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60-572: Although the reef is well within the Philippines' exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and traditional fishing grounds, Mischief Reef has been controlled by the PRC since 1995, and is also claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan) , and Vietnam . The PRC performed various reclamation activities in at least two locations on the rim of the atoll in the period from 1995 to 2013. However, from the end of 2013 to

120-469: A radome and possible antenna mount, among other construction preparations underway on Mischief Reef. Mischief Community (美济社区, Měijì Shèqū ) is affiliated to Nansha District, Sansha City, Hainan Province, the People's Republic of China, and is located on Meiji Reef, Nansha Islands, South China Sea. It is the southernmost settlement in the territory of the People's Republic of China. On December 5, 2012,

180-400: A distance of no more than 200 nmi (370 km) out from its coastal baseline . The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi (741 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary . Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to

240-775: A maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state. To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters . Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with a total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory. The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond

300-482: A military base with a large harbour and a 2,644 metres (8,675 ft) runway, with the reclaimed land covering 558 hectares (1,380 acres). A civilian test flight to the runway was conducted by a China Southern Airlines passenger jet on 13 July 2016. In late 2016, photographs emerged which suggested that Mischief Reef was armed with anti-aircraft weapons and a CIWS missile-defence system. In early 2021, satellite imagery and third party geointelligence analysis confirmed

360-707: A portion of the shelf in the Barents Sea. Area: 290,000 square kilometres (110,000 sq mi) Radome A radome (a portmanteau of " radar " and " dome ") is a structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a radar antenna . The radome is constructed of material transparent to radio waves. Radomes protect the antenna from weather and conceal antenna electronic equipment from view. They also protect nearby personnel from being accidentally struck by quickly rotating antennas. Radomes can be constructed in several shapes – spherical, geodesic , planar, etc. – depending on

420-407: A territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. The tribunal concluded that Mischief Reef forms part of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Philippines. In 2014, land reclamation started inside the rims. The Philippines filed a diplomatic protest against China after the discovery of their reclamation activities. By January 2016, work was well advanced on developing

480-647: A tiny island in the Mediterranean Sea, is the country's southernmost point. Italy shares treaty-defined maritime boundaries with France , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Malta , Greece , Albania , Montenegro , Croatia and Slovenia . Japan has the world's eighth-largest exclusive economic zone, covering 4,479,674 km (1,729,612 sq mi). It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores. Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (China, Russia, South Korea , and Taiwan ). The above, and relevant maps at

540-439: A total surface area of 3,269,386 km , and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world. New Zealand 's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km (1,576,742 sq mi), which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km . These figures are for

600-405: Is often used to prevent ice and freezing rain from accumulating on antennas. In the case of a spinning radar parabolic antenna , the radome also protects the antenna from debris and rotational irregularities due to wind. Its shape is easily identified by its hardshell, which has strong properties against being damaged. For stationary antennas, excessive amounts of ice can de- tune the antenna to

660-618: The Chinese government rejected the protest and said that the structures were shelter for fishermen. In 1999, another wave of protests from Manila occurred when China added more structures to Mischief Reef. China was also reported to have planted buoys in nearby Sabina Shoal . The Philippines claimed that China had a well-rehearsed routine when laying claim to a new reef: first put down buoys, then build concrete markers. Temporary wooden or bamboo shelters followed, and then permanent structures went up. The Philippines therefore would try to destroy

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720-561: The Fernando de Noronha Islands , Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago , and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands . Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 km (2,161,816 sq mi), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters. The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 nmi (560 km) across),

780-772: The Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic Archipelago . Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands , Easter Island , and the Juan Fernández Islands . In 2020 and 2022, Chile submitted its partial claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin. The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while

840-612: The Maluku Islands ) and sixty smaller island groups. Ireland's exclusive economic zone was reported to be the location of a Russian military exercise in January 2022. Russia's exercise was then moved outside the economic zone. In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement

900-742: The Mischief Village Committee in Nansha District, Sansha City was formally established. The 53 fishermen who guarded the reef became the first batch of villagers. The villagers' homes and village committees were located in "Qiongfuhua No. 01" in the lagoon. On a fishing boat. According to reports, the Hainan Provincial People's Government had planned to build a cement platform in Sanya. Once completed, it would be transported to Mischief Reef and then fixed on

960-590: The Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Italy's EEZ is limited by maritime boundaries with neighboring countries to the northwest, east and southeast. Italy's western sea territory stretches from the west coast of Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea , including the island of Sardinia . The island of Sicily is in the southernmost area. Lampedusa ,

1020-488: The nose cones often additionally serve as radomes. On airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft (e.g. the American E-3 Sentry ), a discus -shaped rotating radome, often called a " rotodome ", is mounted on the top of the fuselage for 360-degree scanning coverage. Some newer AEW&C configurations instead use three 120-degree phased array modules inside a stationary radome, examples being

1080-676: The Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them. On 25 November 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest, explaining that the Algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n° 18–96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off

1140-641: The Baltic Sea area. Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea . It includes many small islands which vary between 1,200 and 6,000 in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea . The largest islands are Crete , Euboea , Lesbos , Rhodes and Chios . Greece's EEZ is bordered to the west by Albania and Italy , to the south by Libya and Egypt , and to

1200-588: The Chinese KJ-2000 and Indian DRDO AEW&Cs . On fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft using microwave satellite for beyond-line-of-sight communication , radomes often appear as bulged "blisters" on the fuselage. The use of radomes dates back as far as 1941. The air supported radome built by Walter Bird in 1948 at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory is the first pneumatic construction built in history. A radome

1260-646: The Chinese Type 053 frigate Dongguan ran aground on the reef, sparking embarrassment for the Chinese government and causing an awkward diplomatic situation. The ship was later towed back to base. On 12 July 2016, the tribunal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration concluded that Mischief Reef is, or in their natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and are, accordingly low-tide elevations that do not generate entitlement to

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1320-684: The Columbus Division of North American Aviation. This radome was originally used for the FPS-35 search radar at Baker Air Force Station, Oregon. When Baker AFS was closed the radome was moved to provide a high-school gymnasium in Payette, Idaho. Pictures and documents are available online at radomes.org/museum for Baker AFS/821st Radar Squadron. For maritime satellite communications service, radomes are widely used to protect dish antennas which are continually tracking fixed satellites while

1380-849: The EEZ include the Maritime Task Act (Seeaufgabengesetz) from 1965, the Maritime Facilities Act (Seeanlagengesetz) from 2017, and prior to that the Sea Facilities Ordinance (Seeanlagenverordnung) from 1997, the Federal Mining Act (Bundesberggesetz) and the Regional Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz). The German EEZ has an area of 32,982 km . About 70% of the EEZ covers Germany's entire North Sea area, while some 29% encompasses

1440-727: The EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (the Cook Islands , Niue , Tokelau , and the Ross Dependency ). The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Sea of Japan . The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested

1500-561: The Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted. The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters. Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute. Fisheries management , usually adhering to guidelines set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), provides significant practical mechanisms for

1560-495: The Sea Around Us Project both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account the claims of adjacent jurisdictions. Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications. Mexico's exclusive economic zones cover

1620-501: The South China Sea in the 1850s. Mischief Reef is located at 9°55′N 115°32′E  /  9.917°N 115.533°E  / 9.917; 115.533 . It lies 50 nautical miles east of Union Banks . Mischief Reef consists of a large lagoon and rocks that lie above water at low tide. In 1994 and 1995, China built initial structures on stilts in the area. The Philippine government protested these actions. However,

1680-548: The Spanish embassy in Algiers to show their eligibility in Algeria's exclusive economic zone. Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of Argentina reaches 3,849,756 km . The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1,159,063 km . Australia's exclusive economic zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles from the coastline of Australia and its external territories , except where

1740-549: The United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones, The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018. The two countries indicated that

1800-581: The West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands. In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal -shaped. The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia. Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because

1860-461: The antenna's exposed parts with a sturdy, weatherproof material, typically fiberglass, keeping debris or ice away from the antenna, thus preventing any serious issues. One of the main driving forces behind the development of fiberglass as a structural material was the need during World War II for radomes. When considering structural load, the use of a radome greatly reduces wind load in both normal and iced conditions. Many tower sites require or prefer

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1920-562: The atoll through pre-embedded pile foundations to form a cement platform. The platform is planned to have hundreds of rooms with toilets, air conditioners and special bathrooms for villagers to live in. The plan ended with land reclamation of Mischief Reef. In 2013, the Mischief Village Committee was renamed the Mischief Community Residents Committee . In June 2015, after the People's Republic of China completed land reclamation on Mischief Reef, it built

1980-584: The baseline cover an additional 12,498 km , and EEZ covers 24,482 km for a total of 55,961 km . Cyprus EEZ covers 98,707 square km (38,100 square miles). Cyprus' EEZ borders those of Greece , Turkey , Syria , Lebanon , Israel and Egypt . The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country ( selvstyre ) of Greenland and the constituent country ( hjemmestyre ) of the Faroe Islands . Area: 1,077,231 km Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of

2040-509: The buoys or markers before China has time to build larger structures. The Philippines' decision not to destroy the Chinese structures on Mischief Reef has prevented an escalation of the dispute. The Philippines claims that China has always been prepared for armed conflict when challenged, as is evident in China's taking over reefs from Vietnam in the 1988 Johnson South Reef Skirmish which resulted in more than 70 Vietnamese deaths. On 11 July 2012,

2100-579: The coast of Algeria. The Algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration, the specific characteristics, and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face, as well as

2160-479: The coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not correspond exactly to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone. The idea of allotting nations' EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in

2220-461: The contiguous United States and Alaska during the Cold War. Most of the radars used at these ground stations were protected by rigid or inflatable radomes. The radomes were typically at least 15 m (50 ft) in diameter and the radomes were attached to standardized radar tower buildings that housed the radar transmitter, receiver and antenna. Some of these radomes were very large. The CW-620

2280-546: The control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control. Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks , on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas , outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling. Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018. The permanent mission of Spain to

2340-650: The east by Cyprus and Turkey . India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles. Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. The total size is 6,159,032 km (2,378,016 sq mi). It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores. This is due to the 13,466 islands of the Indonesian Archipelago . It has the 2nd largest coastline of 54,720 km (34,000 mi). The five main islands are: Sumatra , Java , Borneo , Sulawesi , and Western New Guinea . There are two major island groups ( Nusa Tenggara and

2400-499: The end of 2016 a large artificial island of 1,379 acres (558 ha) was created around the majority of the lagoon's perimeter. The reef was the subject of a 2016 tribunal ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, where the landmark ruling the nine-dash line as moot and without basis. Mischief Reef was also ruled as a low tide elevation (LTE) meaning it cannot possess a territorial 12 mile-boundary regardless of

2460-420: The last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account adjacent powers' claims. Croatia proclaimed Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone in 2003, but it was not enforced toward other European Union states especially Italy and Slovenia. The zone was upgraded to EEZ in 2021 together with Italy and Slovenia. Territorial waters has 18,981 km , while internal waters located within

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2520-519: The late 20th century. Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi (6 km) (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi (22 km) beyond the shore. One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945. However, it

2580-564: The limits of Australia's EEZ. Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory , but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres. Brazil 's EEZ includes areas around

2640-544: The nearest state. The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters , which end at 12 nmi (22 km) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ). Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone . States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the extended continental shelf up to 350 nmi (648 km) from

2700-408: The objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution. On 20 June 2019, a communication from Algeria was sent. It was addressed to the Italian embassy and

2760-589: The office building of the Mischief Community Residents Committee on the artificial island and built bungalows for villagers to live in. Exclusive economic zone An exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has exclusive rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources , including energy production from water and wind. It stretches from

2820-434: The outer limit of the territorial sea (22.224 kilometres or 12 nmi from the baseline) out 370.4 kilometres (or 200 nautical miles ) from the coast of the state in question. It is also referred to as a maritime continental margin and, in colloquial usage, may include the continental shelf . The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit. The difference between

2880-413: The particular application, using various construction materials such as fiberglass , polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) -coated fabric, and others. In addition to radar protection, radomes on aircraft platforms also act as fairings that streamline the antenna system, thus reducing drag . When found on fixed-wing aircraft with forward-looking radar, as are commonly used for object or weather detection,

2940-600: The planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,691,000 km (4,514,000 sq mi). The EEZ of France covers approximately 7% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of Earth. Germany declared the establishment of its exclusive economic zone in the North and Baltic Seas on 1 January 1995. The relevant German legal provisions that are applicable within

3000-430: The point where its impedance at the input frequency rises drastically, causing the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) to rise as well. This reflected power goes back to the transmitter , where it can cause overheating . A foldback circuit can act to prevent this; however, one drawback of its use is that it causes the station's output power to drop dramatically, reducing its range. A radome avoids that by covering

3060-528: The reclamation and a military base installation by the PRC . Their moves only heightened the tension with the Philippines , resulting in a massive defence acquisition of this archipelagic nation. The area is said to be rich in as of yet unexplored oil and gas fields. One source says that Mischief Reef was discovered by Henry Spratly in 1791 and was named after the clipper Mischief that sailed regularly in

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3120-673: The rotational mechanism and the sensitive electronics , and is heated in colder climates to prevent icing. The RAF Menwith Hill electronic surveillance base, which includes over 30 radomes, is widely believed to regularly intercept satellite communications. At Menwith Hill, the radome enclosures prevent observers from seeing the direction of the antennas, and therefore which satellites are being targeted. Similarly, radomes prevent observation of antennas used in ECHELON facilities. The United States Air Force Aerospace Defense Command operated and maintained dozens of air defense radar stations in

3180-492: The sea is not thought to be rich in resources. Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819,620 km around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km , including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen . In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over

3240-687: The ship experiences pitch, roll and yaw movements. Large cruise ships and oil tankers may have radomes over 3   m in diameter covering antennas for broadband transmissions for television, voice, data, and the Internet, while recent developments allow similar services from smaller installations such as the 85 cm motorised dish used in the SES Broadband for Maritime system. Small private yachts may use radomes as small as 26   cm in diameter for voice and low-speed data. An active electronically scanned array radar has no moving antenna and so

3300-406: The territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters are international waters . Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to

3360-426: The use of radomes for wind loading benefits and for protection from falling ice or debris. Where radomes might be considered unsightly if near the ground, electric antenna heaters could be used instead. Usually running on direct current , the heaters do not interfere physically or electrically with the alternating current of the radio transmission . For radar dishes, a single, large, ball-shaped dome also protects

3420-676: The validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders. The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope. In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korea Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area. The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in

3480-577: Was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf signed by Chilean President Gabriel Gonzalez Videla on 23 June 1947 and by Peruvian President Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero through Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947 It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of

3540-426: Was a space frame rigid radome with a maximum diameter of 46 m (150 ft), and a height of 26 m (84 ft). This radome consisted of 590 panels, and was designed for winds up to 240 km/h (150 mph). The total radome weight was 92,700 kg (204,400 lb) with a surface area of 3,680 m (39,600 sq ft). The CW-620 radome was designed and constructed by Sperry-Rand Corporation for

3600-595: Was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross-border resources discovered and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources. Italy has an EEZ of 541,915 km (209,235 sq mi). The country claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores, and its three coastlines are

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