can indicate spring, summer, or autumn. Shaun Tan 's illustrated book Cicada tells
2976-422: The head, complex sound-producing membranes, and a mechanism for linking the wings that involves a down-rolled edging on the rear of the fore wing and an upwardly protruding flap on the hind wing. Cicadas are feeble jumpers, and nymphs lack the ability to jump altogether. Another defining characteristic is the adaptations of the fore limbs of nymphs for underground life. The relict family Tettigarctidae differs from
3038-441: The mating song, many species have a distinct distress call, usually a broken and erratic sound emitted by the insect when seized or panicked. Some species also have courtship songs, generally quieter, and produced after a female has been drawn to the calling song. Males also produce encounter calls, whether in courtship or to maintain personal space within choruses. The songs of cicadas are considered by entomologists to be unique to
3100-517: The midwestern and eastern US in the same year every 221 years (13 × 17), with 2024 being the first such year since 1803. Cicada nymphs drink sap from the xylem of various species of trees, including oak , cypress , willow , ash , and maple . While common folklore indicates that adults do not eat, they actually do drink plant sap using their sucking mouthparts. Cicadas excrete fluid in streams of droplets due to their high volume consumption of xylem sap. The jets of urine that cicadas produce have
3162-560: The number of cicadas lost to predation , both by making them a less reliably available prey (so that any predator that evolved to depend on cicadas for sustenance might starve waiting for their emergence), and by emerging in such huge numbers that they will satiate any remaining predators before losing enough of their number to threaten their survival as a species. The annual cicadas are species that emerge every year. Though these cicadas' life cycles can vary from 1 to 9 or more years as underground nymphs, their emergence above ground as adults
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#17327801338063224-585: The open. The museum's two largest aircraft are an Avro Vulcan B.2 and an Armstrong Whitworth Argosy AW.650 (series 101) . The restored Avro Vulcan is a delta-winged aircraft that was originally part of the V bomber force and could be equipped with nuclear missiles as part of Britain's role in NATO 's nuclear deterrent force during the Cold War . It is on display near the museum's car park, together with an Avro Blue Steel missile , an early design format of such
3286-468: The rapid buckling and unbuckling of drum-like tymbals . The earliest known fossil Cicadomorpha appeared in the Upper Permian period; extant species occur all around the world in temperate to tropical climates. They typically live in trees, feeding on watery sap from xylem tissue, and laying their eggs in a slit in the bark. Most cicadas are cryptic . The vast majority of species are active during
3348-472: The sides of the head. The short antennae protrude between the eyes or in front of them. They also have three small ocelli located on the top of the head in a triangle between the two large eyes; this distinguishes cicadas from other members of the Hemiptera. The mouthparts form a long, sharp rostrum that they insert into the plant to feed. The postclypeus is a large, nose-like structure that lies between
3410-444: The species may use different heights and timing of calling. While the vast majority of cicadas call from above the ground, two Californian species, Okanagana pallidula and O. vanduzeei are known to call from hollows made at the base of the tree below the ground level. The adaptive significance is unclear, as the calls are not amplified or modified by the burrow structure, but this may avoid predation . Although only males produce
3472-709: The story of a hardworking but underappreciated cicada working in an office. Branden Jacobs-Jenkins' play Appropriate takes place on an Arkansas farm in summer, and calls for the sounds of mating cicadas to underscore the entire show. Being lightweight, and with hooklike legs, the exuviae of cicadas can be used as hair or clothing accessories. Cicadas were eaten in Ancient Greece , and are consumed in selected regions in modern China , both as adults and (more often) as nymphs. Cicadas are also eaten in Malaysia , Burma , North America, and central Africa, as well as
3534-683: The surface, removing dirt in the process. In the absence of rain, dew condenses on the wings. When the droplets coalesce, the cicada leaps several millimetres into the air, which also serves to clean the wings. Bacteria landing on the wing surface are not repelled; rather, their membranes are torn apart by the nanoscale-sized spikes, making the wing surface the first-known biomaterial that can kill bacteria. Desert cicadas such as Diceroprocta apache are unusual among insects in controlling their temperature by evaporative cooling , analogous to sweating in mammals. When their temperature rises above about 39 °C (102 °F), they suck excess sap from
3596-478: The tree substrate. They are considered as representing the original state from which other cicada communication has evolved. Average temperature of the natural habitat for the South American species Fidicina rana is about 29 °C (84 °F). During sound production, the temperature of the tymbal muscles was found to be significantly higher. Many cicadas sing most actively during the hottest hours of
3658-521: The tymbals. Here, the wings are rubbed over a series of midthoracic ridges. In the Chinese species Subpsaltria yangi , both males and females can stridulate. The sounds may further be modulated by membranous coverings and by resonant cavities. The male abdomen in some species is largely hollow, and acts as a sound box . By rapidly vibrating these membranes, a cicada combines the clicks into apparently continuous notes, and enlarged chambers derived from
3720-607: The world, including China , Myanmar , Malaysia , and central Africa . The name is directly from the onomatopoeic Latin cicada . The superfamily Cicadoidea is a sister of the Cercopoidea (the froghoppers). Cicadas are arranged into two families: the Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. The two extant species of the Tettigarctidae include one in southern Australia and the other in Tasmania . The family Cicadidae
3782-468: Was located at Baginton. The Midland Air Museum on Rowley Road is adjacent to the northern boundary of Coventry Airport. The remains of the ancient Roman Lunt Fort have been found in Baginton on the north side of the village. Parts of the fort were reconstructed in the 1970s, and it has become a popular site for school visits, as well as holding activity days during the summer. The Church of St John
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#17327801338063844-547: Was opened to the public in 2009. Cicada The cicadas ( / s ɪ ˈ k ɑː d ə z , - ˈ k eɪ -/ ) are a superfamily, the Cicadoidea , of insects in the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They are in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha , along with smaller jumping bugs such as leafhoppers and froghoppers . The superfamily is divided into two families, the Tettigarctidae , with two species in Australia, and
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