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49-467: The early mince pie was known by several names, including " mutton pie", "shrid pie" and "Christmas pie". Typically, its ingredients were a mixture of minced meat, suet, a range of fruits, and spices, such as cinnamon, cloves , and nutmeg . Served around Christmas, the savoury Christmas pie (as it became known) was associated with supposed Catholic "idolatry", and during the English Civil War

98-479: A badge of distinction; and yet it is often forbidden, the Druid of the family. Strange that a sirloin of beef, whether boiled or roasted, when entire is exposed to the utmost depredeations and invasions; but if minced into small pieces, and tossed up with plumbs and sugar, it changes its property, and forsooth is meat for his master. In his essay The Life of Samuel Butler , Samuel Johnson wrote of "an old Puritan, who

147-476: A pastoral culture. In Northern Europe , mutton and lamb feature in many traditional dishes, including those of Iceland , Norway and Western Europe , including those of the United Kingdom , particularly in the western and northern uplands , Scotland and Wales . Mutton used to be an important part of Hungarian cuisine due to strong pastoral traditions but began to be increasingly looked down on with

196-648: A poetic name for America coined by Johnson, first appears in a 1738 weekly publication of the debates of the British Parliament in the magazine. The magazine's long-running motto, E pluribus unum , Latin for "Out of many, one", is thought to have inspired the use of the phrase as an unofficial motto of the United States. Motteux's The Gentleman's Journal had previously used the phrase. A skilled businessman, Edward Cave developed an extensive distribution system for The Gentleman's Magazine . It

245-554: A sample of producing nations, but many other significant producers in the 50–120 kt range are not given. Meat from sheep features prominently in the cuisines of several Mediterranean cultures including Greece , Croatia , Turkey , North Africa , Jordan , and the Middle East , as well as in the cuisines of Iran and Afghanistan . In Greece, for example, it is an integral component of many meals and of religious feasts such as Easter, like avgolemono and magiritsa . It

294-510: A stronger flavour than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids and are preferred by some. Mutton and hogget also tend to be tougher than lamb (because of connective tissue maturation ) and are therefore better suited to casserole -style cooking, as in Lancashire hotpot , for example. Lamb is often sorted into three kinds of meat: forequarter , loin , and hindquarter . The forequarter includes

343-533: Is a tradition in Western Kentucky. The area was strong in the wool trade, which gave them plenty of older sheep that needed to be put to use. Thin strips of fatty mutton can be cut into a substitute for bacon called macon . Lamb tongue is popular in Middle Eastern cuisine both as a cold cut and in preparations like stews. Approximate zones of the usual UK cuts of lamb: According to

392-535: Is a whole leg; saddle of lamb is the two loins with the hip. Leg and saddle are usually roasted , though the leg is sometimes boiled . Forequarter meat of sheep, as of other mammals, includes more connective tissue than some other cuts , and, if not from a young lamb, is best cooked slowly using either a moist method, such as braising or stewing , or by slow roasting or American barbecuing . It is, in some countries, sold already chopped or diced. Lamb shank definitions vary, but generally include: Mutton barbeque

441-667: Is also popular in the Basque culture, both in the Basque country of Europe and in shepherding parts of the Western United States (where shepherds of Basque descent have been active since the 1850s). In the United States, the Navajo have incorporated mutton and lamb into their traditional cuisine since the introduction of sheep by Spanish explorers and settlers in the 17th century, replacing wild turkey and venison and creating

490-547: Is available at the Family History Library (FHL) under the call number 942 B2g Index, and is also available on microfilm (#599738–#599761) or microfiche (#6026701). In addition to the index, the FHL also has the magazine itself available in various formats. An abstract of the "chief contents of The Gentleman's Magazine from 1731 to 1868" was published by George L. Gomme in 1891. He describes it as "excerpts from

539-451: Is eaten in many countries. It is the most common form of offal eaten in the UK, traditionally used in the family favourite (and pub grub staple) of liver with onions, potentially also with bacon and mashed potatoes. It is a major ingredient, along with the lungs and heart (the pluck), in the traditional Scottish dish of haggis . Lamb testicles or lamb fries are a delicacy in many parts of

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588-616: Is in Imitation of the Cratch [Jesus's crib]", although writer T. F. Thistleton-Dyer thought Selden's explanation unlikely, as "in old English cookery books the crust of a pie is generally called 'the coffin'." The modern mince pie's precursor was known by several names. The antiquary John Brand claimed that in Elizabethan and Jacobean -era England they were known as minched pies, but other names include mutton pie, and starting in

637-474: Is meat from a sheep over two years old, and has less tender flesh. In general, the darker the colour, the older the animal. In the early 1900s, mutton was widely consumed in the United States, but mutton consumption has declined since World War II . As of 2010 , most sheep meat in the United States comes from animals in between 12 and 14 months old, and is called "lamb"; the term "hogget" is not used. Federal statutes and regulations dealing with food labeling in

686-914: Is the most expensive of the three types, and in recent decades, sheep meat has increasingly only been retailed as "lamb", sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above. The stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, despite the efforts of the Mutton Renaissance Campaign in the UK. In Australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. Other languages, such as French , Spanish , and Italian , make similar or even more detailed distinctions among sheep meats by age and sometimes by sex and diet—for example, lechazo in Spanish refers to meat from milk-fed (unweaned) lambs. The definitions for lamb, hogget and mutton vary considerably between countries. Younger lambs are smaller and more tender. Mutton

735-606: The European Union with the PGI mark. Throughout central Italy , including Sardinia, pastoralism was the main source of meat. Since ancient times, abbacchio has been one of the staple foods of the Lazio region, especially for rural communities, whose consumption at the table was considerable. The tradition of consuming abbacchio spread in ancient times where mainly adult sheep were slaughtered. The slaughter of abbacchio

784-535: The OECD - FAO Agricultural Outlook for 2016, the top consumers of sheep meat in 2015 were as follows: EU countries are not individually surveyed in this list. Among EU nations, Greece is the per capita leader in consumption at 12.3 kg, while the UK's annual per capita lamb consumption is 4.7 kg. Outside of the OECD, the largest per capita consumer overall is Mongolia , with 45.1 kg. The table below gives

833-630: The 17th century. While it was originally a Christmas pie, as in Britain, the Puritans did not celebrate Christmas, causing the pie's associations in the region to shift toward the American holiday of Thanksgiving . The ingredients for New England mincemeat pie are similar to the British one, with a mixture of apples, raisins, spices, and minced beef serving as the filling. Later recipes sometimes omit

882-652: The Christmas pie, on account of its connection with Catholicism. In his History of the Rebellion , Marchamont Needham wrote "All Plums the Prophets Sons defy, And Spice-broths are too hot; Treason's in a December -Pye, And Death within the Pot." Some considered them unfit to occupy the plate of a clergyman, causing Philo-Clericus to comment: The Christmas-pie is, in its own nature, a kind of consecrated cake, and

931-616: The English antiquary John Timbs , "in token of the offerings of the Eastern Magi." Several authors, including Timbs, viewed the pie as being derived from an old Roman custom practised during Saturnalia , where Roman fathers in the Vatican were presented with sweetmeats. Early pies were much larger than those consumed today, and oblong shaped; the jurist John Selden presumed that "the coffin of our Christmas -Pies, in shape long,

980-783: The Festivity from which it takes its Name." The author also mentions the Quakers ' objection to the treat, "who distinguish their Feasts by an heretical Sort of Pudding, known by their Names, and inveigh against Christmas Pye, as an Invention of the Scarlet Whore of Babylon , an Hodge-Podge of Superstition, Popery, the Devil and all his Works." Nevertheless, the Christmas pie remained a popular treat at Christmas, although smaller and sweeter, and lacking in post-Reformation England any sign of supposed Catholic idolatry. People began to prepare

1029-539: The Indian subcontinent has been in decline for over 40 years and has survived at marginal levels in mountainous regions, based on wild-sheep breeds, and mainly for wool production. The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a carcass weight of between 5.5 and 30 kg (12 and 66 lb). This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and appears more often on tables in some Western countries . Hogget and mutton have

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1078-456: The Marriages, Births, Deaths, Promotions, &c." covering 1731–1786, and volume 4 contains an "Index of Names of Persons" covering 1731–1818. The indexes are by surname only and are available online for free through Google Books: David Dobson gleaned references to American births, marriages, and deaths from The Gentleman's Magazine and published it as American Vital Records from

1127-463: The US than in many European, Central American and Asian cuisines; for example, average per-capita consumption of lamb in the United States is only 400 grams (14 oz) per year. In Australia , the leg of lamb roast is considered to be the national dish . Commonly served on a Sunday or any other special occasion, it can be done in a kettle BBQ or a conventional oven. Typical preparation involves covering

1176-704: The United Kingdom and Ireland. The ingredients for the modern mince pie can be traced to the return of European crusaders from the Holy Land . Middle Eastern methods of cooking, which sometimes combined meats, fruits and spices, were popular at the time. Pies were created from such mixtures of sweet and savoury foods; in Tudor England, shrid pies (as they were known then) were formed from shredded meat, suet and dried fruit. The addition of spices such as cinnamon , cloves and nutmeg was, according to

1225-458: The United States permit all sheep products to be marketed as "lamb." USDA grades for lamb are only partly a function of the animal's age. Animals up to 20 months old may meet the quality of the "USDA prime" grade depending on other factors, while "USDA choice" lamb can be of any age. "Spring lamb" is defined by the USDA as having been slaughtered between March and October. In Romanesco dialect ,

1274-422: The beef, though "None Such" (now owned by The J.M. Smucker Company ), the major brand of condensed American mincemeat, still contains beef. New England mincemeat pies are usually full-sized pies, as opposed to the individual-sized pies now common in Britain. Footnotes Notes Bibliography Mutton Lamb and mutton , collectively sheep meat (or sheepmeat) is one of the most common meats around

1323-623: The country, on the northern island of Hokkaido and in the northeastern Tohoku regions, a hot-pot dish called jingisukan (i.e. "Genghis Khan") is popular. In that dish, thin-sliced lamb is cooked over a convex skillet alongside various vegetables and mushrooms in front of the diners, then dipped in soy-sauce-based dipping sauces and eaten. It was so named because lamb is popular in Mongolia (see "Sheep meat consumption" above). Lamb's liver , known as lamb's fry in New Zealand and Australia,

1372-433: The following century, Christmas pie. Gervase Markham 's 1615 recipe recommends taking "a leg of mutton", and cutting "the best of the flesh from the bone", before adding mutton suet, pepper, salt, cloves, mace, currants, raisins, prunes, dates and orange peel. He also suggested that beef or veal might be used in place of mutton. In the north of England, goose was used in the pie's filling, but more generally beef tongue

1421-458: The fruit and spice filling months before it was required, storing it in jars, and as Britain entered the Victorian age , the addition of meat had, for many, become an afterthought (although the use of suet remains). Its taste then was broadly similar to that experienced today, although some 20th-century writers continued to advocate the inclusion of meat. Although the modern recipe is no longer

1470-449: The islands, and served with either rice or lontong . A version of lamb and bamboo shoot curry is the specialty of Minang cuisine, although similar dishes can be found in Thai cuisine . In Mexico , lamb is the meat of choice for barbacoa , in which the lamb is roasted or steamed wrapped in maguey leaves underground. In Japan , although lamb is not traditionally consumed in most of

1519-406: The leg of lamb with butter, pushing rosemary sprigs into incisions cut in the leg, and sprinkling rosemary leaves on top. The lamb is then roasted for two hours at 180 °C (350 °F) and typically served with carrots and potato (also roasted), green vegetables and gravy. In Indonesia , lamb is popularly served as lamb satay and lamb curry . Both dishes are cooked with various spices from

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1568-476: The neck, shoulder, front legs, and the ribs up to the shoulder blade. The hindquarter includes the rear legs and hip. The loin includes the ribs between the two. Lamb chops are cut from the rib, loin, and shoulder areas. The rib chops include a rib bone; the loin chops include only a chine bone. Shoulder chops are usually considered inferior to loin chops; both kinds of chops are usually grilled . Breast of lamb (baby chops) can be cooked in an oven. Leg of lamb

1617-463: The offspring of the sheep who is still suckling or recently weaned is called abbacchio , while the offspring of the sheep almost a year old who has already been shorn twice is called agnello ( lit.   ' lamb ' ). This distinction exists only in the Romanesco dialect. Abbacchio is consumed throughout central Italy as an Easter and Christmas dish. It is a product protected by

1666-647: The original publications containing local history and information, topographical details, and family history are presented here, organized into volumes by county". Gomme's work has been digitised and indexed by Ancestry.com and is available online to Ancestry subscribers or at subscribing libraries. A four-volume set of indexes was compiled by Samuel Ayscough (Assistant Librarian of the British Museum ) with some assistance or later editing by John Nichols and by Gabriel Richard. The contents of these indexes are given as: Volume 2 includes an "Index of Names to

1715-439: The same list of 13 ingredients once used (representative of Christ and his 12 Apostles according to author Margaret Baker), the mince pie remains a popular Christmas treat. Bakers Greggs reported sales of 7.5 million mince pies during Christmas 2011. The popular claim that the consumption of mince pies on Christmas Day is illegal is an urban myth . Mincemeat pie was brought to New England by English settlers in

1764-519: The spread of urbanisation. Mutton is also popular in Australia . Lamb and mutton are very popular in Central Asia and in certain parts of China , where other red meats may be eschewed for religious or economic reasons. Barbecued mutton is also a specialty in some areas of the United States (chiefly Owensboro, Kentucky ) and Canada. However, meat from sheep is generally consumed far less in

1813-543: The term magazine (meaning "storehouse") for a periodical. Contributions to the magazine frequently took the form of letters, addressed to "Mr. Urban". The iconic illustration of St John's Gate , Clerkenwell , on the front of each issue (occasionally updated over the years) depicted Cave's home, in effect, the magazine's "office". Before the founding of The Gentleman's Magazine , there were specialised journals, but no such wide-ranging publications (although there had been attempts, such as The Gentleman's Journal , which

1862-620: The title formally "in print". In addition to an index for each year of The Gentleman's Magazine , which was usually published with the December issue of the magazine, a full index was compiled by the College of Arms and typed by the Genealogical Society of Utah. This 75-volume index, covering the years 1731–1850, gives the full name and an abbreviated reference to the date, event, and any other person(s) in each entry. The index

1911-777: The world, taken from the domestic sheep , Ovis aries , and generally divided into lamb , from sheep in their first year, hogget , from sheep in their second, and mutton , from older sheep. Generally, "hogget" and "sheep meat" are not used by consumers outside Norway, New Zealand, South Africa, Scotland, and Australia. Hogget has become more common in England, particularly in the North (Lancashire and Yorkshire) often in association with rare breed and organic farming. In South Asian and Caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat . At various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat. Lamb

1960-601: The world. Lamb kidneys are found in many cuisines across Europe and the Middle East, often split into two halves and grilled (on kebabs in the Middle East), or sautéed in a sauce. They are generally the most highly regarded of all kidneys. Lamb sweetbreads are a delicacy in many cuisines. Production of lamb emits more greenhouse gas per gram of protein than other common foods, except for beef. The Gentleman%27s Magazine The Gentleman's Magazine

2009-631: Was a monthly magazine founded in London , England, by Edward Cave in January 1731. It ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years, until 1922. It was the first to use the term magazine (from the French magazine , meaning "storehouse") for a periodical . Samuel Johnson 's first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentleman's Magazine . The original complete title was The Gentleman's Magazine: or, Trader's monthly intelligencer . Cave's innovation

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2058-580: Was alive in my childhood ... would have none of his superstitious meats and drinks." Another essay, published in the December 1733 issue of The Gentleman's Magazine , explained the popularity of "Christmas Pye" as perhaps "owing to the Barrenness of the Season, and the Scarcity of Fruit and Milk, to make Tarts, Custards, and other Desserts", but also possibly bearing "a religious kind of Relation to

2107-422: Was also used; a North American filling recipe published in 1854 includes chopped neat's tongue, beef suet, bloom raisins , currants, mace , cloves, nutmeg, brown sugar , apples, lemons, brandy and orange peel. During the English Civil War , along with the censure of other Catholic customs, they were banned: "Nay, the poor rosemary and bays, and Christmas pie , is made an abomination." Puritans were opposed to

2156-549: Was eaten during work in the countryside, while abbacchio was consumed only during the Easter holidays. The term "mutton" is applied to goat meat in most countries on the Indian subcontinent, and the goat population has been rising. For example, mutton curry is always made from goat meat. It is estimated that over a third of the goat population is slaughtered every year and sold as mutton. The domestic sheep population in India and

2205-492: Was edited by Peter Motteux and ran from 1692 to 1694). Samuel Johnson 's first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentleman's Magazine . During a time when parliamentary reporting was banned, Johnson regularly contributed parliamentary reports as "Debates of the Senate of Magna Lilliputia". Though they reflected the positions of the participants, the words of the debates were mostly Johnson's own. The name " Columbia ",

2254-529: Was forbidden except during the Easter and Christmas periods, and until June. Over the centuries, given the importance of the food, around 100 recipes for preparing lamb have been developed in Lazio. Given the importance of abbacchio in social life, historical events dedicated to abbacchio are still organized in the Lazio region today, i.e. sagre , country festivals and popular events. In ancient times, sheep

2303-469: Was frowned on by the Puritan authorities. Nevertheless, the tradition of eating Christmas pie in December continued through to the Victorian era , although by then its recipe had become sweeter and its size markedly reduced from its once large oblong shape. Today, the mince pie, usually made without meat (but often including suet or other animal fat), remains a popular seasonal treat enjoyed by many across

2352-543: Was read throughout the English-speaking world and continued to flourish through the 18th century and much of the 19th century under a series of different editors and publishers. It went into decline towards the end of the 19th century and finally ceased general publication in September 1907. However, issues consisting of four pages each were printed in very small editions between late 1907 and 1922 in order to keep

2401-401: Was to create a monthly digest of news and commentary on any topic the educated public might be interested in, from commodity prices to Latin poetry . It carried original content from a stable of regular contributors, as well as extensive quotations and extracts from other periodicals and books. Cave, who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use

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