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65-428: Source: As of 2019 Military World Games . As of 2017 Winter Military World Games . 2019 Military World Games The 2019 Military World Games ( Chinese : 2019年世界军人运动会 ; pinyin : nián shìjiè jūnrén yùndònghuì ), officially known as the 7th CISM Military World Games , ( Chinese : 第七届世界军人运动会 ; pinyin : dì qī jiè shìjiè jūnrén yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Wuhan 2019 ,

130-441: A whistle be carried for safety reasons. Competitive orienteers usually use specialized equipment: Orienteering events can be classified in many different aspects: Classic orienteering involves a race between controls in a preset order. The winner is the person who completes the course in the shortest time. This is called a "cross-country" course as distinct from a score course (see below). Courses are normally designed so that

195-512: A "control description sheet" or "clue sheet" which gives a precise description of the feature and the location of the kite, e.g., boulder, 5m, north side. For experienced orienteers the descriptions use symbols (pictorial), in accordance with the IOF Control descriptions . Each competitor is required to carry an electronic or paper control card, and to present it at the Start and hand it in at

260-531: A competitive sport for military officers, then for civilians. The name is derived from a word root meaning to find the direction or location. The first civilian orienteering competition open to the public was held in Norway in 1897, when Norway was still a part of the Swedish Union . From the beginning, locations selected for orienteering have been chosen in part for their beauty, natural or man-made. For

325-593: A format suitable for Olympic competitions have focused on park orienteering, micro-orienteering, and short-distance relays. Sprint Orienteering on foot as a format of the sport is most likely to be included in Olympic Games, as this discipline is becoming more and more popular worldwide and can have a significant spectator interest. According to the website of a Chicago Orienteering club, "the International Orienteering Federation

390-458: A larger tournament. Competitors use a headlamp to navigate in the dark. Reflective markers often are used on control point flags, which shifts the tactics from precision navigation to searching. Competitors can travel at high speed to the vicinity of the control point, then sweep the area with the light to catch a reflection off the control flag. If a night event starts before dark, a mass start must be used so all competitors have equal time in

455-544: A low-key affair; score events, often at night, normally as informal training events. The Venice street-O is notable for attracting a large international participation. With Park World Tour races and other (e.g. World championships) elite sprint races often being held in urban areas, and the development of a map specification for urban areas (ISSOM), from the mid-2000s, Street-O has been rebranded as urban orienteering, and has taken itself rather more seriously, with full colour maps and electronic punching, and may now be regarded as

520-677: A new results system. In 2005, the International Olympic Committee confirmed that ski orienteering was under consideration for inclusion in the review process of the Olympic sport program for the 2014 Winter Olympic Games . On 28 November 2006, the Executive Board of the IOC decided not to include any new sports in this review process. The World Orienteering Championships (WOC) is an annual event organised by

585-456: A serious competition with inclusion in national ranking lists. Such urban races are often much longer than the sprint distance. Orienteering sports combine significant navigation with a specific method of travel. Because the method of travel determines the needed equipment and tactics, each sport requires specific rules for competition and guidelines for orienteering event logistics and course design. International Orienteering Federation ,

650-406: A time limit. There is usually a mass start (rather than staggered), with a time limit. Controls may have different point values depending on difficulty, and there is a point penalty for each minute late. The competitor with the most points is the winner. The large-scale, endurance-style version of a Score-O is known as a rogaine , competed by teams in events lasting (often) 24 hours. A very large area

715-432: Is a group of sports that involve using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain whilst moving at speed. Participants are given a topographical map , usually a specially prepared orienteering map , which they use to find control points . Originally a training exercise in land navigation for military officers , orienteering has developed many variations. Among these,

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780-692: Is cited by conspiracy theorists as further evidence of misconduct. The National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI - a branch of the DIA within the USIC ) based in Fort Detrick, MD, provided an intelligence report soon after the end of the Military World Games that indicated a contagion had begun spreading in the Wuhan region; this intelligence report was shared only with NATO member states and

845-407: Is clubs who put on events usually open to all-comers. Clubs may also put on practice, training, and social events. Open clubs are open to anyone and there is usually no restriction on joining them. Closed clubs restrict their membership to specific groups. For example, BAOC (British Army Orienteering Club) has restrictions on who may join, principally British Army personnel. The competition, or race,

910-858: Is committed to entering the Olympic World." Although not an official demonstration sport , an international ski-orienteering event was held in Sugadaira Kōgen , Japan , as part of the International Cultural Festival held in conjunction with the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano in 1998. The International Orienteering Federation petitioned the International Olympic Committee in 2002 to include ski orienteering in

975-430: Is intended to test the navigational skill, concentration, and running ability of the competitors. High levels of fitness and running speed are required to compete successfully at an international or elite level. To ensure fairness between competitors the map is not usually provided until the start, and starts are normally staggered with competitors starting at not less than one-minute intervals. The objective on each leg

1040-413: Is like. Precision orienteering generally is not a speed event, but rather a test of the competitors' ability to precisely match map and terrain. Examples include trail-O (untimed), TREC style mounted orienteering , and Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area (ROCA). Both trail-O and ROCA use decoys in the vicinity of the control point. Efforts begun in 1996 to promote the inclusion of orienteering in

1105-420: Is to follow the fastest route between controls. The fastest is not always the shortest route, and can depend heavily on route choice . Orienteering competitions use specially prepared orienteering maps . They are topographic maps although much more detailed than general-purpose maps. The ISOM map scales are 1:15,000, 1:10,000, or 1:7,500, with grids aligned to magnetic north . Map symbols are standardized by

1170-472: Is used for competition, and the map scale is smaller. The format originated in Australia. The term ROGAINE is often said to stand for Rugged Outdoor Group Activity Involving Navigation and Endurance; this is essentially a backronym , as the name actually originates from the names of Rod, Gail and Neil Phillips, who were among Australian Rogaining's first participants. Very short races, with winning times in

1235-511: The 2006 Winter Olympic Games , noting that it could share the venue with the biathlon competitions. In its formal recommendation that ski orienteering not be included in those games, the Olympic Programme Commission focused on a lack of participation in the sport outside Nordic countries , "the challenges for broadcasters and spectators to easily follow the competition", and the costs associated with new technology and

1300-572: The CDC due to BSL-3/BSL-4 safety violations back in July-August of 2019, and accusing her of being "patient zero" of the novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, after which she faced harassment on social media, despite never having symptoms or testing positive herself. A coronavirus public health exercise in the United States called Event 201 started at the same time as the Wuhan games, and

1365-507: The CIA . Amidst the surge of anti-Asian violence from January through March of 2020 , Zhao Lijian, a spokesman for China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs , claimed the virus originated in the United States in reference to U.S. Army personnel present at the Wuhan games; his boss in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hua Chunying added that " some cases that were previously diagnosed as (the) flu in

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1430-675: The International Orienteering Federation . The first World Championships was held in Fiskars , Finland in 1966. They were held biennially up to 2003 (with the exception of 1978 and 1979). Since 2003, competitions have been held annually. The format of the World Orienteering Championships alternates every 2 years, with even years hosting sprint format events and odd years hosting forest format events. As of 2019 , when applying

1495-458: The International Orienteering Federation . These federations enabled the development of national and world championships. World championships were held every two years until 2003, then every year. Throughout this time, orienteering has remained most popular in Scandinavia . There, the two oldest recurring orienteering meets have been held since the 1940s ( Jukola relay and Tiomila ), and

1560-609: The Olympic Games have so far been unsuccessful, although orienteering became a sport in the World Games in 2001, and is a sport in the Summer Deaflympics . Supporters recognize that the sport is neither television- nor spectator-friendly, the venue of competition is often necessarily remote from major cities, and the duration of the event is longer than most other individual competitions. Efforts to develop

1625-607: The United Kingdom use colour coding to define the difficulty of the courses. Short, easy courses are provided for beginners and younger competitors, with technically and physically demanding courses being provided for experienced orienteers. Ranging from easy and short to long and technical, there are; White, Yellow, Orange, Light Green, Green, Blue and Brown. Some orienteering clubs have set up permanent courses, which can be used for personal, or club, training. Non-standard permanent markers are used as control kites, and maps of

1690-464: The United States , the national governing body is Orienteering USA . Most nations have some form of regional governing bodies. These are not rule-making bodies but are there to assist in coordinating clubs within that region, e.g., they may allocate dates so that clubs do not clash with their events. Clubs are usually formed at a local level and affiliated to their national governing body. It

1755-511: The race . At international level, the International Orienteering Federation (IOF) defines rules and guidelines which govern four orienteering sports: foot orienteering , mountain bike orienteering , ski orienteering , and trail orienteering . It is based in Sweden and it claims on its website to aim to "spread the sport of orienteering, to promote its development and to create and maintain an attractive world event programme." Since 1977

1820-623: The Central Military Commission (CMC), President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping . An extravaganza titled "Torch of Peace" was performed during the opening ceremony highlighting the main motto of the event. Prior to the opening ceremony, a light show was set to be staged in the Yangtze River in Wuhan. It featured a screen made up of millions of small LED lights installed on bridges and buildings along

1885-469: The Finish. The control card is marked by some means at each control point to show that the competitor has completed the course correctly. Most events now use electronic punching, although cards and needle punches are still widely used. The winner is normally the competitor with the fastest time, but other scoring systems can be used, e.g., score events and Trail-O. Most events produce provisional results 'on

1950-554: The IOF has been recognised by the IOC . There are governing bodies for most of the individual nations that are represented in the sport of orienteering. These national bodies are the rule-making body for that nation. For example, the British Orienteering Federation is the national governing body for the United Kingdom . The federation was founded in 1967 and it is made up of 13 constituent associations. For

2015-402: The IOF, and designed to be readable by any competitor regardless of background or native tongue. Orienteering events offer a range of courses, of varying physical and technical difficulty, to meet the needs of competitors. The orienteering course is marked in purple or red on a map. A triangle is used to indicate the start and a double circle indicates the finish. Circles are used to show

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2080-692: The Olympic-style gold first rankings method to medals won at the World Orienteering Championships, Europe has been dominant, with Sweden 's 171 medals won marking them as the most successful world championships nation. Orienteering has been a part of the World Games program since 2001. As Orienteering is a sport practiced primarily in Europe, the European Orienteering Championships is also an important event in

2145-639: The Park World Tour organisation who organised an independent "world cup" in park sprint orienteering. In 2001 in Tampere, the IOF included a sprint distance in the orienteering world championships. Ultrasprint events are held in a specially constructed labyrinth. Due to the limited area of the labyrinth, ultrasprint is a more spectator-friendly form of orienteering. Also, as the course is artificial, identical courses can be set in different geographical locations for simultaneous local competitions as parts of

2210-575: The US were actually COVID-19... it's absolutely wrong and inappropriate to call this the Chinese coronavirus. ". Among the conspiracy theories was the calling-out of one of the U.S. Army athletes who participated the games and whom worked as a military driver in assignment to different Army bases including Fort Detrick , MD, where the USAMRIID biowarfare research laboratory is based, and had been shutdown by

2275-564: The United States returned home early with a diagnosis of malaria . Jacques Reis, et al. wrote that the games were possibly a superspreader event. Conspiracy theories emerged in China that the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in the United States and was brought to China by American participants in the Military World Games, amongst them the version which suspects that the virus was created and introduced into China through nefarious activities of

2340-452: The United States, rule A.34.1 states that competitors are free to choose clothing that they are most comfortable in (full leg cover is not required), unless specifically stated in the meet announcement. In Australia, under the 2021 rules, 2.1.21, the choice of clothing is also left up to the competitor, and full leg cover is not required. In Canada, no specific clothing is required, but participants are encouraged to wear clothing suitable for

2405-587: The World Games ) and World Police and Fire Games . The history of orienteering begins in the late 19th century in Sweden . The actual term "orientering" (the original Swedish name for orienteering, lits. "orientation") was first used in 1886 at the Swedish Military Academy Karlberg and meant the crossing of unknown land with the aid of a map and a compass. In Sweden, orienteering grew from military training in land navigation into

2470-547: The bank of the Yangtze River. The torch relay for the event was held on 16 October 2019 with the participation of 100 torchbearers. Liao Hui , 2008 Olympic gold medalist in weightlifting, began the torch rally while hammer thrower Zhang Wenxiu concluded the torch relay. Flag raising ceremony was also held on 16 October 2019. The emblem and mascot along with the website were unveiled on 24 November 2017 by Ministry of National Defense of China. The mascot, named Bingbing,

2535-426: The bulk purchase of clothing, which are then made in the club colours with the club's name prominently displayed. Some competitors prefer lycra tights or leggings. Gaiters are also often worn. Lightweight studded (and often cleated) orienteering shoes are commonly used. The basic equipment required for orienteering is usually listed as a compass and appropriate outdoor clothing. Most national bodies recommend that

2600-460: The control points. At international, national, and the larger events, courses are classified by age, e.g., M35 for men 35 years of age and older. Classes requiring similar distances and difficulties are usually combined into a smaller number of courses, e.g., M60 will normally share a course with W50, and often with M65 and W55. The results are normally arranged by class. In the smaller events courses are provided by ability. The United States and

2665-429: The courses are usually available publicly for a fee. The courses are usually set up in public areas and there may be some restrictions on access, e.g., daylight hours only. Clubs also organise informal events for practice and training. Control points are placed on features on the map that can be clearly identified on the ground. Control points are marked in the terrain by white and orange "flags". Competitors receive

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2730-575: The day', with draft results on the Internet that night; the final results being confirmed a few days later. With electronic punching the results can include split times for competitors. These show the times between controls and aggregate times to each control. With suitable computer software these times can be displayed in a graphical form (Progressograph). Each competitor is responsible for his or her own safety. There are no rules, but there are guidelines, which should be followed. The basic safety check

2795-460: The event, but Israel did not. As many as 9,308 athletes from 110 countries participated in the games: Below is a list of the 110 participating nations (the number of competitors per delegation is indicated in brackets)   *    Host nation ( China ) Source: Note: Para Athletics, Para Archery, Gymnastics, Tennis and three Senior Triathlon events not counted in medal table. Orienteering Orienteering

2860-624: The event. Following the conclusion of the 2015 Military World Games , China won the bid to host the Games for the first time. The event was held in 35 venues. The Wuhan Sports Center hosted a soccer competition for both men and women held from October 16–27. The opening ceremony was held on 18 October 2019 and the event was officially opened by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Chairman of

2925-567: The event. The Military World Games was also the second biggest international sport event to be held in 2019. The Games were organized by the Military Sports Commission of China, Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China , and the military commands ( Army in accordance with CISM regulations and the rules of the International Sports Federations ). For the first time in

2990-479: The fastest route is not straightforward to find on the map, or to follow on the ground. The classic race has a typical winning time of 75–90 minutes. As of 2007, the IOF have dictated that the "classic" course should be redesignated the "long". The middle distance is a shorter cross-country race than the classic (or long), with a winning time in the region of 30 minutes and with an emphasis more on fine navigation than route-choice. When races of this distance were run in

3055-489: The finish whether they have completed the course or not. IOF rule 21.1 is that the specification for clothing is delegated to the national organising body, and no specific clothing is required. Unique among English speaking countries, Ireland and the UK require legs to be covered. Rule 7.1.1 requires full body cover : the torso and legs must be covered, while organizer may allow shorts (e.g., in park or street orienteering). In

3120-643: The first public orienteering competition in Sweden, in 1901, control points included two historic churches, Spånga kyrka and Bromma kyrka (a round church ). With the invention of inexpensive yet reliable compasses, the sport gained popularity during the 1930s. By 1934, over a quarter million Swedes were participants, and orienteering had spread to Finland , Switzerland , the Soviet Union , and Hungary . Following World War II , orienteering spread throughout Europe and to Asia, North America and Oceania. In Sweden in 1959, an international orienteering conference

3185-413: The governing body of the sport, currently sanctions the following four disciplines as official disciplines in the sport of orienteering: Moreover, International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) sanctions the following orienteering sport: Other orienteering disciplines include, but are not limited to: Adventure racing is a combination of two or more disciplines, and usually includes orienteering as part of

3250-422: The highest number of participating clubs 1,787 (in 2015), while 25-manna has the highest number of legs 25. To reduce competitors following each other, various spreading methods might be used. This is called "gaffling", which is a Swedish word meaning "forking". The key principle is that every team must run every leg (between each pair of two controls), but not necessarily in the same order. The IOF have introduced

3315-450: The history of the Military World Games, an Olympic village was set up for the athletes prior to the commencement of the Games. The village was officially opened for the athletes following the flag-raising ceremony. Host nation China sent a delegation consisting of 553 participants for the games, which marked the record number of participants to represent a nation at a single Military World Games. Around 230,000 volunteers were recruited for

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3380-437: The light and dark. The two classic club relays, Tiomila and Jukola , both include night legs. Full length (24-hour) rogaines and many adventure races run through the night, without a light period, and competitors may choose not to rest. Competitors follow a string around a short course, noting down things that they find on the way. This is generally used by young children and people new to the sport who want to find out what it

3445-586: The mid-late 1990s, they were called "short" races, or "sprint-O". The short distance was introduced as a world championship discipline in 1991. More recently, though the IOF have renamed this distance as "middle". A relay race is run by a team of competitors each running a course, and the result is based on the team's total time. Relays usually employ a mass start instead of a staggered start. Relays are part of World Orienteering Championships both as sprint relays and as cross-country relays. Additionally, there are popular mass club races out of which Jukola relay has

3510-422: The nine day multisport event. China's orienteering teams originally captured a gold and a silver medal in women as well as a silver in men. They were all disqualified by the International Orienteering Federation after it was found out that they had been cheating through access to secretly marked paths, and received external assistance thus gaining major unfair advantage over other competitors. A common protest

3575-420: The nomenclature to try to clarify the usage of the word "leg". In orienteering usage, leg normally refers to the part of a race between two control points. In relay (non-orienteering) usage, leg refers to the part of a race run by a single team member. The IOF prefer "lap" for this latter term, but despite this, in common parlance, "leg" is used for both terms. Competitors visit as many controls as possible within

3640-418: The oldest and the most popular is foot orienteering . For the purposes of this article, foot orienteering serves as a point of departure for discussion of all other variations, but almost any sport that involves racing against a clock and requires navigation with a map is a type of orienteering. Orienteering is included in the programs of world sporting events including the World Games (see Orienteering at

3705-424: The region of 12–15 minutes, often held in city parks and other more urban settings. Map scales are usually 1:5,000 or 1:4,000. Control sites can include benches, litterbins, sculptures, and other objects common to urban parks. The sprint distance may also be held in the forest, when it would be called a "forest sprint" as opposed to an "urban sprint". This distance was pioneered in the late 1990s as an elite event by

3770-424: The single largest orienteering meet has been held every year since 1965 and attracts around 15,000 competitors ( O-Ringen ). Typically, orienteering is run in wild terrain. In its Scandinavian origins, this typically meant in the forest , but orienteering in open fell , heathland , moorland and other mixed terrain is also common. Orienteering in towns has been common for many years. Street-O has typically been

3835-680: The state of Israel. It was reported that 109 nations took part in the event, including athletes from Russia. In September 2019, the International Association of Athletics Federation approved athletes from Russia with the Authorized National Athlete (ANA) status to take part at the event. However, the All Russia Athletics Federation remained silent on the participation of its athletes. The State of Palestine participated in

3900-554: The weather, and hiking or running shoes. Similarly in New Zealand, there are no rules in force limiting orienteers to running only in full leg cover. The early competitors used standard athletic clothing, i.e., shorts and an athletic vest, which provided little protection for racing through undergrowth . Purpose-made lightweight nylon full-body suits were later adopted. The early O-suits were made in muted colours but modern suits are generally multi-coloured. Clubs often organise

3965-614: Was also held by the competitors from Russia, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Poland, and Austria accusing the Chinese team for gaining major unfair advantage in the competition. According to a report by Radio Free Asia , a number of athletes reported experiencing symptoms reminiscent of COVID-19 around the time of the games. French pentathlon champion Élodie Clouvel said that she, her boyfriend, and other French athletes were affected. Matteo Tagliariol and five roommates experienced breathing difficulties. Raphael Stacchiotti and some Swedish athletes also reported illnesses. Five athletes from

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4030-480: Was designed based on the Chinese sturgeon. An online store and 21 franchised retail stores were newly opened in order to promote the sales of licensed items. The competition involved 28 sports. Demonstration sports On 20 October 2019, China's Lu Pinpin broke the world record in the women's 500 m obstacle swimming course classified under the military pentathlon with a record timing of 2 minutes and 10.9 seconds. Overall, 82 records were broken during

4095-583: Was held from October 18–27, 2019, in Wuhan , Hubei , China . The 7th Military World Games was the first international military multisport event to be held in China. The event was also the nation’s largest military sports event ever with 9,308 athletes from 109 countries competing in 329 events and 27 sporting disciplines. The multisport event included 25 official and two demonstrative sports. Six sport disciplines such as badminton, tennis, table tennis, women's boxing, and men's gymnastics made their debuts in

4160-489: Was held. Representatives from 12 countries ( Austria , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Finland , East and West Germany , Hungary , Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia ) participated. In 1961, orienteering organizations representing 10 European nations founded the International Orienteering Federation (IOF). Since then, IOF has supported the founding of many national orienteering federations. By 2010, 71 national orienteering federations were member societies of

4225-443: Was the stub check . The competitor hands in his stub at the start and his control card at the finish. Event officials match the two and any unmatched stubs represent a missing competitor. This has been superseded with electronic punching in that event officials can now request a 'still to finish' report listing all those competitors who punched at the start but have not yet downloaded their electronic card. All competitors must report to

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