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29-461: The Miniature Zebu is a modern American breed of zebuine miniature cattle . It is a rare breed of Zebu that is critically endangered. A breed association was established in 1991. India has numerous traditional breeds of very small zebuine cattle , such as the Vechur breed of southern Kerala . These may be collectively known as nadudana , "small cattle". The Miniature Zebu was established as

58-578: A better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries. From the 1960s onwards, Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with

87-684: A breed in the United States with the formation of the International Miniature Zebu Association, a breed registry , in 1991. At that time, there were small zebuine cattle in twenty-three American zoos, and others were held by some fifty private owners. The parent stock had originally been imported from Brazil, the Dominican Republic and Sweden. By 2016 more than 6200 animals were registered. The maximum withers height permitted for registration

116-427: A convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present". The BP scale is sometimes used for dates established by means other than radiocarbon dating, such as stratigraphy . This usage differs from the recommendation by van der Plicht & Hogg, followed by

145-525: A different species from Bos taurus . The extinct wild auroch ( Bos primigenius ) population diverged into two distinct genetic strains: the humpless Bos taurus (taurine) and the humped Bos indicus (indicine or zebu). Zebu cattle were found to derive from the Indian form of aurochs and have first been domesticated between 7,000 and 6,000 YBP at Mehrgarh , present-day Pakistan , by people linked to or coming from Mesopotamia . Its wild ancestor,

174-587: Is 107 cm (42 in). Zebu The zebu ( / ˈ z iː b ( j ) uː , ˈ z eɪ b uː / ; Bos indicus ), sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle , Camel cow or humped cattle , is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia . Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differs from taurine cattle by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap , and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are farmed throughout

203-457: Is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying the calf and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. The gestation period averages 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect

232-602: The Mahabharata , they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'. In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers. Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals. In the postvedic period products like milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine gomutra , or the combination of these five panchagavya began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation. YBP In

261-771: The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine cattle. The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or

290-771: The Near East was present in Egypt around 4,000 YBP . Its first appearance in the Subsahara is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India. Zebu, as well as many Sanga cattle, have humps on

319-536: The Quaternary Science Reviews , both of which requested that publications should use the unit "a" (for "annum", Latin for "year") and reserve the term "BP" for radiocarbon estimations. Some archaeologists use the lowercase letters bp , bc and ad as terminology for uncalibrated dates for these eras. The Centre for Ice and Climate at the University of Copenhagen instead uses

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348-442: The tropics . Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , dairy cattle and beef cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure . Some small breeds such as Nadudana also known as the miniature zebu are also kept as pets . In some regions, zebu have significant religious meaning . Both scientific names Bos taurus and Bos indicus were introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, with

377-528: The Indian aurochs, became extinct during the Indus Valley civilisation likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu. Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three aurochs subspecies to die out. Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from

406-675: The Near East. Sanga cattle breeds is considered to have originated from hybridization of zebu with taurine cattle leading to the Afrikaner , Red Fulani , Ankole , Boran and many other breeds. Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African and Indian breeds. Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the Hariana from Haryana , Punjab or the Rath from Alwar district , Rajasthan . Zebu, which are adapted to high temperatures , were imported into Brazil in

435-435: The calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of beef cattle in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , beef cattle , dairy cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure , and horn for knife handles and

464-470: The early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues. In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle , a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim . It has

493-476: The exponential decay relation and the "Libby half-life" 5568 a. The ages are expressed in years before present (BP) where "present" is defined as AD 1950. The year 1950 was chosen because it was the standard astronomical epoch at that time. It also marked the publication of the first radiocarbon dates in December 1949, and 1950 also antedates large-scale atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , which altered

522-480: The global ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . Dates determined using radiocarbon dating come as two kinds: uncalibrated (also called Libby or raw ) and calibrated (also called Cambridge ) dates. Uncalibrated radiocarbon dates should be clearly noted as such by "uncalibrated years BP", because they are not identical to calendar dates. This has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon ( carbon-14 or C) has not been strictly constant during

551-505: The island. Zebu are wrestled by young men in a competitive ritual of courtship called tolon'omby . Within the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , zebu are used for jallikattu . In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu. Zebu are venerated in Hinduism of India. In the historical Vedic religion they were a symbol of plenty. In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to

580-530: The latter used to describe humped cattle in China . The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999, but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle , Bos taurus indicus , by both Clutton-Brock and Colin Groves in 2004 and by Peter Grubb in 2005. In 2011, Groves and Grubb classified it as a distinct species again. The American Society of Mammalogists considers it part of

609-526: The like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu , are kept as pets . In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases. In Madagascar , zebu outnumber people, and there are an "astonishing" 6,813 Malagasy proverbs, common sayings, and expressions referring to zebu in parlance on

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638-516: The name (standard codes are used) of the laboratory concerned, and other information such as confidence levels, because of differences between the methods used by different laboratories and changes in calibrating methods. Conversion from Gregorian calendar years to Before Present years is by starting with the 1950-01-01 epoch of the Gregorian calendar and increasing the BP year count with each year into

667-574: The overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the gestation period. The zebu is susceptible to nagana as it does not exhibit trypanotolerance . It is said to be resilient to parasites. Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India, Nepal , Bangladesh and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as Japan , Korea , northern China and Mongolia . In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between. Geneticists at

696-620: The shoulders, large dewlaps and droopy ears. Compared to taurine cattle, the zebu is well adapted to the hot tropical savanna climate and steppe environments. These adaptations result in higher tolerance for drought, heat and sunlight exposure. Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that cows wean their calves over a 2-week period, but after that, continue to show strong affiliatory behavior with their offspring and preferentially choose them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years. Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This

725-596: The span of time that can be radiocarbon-dated. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by calibration curves based on comparison of raw radiocarbon dates of samples independently dated by other methods, such as dendrochronology (dating based on tree growth-rings) and stratigraphy (dating based on sediment layers in mud or sedimentary rock). Such calibrated dates are expressed as cal BP, where "cal" indicates "calibrated years", or "calendar years", before 1950. Many scholarly and scientific journals require that published calibrated results be accompanied by

754-480: The species Bos taurus in analogy to Sanga cattle ( Bos taurus africanus Kerr , 1792 ). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has not yet published a ruling on the classification of domestic derivatives and no scientific body advocates the abolition of the biological species concept for domestic animals. Currently (2024s), it is not correct to describe Zebu animals as Bos taurus indicus , but rather as Bos indicus , because they are

783-562: The unambiguous "b2k", for "years before 2000 AD", often in combination with the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) time scale. Some authors who use the YBP dating format also use "YAP" ("years after present") to denote years after 1950. SI prefix multipliers may be used to express larger periods of time, e.g. ka BP (thousand years BP), Ma BP (million years BP) and many others . Radiocarbon dating

812-446: Was first used in 1949. Beginning in 1954, metrologists established 1950 as the origin year for the BP scale for use with radiocarbon dating, using a 1950-based reference sample of oxalic acid . According to scientist A. Currie Lloyd: The problem was tackled by the international radiocarbon community in the late 1950s, in cooperation with the U.S. National Bureau of Standards . A large quantity of contemporary oxalic acid dihydrate

841-525: Was prepared as NBS Standard Reference Material (SRM) 4990B. Its C concentration was about 5% above what was believed to be the natural level, so the standard for radiocarbon dating was defined as 0.95 times the C concentration of this material, adjusted to a C reference value of −19 per mil (PDB). This value is defined as "modern carbon" referenced to AD 1950. Radiocarbon measurements are compared to this modern carbon value, and expressed as "fraction of modern" (fM). "Radiocarbon ages" are calculated from fM using

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