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130-578: The Mississippi Arts Commission receives annual funding from the United States federal government through the National Endowment for the Arts as well as the state legislature and private donors. The agency provides grant funding across the state to individual artists and arts organizations as well as non-profit organizations, local municipalities, schools & universities, etc. In 2018,

260-466: A Georgian architectural style ; some of the newer buildings have a more contemporary architecture. At the campus' center is " The Circle ", which consists of eight academic buildings organized around an ovaloid common. The buildings include the Lyceum (1848), the "Y" Building (1853), and six later buildings constructed in a Neoclassical Revival style. The Lyceum was the first building on the campus and

390-640: A U.S. citizen for at least seven years, and must live in the state that they represent. In addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner . There is one delegate each from Washington, D.C. , Guam , the Virgin Islands , American Samoa , the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and a resident commissioner from Puerto Rico . Unlike

520-531: A head of government , and a Nobel Prize Laureate . Other alumni have received accolades in the arts such as Emmy Awards , Grammy Awards , and Pulitzer Prizes . Its medical center performed the first human lung transplant and animal-to-human heart transplant . The Mississippi Legislature chartered the University of Mississippi on February 24, 1844. Planners selected an isolated, rural site in Oxford as

650-584: A statue of Meredith was dedicated on campus. Two years later, the site of the 1962 riots was designated as a National Historic Landmark . The university also held a yearlong program to mark the 50th anniversary of integration in 2012. The university hosted the first presidential debate of 2008 —the first presidential debate held in Mississippi—between Senators John McCain and Barack Obama . Ole Miss retired its mascot Colonel Reb in 2003, citing its Confederate imagery. Although

780-612: A "sylvan exile" that would foster academic studies and focus. In 1845, residents of Lafayette County donated land west of Oxford for the campus and the following year, architect William Nichols oversaw construction of an academic building called the Lyceum , two dormitories, and faculty residences. On November 6, 1848, the university, offering a classical curriculum, opened to its first class of 80 students, most of whom were children of elite slaveholders, all of whom were white, and all but one of whom were from Mississippi. For 23 years,

910-539: A bachelor's degree, students must have at least 120 semester hours with passing grades and a cumulative 2.0 GPA. The university also offers graduate degrees such as PhDs and masters of art, science, and fine arts. The university maintains the Mississippi Teacher Corps , a free graduate program that educates teachers for critical-needs public schools. Taylor Medals, which were first awarded in 1905, are presented to exceptional students nominated by

1040-707: A complex set of relationships between state and federal courts. Federal courts can sometimes hear cases arising under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction , state courts can decide certain matters involving federal law, and a handful of federal claims are primarily reserved by federal statute to the state courts. Both court systems have exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and concurrent jurisdiction in others. The U.S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office "during good behavior"; in practice, this usually means they serve until they die, retire, or resign. A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in

1170-523: A constitutional interpretation by the courts. One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the idea of " checks and balances " among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. For example, while the legislative branch ( Congress ) has the power to create law, the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation—an act which, in turn, can be overridden by Congress. The president nominates judges to

1300-723: A day of networking, arts engagement, as well as professional development and training. Since 2018, the one-day conference has been hosted at the Mississippi State Capitol Building in Jackson, Mississippi. The Mississippi Arts Commission’s Artist Roster is a listing of artists who have been accepted to the Teaching Artist Roster, the Mississippi Artist Roster, or both. Each artist or arts group applied and underwent

1430-613: A few cases. The judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution, an Act of Congress ; a U.S. treaty ; cases affecting ambassadors , ministers and consuls of foreign countries in the U.S.; cases and controversies to which the federal government is a party; controversies between states (or their citizens) and foreign nations (or their citizens or subjects); and bankruptcy cases (collectively "federal-question jurisdiction"). The Eleventh Amendment removed from federal jurisdiction cases in which citizens of one state were

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1560-491: A gathering of segregationist students before the Lyceum became a violent mob. Segregationist rioters threw Molotov cocktails and bottles of acid , and fired guns at federal marshals and reporters. 160 marshals would be injured, with 28 receiving gunshot wounds, and two civilians—French journalist Paul Guihard and Oxford repairman Ray Gunter—were killed by gunfire. Eventually, 13,000 soldiers arrived in Oxford and quashed

1690-540: A grass-roots movement to adopt Star Wars character Admiral Ackbar of the Rebel Alliance gained significant support, Rebel Black Bear , a reference to Faulkner's short story The Bear , was selected in 2010. The Bear was replaced with another mascot, Tony the Landshark , in 2017. Beginning in 2022, football coach Lane Kiffin 's dog Juice became the de facto mascot. In 2015, the university removed

1820-619: A research park that "welcomes companies commercializing University of Mississippi research". Honors education at the University of Mississippi, consisting of lectures by distinguished academics, began in 1953. In 1974, this program became the University Scholars Program, and in 1983, the University Honors Program was created and honors-core courses were offered. In 1997, Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale and wife Sally donated $ 5.4 million to establish

1950-478: A single elected term." Under the Presentment Clause of Article I, a bill that passes both chambers of Congress shall be presented to the president, who may sign the bill into law or veto the bill by returning it to the chamber where it originated. If the president neither signs nor vetoes a bill "within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him" it becomes a law without

2080-725: A thorough review by a panel of artists, presenters and educators. Members of these adjudicated rosters are eligible to be hired using Mississippi Arts Commission grant funds. Members remain on the Roster for three years before being required to reapply for inclusion. "Each week, members of the Mississippi Arts Commission's staff host The Mississippi Arts Hour, a radio program broadcast on Mississippi Public Broadcasting's FM and digital radio networks. The show features interviews with Mississippi artists, musicians, craftspeople, and others involved in arts and culture from around

2210-476: A word for the ritualized pregame revelry ... 'Tailgating' certainly does not do it justice". The tradition began in 1991 when cars were banned from the Grove. Prior to each game, over 2,000 red-and-blue trash cans are placed throughout the Grove. This event is known as "Trash Can Friday". Each barrel marks a tailgating spot. The spots are claimed by tailgaters, who erect a "tent city" of 2,500 shelters. Many of

2340-417: Is 85.7 percent. In 2020, the student body included over 1,100 transfer students. Are You Ready? Hell Yeah! Damn Right! Hotty Toddy, Gosh Almighty, Who The Hell Are We? Hey! Flim Flam, Bim Bam Ole Miss By Damn! — The Hotty Toddy chant A common greeting on campus is "Hotty Toddy!", which is also used in the school chant. The phrase has no explicit meaning and its origin is unknown. The chant

2470-592: Is a public research university in Oxford, Mississippi , United States, with a medical center in Jackson . It is Mississippi's oldest public university and is the state's largest by enrollment. The Mississippi Legislature chartered the university on February 24, 1844, and in 1848 admitted its first 80 students. During the Civil War , the university operated as a Confederate hospital and narrowly avoided destruction by Ulysses S. Grant 's forces. In 1962, during

2600-813: Is available on the agency's website. Arts Day at the Capitol is the Mississippi Arts Commission's annual arts advocacy day held during the Mississippi Spring Legislative Session in the Mississippi State Capitol rotunda. Attendees from across the state gather to highlight the significant contributions of the arts in the lives of Mississippians. The Mississippi Arts Commission hosts the State Arts Conference in order to gather artists, arts professionals, and representatives from arts organizations for

2730-454: Is composed of three distinct branches: legislative , executive , and judicial , whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress , the president , and the federal courts , respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts subordinate to the U.S. Supreme Court . In

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2860-726: Is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Ole Miss is classified as "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It is one of 33 institutions participating in the National Sea Grant Program and also participates in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. Its research efforts include the National Center for Physics Acoustics, the National Center for Natural Products Research, and

2990-716: Is located on campus. In addition to conducting research, the NCPA houses the Acoustical Society of America 's archives. The university also operates the University of Mississippi Field Station, which includes 223 research ponds and supports long-term ecological research, and hosts the Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research and the Mississippi Law Research Institute. In 2012, the university completed Insight Park ,

3120-543: Is managed by the Mississippi Arts Commission. Students in grades 9-12 participate at the classroom level where winners advance to school-wide contests, to regional competitions, to the state finals, and finally to the national contest held annually in Washington DC. State Champions receive a cash prize in addition to an all-expense-paid trip to compete at the National Contest. A list of past statewide winners

3250-422: Is shared between the federal government and state governments . The interpretation and execution of these principles, including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised, have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution. Some make a case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals,

3380-479: Is the College of Liberal Arts. Graduate schools include a law school, a school of business administration, an engineering school, and a medical school. The University of Mississippi's chief administrative officer is the chancellor , a position Glenn Boyce has held since 2019. The chancellor is supported by vice-chancellors who administer areas such as research and intercollegiate athletics. The provost oversees

3510-588: The Public Accounting Report . Since 2012, the Chronicle of Higher Education has named the University of Mississippi as one of the "Great Colleges to Work For". In the 2018 results, released in the Chronicle ' s annual report on "The Academic Workplace", the university was among 84 institutions honored from the 253 colleges and universities surveyed. In 2018, the university's campus

3640-722: The Mississippi State Flag , which included the Confederate battle emblem, and in 2020, it relocated a prominent Confederate monument. The University of Mississippi's Oxford campus is partially located in Oxford and partially in University, Mississippi , a census-designated place . The main campus is situated at an altitude of around 500 feet (150 m), and has expanded from one square mile (260 ha) of land to around 1,200 acres (1.9 sq mi; 490 ha). The campus' buildings are largely designed in

3770-635: The Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College (SMBHC), which provides a capstone project—a senior thesis—and endowed scholarships. In 1977, the university established its Center for the Study of Southern Culture with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities , which is housed in the College of Liberal Arts. The center provides for interdisciplinary studies of Southern history and culture . In 2000,

3900-508: The Senate . The U.S. House of Representatives is made up of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district in a state from where they were elected. Apportionment of seats among the 50 states is determined by state populations, and it is updated after each decennial U.S. Census. Each member serves a two-year term. In order to be elected as a representative, an individual must be at least 25 years of age, must have been

4030-526: The Supreme Court , combat piracies and felonies , declare war , raise and support armies , provide and maintain a navy , make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for, arm and discipline the militia , exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia , regulate interstate commerce , and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers. Over the two centuries since

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4160-494: The U.S. Senate , all members of the U.S. House must be elected and cannot be appointed. In the case of a vacancy, the seat must be filled through a special election, as required under Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population. There are currently 100 senators (2 from each of the 50 states), who each serve six-year terms. Approximately one-third of

4290-532: The U.S. Tax Court , are specialized courts handling only certain kinds of cases, known as subject matter jurisdiction . The Bankruptcy Courts are supervised by the district courts, and, as such, are not considered part of the Article III judiciary. As such, their judges do not have lifetime tenure, nor are they Constitutionally exempt from diminution of their remuneration. The Tax Court is an Article I Court, not an Article III Court. The district courts are

4420-629: The USA International Ballet Competition , Natchez Opera Festival, New Stage Theatre, and the Tougaloo College Art Collection (among many, many others). A complete list of past Governor's Awards recipients is available on the agency's website. Mississippi Whole Schools is the state's first comprehensive statewide arts education program for preK-12 schools with a focus on an arts integrated method of instruction. This method calls for bringing

4550-858: The United States Director of National Intelligence designated CISS as an Intelligence Community Center of Academic Excellence (CAE), becoming one of 29 such college programs in the United States. Other special programs include the Haley Barbour Center for Manufacturing Excellence—established jointly by the university and Toyota in 2008—and the Chinese Language Flagship Program ( simplified Chinese : 中文旗舰项目 ; traditional Chinese : 中文旗艦項目 ; pinyin : Zhōngwén Qíjiàn Xiàngmù ). The Croft Institute for International Studies , which

4680-505: The United States District Courts , which are the general trial courts for federal law, and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state, known as diversity jurisdiction . There are three levels of federal courts with general jurisdiction, which are courts that handle both criminal and civil suits between individuals. Other courts, such as the bankruptcy courts and

4810-914: The United States Postal Service (USPS), NASA , the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In addition, there are government-owned corporations , including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation . The Judiciary, under Article III of

4940-668: The University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) was established on a 164-acre (66 ha) site in Jackson, Mississippi , and the School of Medicine was relocated there. A nursing school was established in 1956 and since then, other health-related schools have been added. As of 2021 , UMMC offers medical and graduate degrees. In addition to the medical center, the university has satellite campuses in Booneville, DeSoto, Grenada, Rankin, and Tupelo. The University of Mississippi consists of 15 schools. The largest undergraduate school

5070-445: The University of Mississippi Museum , which comprises collections of American fine art, Classical antiquities, and Southern folk art, as well as historic properties in Oxford. Ole Miss also owns University-Oxford Airport , which is located north of the main campus. North Mississippi Japanese Supplementary School, a Japanese weekend school , is operated in conjunction with Ole Miss, with classes held on campus. It opened in 2008 and

5200-713: The White House staff, the National Security Council , the Office of Management and Budget , the Council of Economic Advisers , the Council on Environmental Quality , the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative , the Office of National Drug Control Policy , and the Office of Science and Technology Policy . Outside of the EOP and the executive departments are a number of independent agencies . These include

5330-447: The civil rights movement , a race riot occurred on campus when segregationists tried to prevent the enrollment of African American student James Meredith . The university has since taken measures to improve its image. The university is closely associated with writer William Faulkner and owns and manages his former Oxford home Rowan Oak , which with other on-campus sites Barnard Observatory and Lyceum–The Circle Historic District ,

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5460-508: The federal division of power, the federal government shares sovereignty with each of the 50 states in their respective territories. U.S. law recognizes Indigenous tribes as possessing sovereign powers , while being subject to federal jurisdiction. The full name of the republic is the "United States of America". No other name appears in the Constitution , and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which

5590-630: The head of government (the chief executive). The Constitution directs the president to " take care that the laws be faithfully executed " and requires the president to swear or affirm to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Legal scholars William P. Marshall and Saikrishna B. Prakash write of the Clause: "the President may neither breach federal law nor order their subordinates to do so, for defiance cannot be considered faithful execution. The Constitution also incorporates

5720-543: The 1930s, the many building projects at the campus were largely funded by the Public Works Administration and other federal entities. Among the notable buildings built in this period is the dual-domed Kennon Observatory (1939). Two large modern buildings—the Ole Miss Union (1976) and Lamar Hall (1977)—caused controversy by diverging from the university's traditional architecture. In 1998,

5850-622: The 1961 inauguration of President John F. Kennedy , James Meredith —an African American Air Force veteran and former student at Jackson State University —applied to the University of Mississippi. After months of obstruction by Mississippi officials, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered Meredith's enrollment, and the Department of Justice under Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy entered the case on Meredith's behalf. On three occasions, either governor Ross R. Barnett or lieutenant governor Paul B. Johnson Jr. physically blocked Meredith's entry to

5980-420: The 2023–2024 academic year, the student body consists of 18,533 undergraduates and 2,264 in graduate programs. Around 57 percent of the undergraduate student body were female. As of Fall 2023, minorities composed 23.5 percent of the body. The median family income of students is $ 116,600, and over half of students come from the top 20 percent. According to The New York Times , the University of Mississippi has

6110-648: The 33 colleges and universities participating in the National Sea Grant Program and participates in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program . Since 1948, the university has been a member of the Oak Ridge Associated Universities . In 1963, University of Mississippi Medical Center surgeons, led by James Hardy , performed the world's first human lung transplant, and in 1964

6240-614: The ASB Senate in the spring semester and leftover seats are voted on in open-seat elections in the fall. Senators can represent registered student organizations such as the Greek councils and sports clubs, or they can run to represent their academic school. The University of Mississippi's marching band The Pride of the South performs in-concert and at athletic events. The band was formally organized in 1928, but it existed before that date as

6370-886: The Cabinet who are appointed by the president. These are the White House Chief of Staff, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Director of the Office of Management & Budget, United States Trade Representative, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, and Administrator of the Small Business Administration. The heads of the 15 departments are chosen by

6500-643: The Constitution, explains and applies the laws. This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases. Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise. Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office. Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by

6630-593: The English bars on dispensing or suspending the law, with some supposing that the Clause itself prohibits both." Many presidential actions are undertaken via executive orders , presidential proclamations , and presidential memoranda . The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces . Under the Reception Clause , the president is empowered to "receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers";

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6760-403: The Gertrude C. Ford Foundation donated $ 20 million to establish the Gertrude C. Ford Center for the Performing Arts, which was the first building on campus to be solely dedicated to the performing arts. As of 2020, the university was constructing a 202,000-square-foot (18,800 m ) STEM facility, the largest single construction project in the campus' history. The university owns and operates

6890-426: The Governor's Office in partnership with the Mississippi Arts Commission and other cultural agencies restructured the office of the state's poet to a four-year term. The Mississippi Arts Commission is the chair of the Poet Laureate Selection Panel which includes A nationwide initiative created by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Poetry Foundation, the Poetry Out Loud National Recitation Contest in Mississippi

7020-413: The House plus its two senators). The District of Columbia has a number of electoral votes "equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State". A President may also be seated by succession . As originally drafted, there was no limit to the time a President could serve, however

7150-414: The Mississippi Arts Commission in partnership with the Governor’s Office." Every summer, members of the public nominate an artist or an arts organization to be considered for the honor. These nominations are then reviewed by a panel of judges who select several of those nominated to receive a Governor's Arts Award. The awards ceremony is traditionally held in downtown Jackson at the Old Capitol Museum during

7280-419: The Mississippi Arts Commission transitioned to a digital grants management system where applications for grant funds are submitted, reviewed, and adjudicated through its eGRANT portal. "Established in 1988, the Governor’s Arts Awards recognize individuals and organizations who have made noteworthy contributions to, or achieved artistic excellence in, the state of Mississippi. The awards are presented each year by

7410-549: The Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research. The university operates the country's only federally contracted Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cannabis facility. It also operates interdisciplinary institutes such as the Center for the Study of Southern Culture . Its athletic teams compete as the Ole Miss Rebels in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's (NCAA) Division I Southeastern Conference . The university's alumni, faculty, and affiliates include 27 Rhodes Scholars , 10 governors , 5 US senators ,

7540-414: The Mississippi Delta National Heritage Area, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast National Heritage Area. In 1963, the Mississippi Poet Laureate program was established. Mississippi’s Poet Laureate serves as the official state poet, creating and reading appropriate poetry at state occasions and state agency activities and represents the rich cultural heritage of Mississippi. Originally a lifetime position, in 2011

7670-680: The President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments." These appointments delegate "by legal authority a portion of the sovereign powers of the federal government." The Constitution grants the president the "Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States , except in Cases of Impeachment"; this clemency power includes the power to issue absolute or conditional pardons, and to issue commute sentences , to remit fines, and to issue general amnesties . The presidential clemency power extends only to federal crimes, and not to state crimes. The president has informal powers beyond their formal powers. For example,

7800-524: The SEC Symposium on renewable energy in Atlanta , Georgia, which was organized and led by the University of Georgia and the UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute . In 2021, actor Morgan Freeman and Professor Linda Keena donated $ 1 million to the University of Mississippi to create the Center for Evidence-Based Policing and Reform, which will provide law-enforcement training and seek to improve engagement between law enforcement and communities. In U.S. News & World Report ' s 2023 rankings,

7930-413: The Sarah Isom Center for Women and Gender Studies was established in her honor. The university's byname "Ole Miss" was first used in 1897, when it won a contest of suggestions for a yearbook title. The term originated as a title domestic slaves used to distinguish the mistress of a plantation from "young misses". Fringe origin theories include it coming from a diminutive of "Old Mississippi", or from

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8060-439: The Senate stands for election every two years. If a vacancy occurs, the state governor appoints a replacement to complete the term or to hold the office until a special election can take place. The House and Senate each have particular exclusive powers. For example, the Senate must approve (give " advice and consent " to) many important presidential appointments, including cabinet officers, federal judges (including nominees to

8190-416: The Supreme Court), department secretaries (heads of federal executive branch departments), U.S. military and naval officers, and ambassadors to foreign countries. All legislative bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives. The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation, which then may only become law by being signed by the president (or, if the president vetoes

8320-417: The Twenty-second Amendment, ratified in 1951, originally limits any president to serving two four-year terms (8 years); the amendment specifically "caps the service of a president at 10 years" by providing that "if a person succeeds to the office of president without election and serves less than two years, he may run for two full terms; otherwise, a person succeeding to office of president can serve no more than

8450-428: The United States ( U.S. federal government or U.S. government ) is the common government of the United States , a federal republic located primarily in North America , comprising 50 states , five major self-governing territories , several island possessions , and the federal district (national capital) of Washington, D.C. , where the majority of the federal government is based. The U.S. federal government

8580-445: The United States was formed, many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government. These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the United States Supreme Court . Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud, protect civil liberties and individual rights, ensure executive compliance with the law, gather information for making laws and educating

8710-513: The United States. The National Institute on Drug Abuse contracts to the university production of cannabis for use in approved research studies and for distribution to the seven surviving medical marijuana patients grandfathered into the Compassionate Investigational New Drug program . The facility is the only source of marijuana medical researchers can use to conduct Food and Drug Administration -approved tests. The National Center for Physics Acoustics (NCPA), which Congress established in 1986,

8840-456: The University of Mississippi was one of 131 colleges and universities that participated in the national V-12 Navy College Training Program , which offered students a path to a Navy commission. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Eight years after the Brown decision, all attempts by African American applicants to enroll had failed. Shortly after

8970-425: The University of Mississippi was tied for 163rd place among national universities and 88th among public universities. In 2023, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the professional MBA program at the School of Business Administration #72 nationally, and the online MBA program in the top 25. As of 2018 , all three degree programs at the Patterson School of Accountancy were among the top 10 accounting programs according to

9100-400: The agency's website. A statewide initiative to celebrate the contributions of Mississippi's writers, the Mississippi Writers Trail installs historical markers at places of significance to the author's life with the goal of educating the public about the history and legacy of Mississippi Writers. The Mississippi Writers Trail has received funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities,

9230-458: The arts into daily classroom instruction with sequential, comprehensive instruction in dance, theatre, visual arts, and music.. Evaluations of the program have exhibited an increase in standardized test scores, community involvement, parental involvement, and overall teacher morale. Mississippi Whole Schools has also developed curricula adhering to Mississippi Department of Education learning standards. These curricula are available for free download on

9360-458: The bill, both houses of Congress then re-pass the bill, but by a two-thirds majority of each chamber, in which case the bill becomes law without the president's signature). The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the Necessary and Proper Clause , which grants Congress

9490-415: The board consists of 12 members, who serve staggered nine-year terms and represent the state's three Supreme Court Districts. The board appoints the commissioner of higher education, who administers its policies. As of April 2021 , the University of Mississippi's endowment was $ 775 million. The university's budget for fiscal year 2019 was over $ 540 million. Less than 13% of operating revenues are funded by

9620-417: The board of trustees awarded Barnard a doctorate of divinity . Within six months, the campus had been converted into a Confederate hospital; the Lyceum was used as the hospital and a building that had stood on the modern-day site of Farley Hall operated as its morgue. In November 1862, the campus was evacuated as General Ulysses S. Grant 's Union forces approached. Although Kansan troops destroyed much of

9750-402: The board was the university head's title being changed to "chancellor". Barnard was a Massachusetts-born graduate of Yale University ; his northern background and Union sympathies made his position contentious—a student assaulted his slave and the state legislature investigated him. Following the election of US President Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Mississippi became the second state to secede;

9880-611: The campus. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held both Barnett and Johnson Jr. in contempt, and issued fines exceeding $ 10,000 for each day they refused to enroll Meredith. On September 30, 1962, President Kennedy dispatched 127 U.S. Marshals , 316 deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents, and 97 federalized Federal Bureau of Prisons personnel to escort Meredith. After nightfall, far-right former Major General Edwin Walker and outside agitators arrived, and

10010-402: The case from state court to federal court. The United States Courts of Appeals are appellate courts that hear appeals of cases decided by the district courts, and some direct appeals from administrative agencies, and some interlocutory appeals. The U.S. Supreme Court hears appeals from the decisions of the courts of appeals or state supreme courts, and in addition has original jurisdiction over

10140-404: The chambers to consider urgent matters. The vice president is the second-highest official in rank of the federal government. The vice president's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1, Section 3, Clauses 4 and 5 as the president of the Senate ; this means that they are the designated presiding officer of the Senate. In that capacity,

10270-400: The chancellor declared that he and the entire faculty would resign rather than admit "negro" students. In 1882, the university began admitting women but they were not permitted to live on campus or attend law school. In 1885, the University of Mississippi hired Sarah McGehee Isom , becoming the first southeastern US college to hire a female faculty member. Nearly 100 years later, in 1981,

10400-544: The consent of two-thirds of the Senate. Article II's Appointments Clause provides that the president "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States " while providing that "Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in

10530-706: The early 1990s when it was restructured into a "publication at the intersections of an academic journal and a cultural magazine" under the leadership of former state folklorist Tom Rankin under the new title Mississippi Folklife. The new format enjoyed widespread readership until it went out of print in 1999. In 2012, the Mississippi Arts Commission revived the journal as an online publication including "new, original documentary work and writing, photo essays, films, reviews, interviews, and more." The journal now publishes articles in three core areas: Music, Custom, and Visual Arts. United States federal government [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The federal government of

10660-572: The economy. In addition, each house may name special, or select, committees to study specific problems. Today, much of the congressional workload is borne by the subcommittees, of which there are around 150. The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress. Enumerated in Article I, Section 8, these include the powers to levy and collect taxes ; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment for counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, issue patents, create federal courts inferior to

10790-418: The executive branch when becoming president upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president, which has happened nine times in U.S. history. Lastly, in the case of a Twenty-fifth Amendment succession event, the vice president would become acting president, assuming all of the powers and duties of president, except being designated as president. Accordingly, by circumstances, the Constitution designates

10920-484: The faculty. The medals are named in honor of Marcus Elvis Taylor , who graduated in 1871 and are given to less than one percent of each class. Ole Miss is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation , the university spent $ 137 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 142nd in the nation. It is one of

11050-520: The federal government; for instance, the Federal Bureau of Investigation , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , and National Park Service . Because the seat of government is in Washington, D.C. , "Washington" is sometimes used as a metonym for the federal government. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism , in which power

11180-413: The inaugural Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conference in 1974. In 1980, Willie Morris became the university's first writer in residence. In 2002, Ole Miss marked the 40th anniversary of integration with a yearlong series of events, including an oral history of the university, symposiums, a memorial, and a reunion of federal marshals who served at the campus. In 2006, the 44th anniversary of integration,

11310-486: The law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. The United States Constitution does not specifically mention the power of judicial review , which is the power to declare a law unconstitutional. There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches. Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals , and below them in turn are

11440-582: The medical equipment, a lone remaining professor persuaded Grant against burning the campus. Grant's forces left after three weeks and the campus returned to being a Confederate hospital. Over the war's course, more than 700 soldiers were buried on campus. The University of Mississippi reopened in October 1865. To avoid rejecting veterans, the university lowered admission standards and decreased costs by eliminating tuition and allowing students to live off-campus. The student body remained entirely white: in 1870

11570-569: The month of February. Recipients must agree to attend the award ceremony in person in order to receive the honor; posthumous nominations are not accepted. Past recipients have included accomplished musicians such as B.B. King , Bobby Rush , Charlie Pride , Charlie Musselwhite , and Marty Stuart ; renown writers such as Willie Morris , Richard Ford , Margaret Walker , Beth Henley , John Grisham , and Natasha Trethewey ; noteworthy visual artists such as Sam Gilliam , William Dunlap , Joe Overstreet , Gwendolyn Magee ; and arts organizations such as

11700-494: The name of the "Ole Miss" train that ran from Memphis to New Orleans . Within two years, students and alumni were using "Ole Miss" to refer to the university. Between 1900 and 1930, the Mississippi Legislature introduced bills aiming to relocate, close, or merge the university with Mississippi State University . All such legislation failed. During the 1930s, the governor of Mississippi Theodore G. Bilbo

11830-464: The nation is a party. The terms "Government of the United States of America" or "United States Government" are often used in official documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term "Federal Government" is often used, and the term "U.S. Government" is sometimes used. The terms "Federal" and "National" in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with

11960-533: The nation's highest judiciary authority, the Supreme Court (as well as to lower federal courts), but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in turn, can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress. The United States Congress , under Article I of the Constitution, is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral , comprising the House of Representatives and

12090-513: The now-voluntary literary societies diminished. Turn-of-the-20th-century student organizations included Cotillion Club, the elite Stag Club, and German Club. In the 1890s, the local YMCA began publishing a list of the organizations in the M-Book . As of 2021, the handbook was still provided to students. The Associated Student Body (ASB), which was established in 1917, is the university's student government organization. Students are elected to

12220-702: The office of vice president. Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution sets forth the creation of a presidential Cabinet. The role of the Cabinet is to advise the president and carry out the programs and laws of the federal government. The Cabinet is composed of the vice president and the leaders of 15 executive departments. Those executive departments are the Departments of State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, and Homeland Security. Additionally, there are seven other members of

12350-403: The official. Then, a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office. As of 2023 , three presidents have been impeached: Andrew Johnson , Bill Clinton , and Donald Trump (twice). None of the three were removed from office following trial in the Senate. Article I, Section 2, paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives each chamber the power to "determine

12480-488: The plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant. It did not disturb federal jurisdiction in cases in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state the defendant. The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress, and to criminal cases arising under federal law. The interplay of the Supremacy Clause and Article III has resulted in

12610-595: The power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers". Members of the House and Senate are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia , which have runoffs , and Maine and Alaska , which use ranked-choice voting . Congress has the power to remove the president, federal judges, and other federal officers from office. The House of Representatives and Senate have separate roles in this process. The House must first vote to impeach

12740-497: The power to adjourn Congress whenever the House and Senate cannot agree when to adjourn; no president has ever used this power. The president also has the constitutional power to, "on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them"; this power has been used "to consider nominations, war, and emergency legislation." This Section invests the President with the discretion to convene Congress on "extraordinary occasions"; this special session power that has been used to call

12870-558: The power to re-organize or even abolish federal courts lower than the Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court decides cases and controversies , which include matters pertaining to the federal government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the United States Constitution, and, in general, can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional , nullifying

13000-502: The president and approved with the "advice and consent" of the U.S. Senate. Once confirmed, these "Cabinet secretaries" serve at the pleasure of the president. In addition to the executive departments, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President (EOP), which was created in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The EOP is overseen by the White House Chief of Staff. The EOP includes

13130-485: The president and confirmed by the United States Senate. The Judiciary Act of 1789 subdivided the nation jurisdictionally into judicial districts and created federal courts for each district. The three tiered structure of this act established the basic structure of the national judiciary: the Supreme Court, 13 courts of appeals, 94 district courts, and two courts of special jurisdiction. Congress retains

13260-543: The president has broad authority to conduct foreign relations, is generally considered to have the sole power of diplomatic recognition , and is the United States' chief diplomat, although the Congress also has an important role in legislating on foreign affairs, and can, for example, "institute a trade embargo, declare war upon a foreign government that the President had recognized, or decline to appropriate funds for an embassy in that country." The president may also negotiate and sign treaties, but ratifying treaties requires

13390-474: The president has major agenda-setting powers to influence lawmaking and policymaking, and typically has a major role as the leader of their political party . The president and vice president are normally elected as running mates by the Electoral College ; each state has a number of electoral votes equal to the size of its Congressional delegation ( i.e. , its number of Representatives in

13520-525: The president's signature, "unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return in which Case it shall not be a Law" (called a pocket veto ). A presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress; this occurs relatively infrequently. The president may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two-thirds majority in the Senate for " treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors ". The president may not dissolve Congress , but has

13650-501: The public, and evaluate executive performance. It applies to cabinet departments, executive agencies, regulatory commissions, and the presidency. Congress's oversight function takes many forms: The executive branch is established in Article Two of the United States Constitution , which vests executive power in the president of the United States . The president is both the head of state (performing ceremonial functions) and

13780-558: The riot. One-third of the federal officers—166 men—were injured, as were 40 federal soldiers and National Guardsmen. More than 30,000 personnel were deployed, alerted, and committed in Oxford—the most in American history for a single disturbance. Meredith enrolled and attended a class on October 1. By 1968, Ole Miss had around 100 African American students, and by the 2019–2020 academic year, African Americans constituted 12.5 percent of

13910-477: The rules of its proceedings". From this provision were created congressional committees , which do the work of drafting legislation and conducting congressional investigations into national matters. The 118th Congress (2023–2025) has 20 standing committees in the House and 19 in the Senate, plus 4 joint permanent committees with members from both houses overseeing the Library of Congress , printing, taxation, and

14040-496: The same way as the president or other officials of the federal government. U.S. judges are appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the Senate. Another Constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any present Article III judge. However, Congress is able to set a lower salary for all future judges who take office after such a pay reduction is passed by Congress. University of Mississippi The University of Mississippi ( byname Ole Miss )

14170-589: The seventh-highest share of students from the economic top-one percent among selective public schools. The median starting salary of a graduate is $ 47,700, according to US News . Although 54 percent of undergraduates are from Mississippi, the student body is geographically diverse. As of late 2020, the university's undergraduates represented all 82 counties in Mississippi, 49 states, the District of Columbia , and 86 countries. The average freshman retention rate, an indicator of student success and satisfaction,

14300-553: The state of Mississippi, and the university relies heavily on private donations. The Ford Foundation has donated nearly $ 65 million to the Oxford campus and UMMC. The University of Mississippi is the state's largest university by enrollment and is considered the state's flagship university. In 2015, the student-faculty ratio was 19:1. Of its classes, 47.4 percent have fewer than 20 students. The most popular subjects include marketing, education and teaching, accountancy, finance, pharmaceutical sciences, and administration. To receive

14430-590: The state." Past episodes are uploaded as podcasts under the show name: Mississippi Arts Hour. Mississippi Folklife is the official publication of the Folk and Traditional Arts program at the Mississippi Arts Commission. The print publication was established in 1927 by the Mississippi Folklore Society as The Mississippi Folklore Register by Arthur P. Hudson at the University of Mississippi . The journal remained in-and-out of publication until

14560-540: The states, or other recognized entities. Since the American Civil War , the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly, although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance (e.g., the decades immediately following the Civil War) or when states' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action, executive prerogative or by

14690-417: The student body. In 1972, Ole Miss purchased Rowan Oak , the former home of Nobel Prize –winning writer William Faulkner . The building has been preserved as it was at Faulkner's death in 1962. Faulkner was the university's postmaster in the early 1920s and wrote As I Lay Dying (1930) at the university powerhouse. His Nobel Prize medallion is displayed in the university library. The university hosted

14820-590: The tents are extravagant, feature chandeliers and fine china, and typically host meals of Southern cuisine . To accommodate the crowds, the university maintains elaborate portable bathrooms on 18-wheeler platforms known as "Hotty Toddy Potties". The University of Mississippi's first sanctioned student organizations, literary societies the Hermaean Society and the Phi Sigma Society, were established in 1849. Weekly meetings, of which attendance

14950-529: The trial courts wherein cases that are considered under the Judicial Code (Title 28, United States Code) consistent with the jurisdictional precepts of federal question jurisdiction , diversity jurisdiction, and pendent jurisdiction can be filed and decided. The district courts can also hear cases under removal jurisdiction , wherein a case brought in a state court meets the requirements for diversity jurisdiction, and one party litigant chooses to "remove"

15080-753: The university established the Trent Lott Leadership Institute, which is named after alumnus and then- US Senate majority leader Trent Lott . The institute was funded with large corporate donations from MCI Inc. , Lockheed Martin , and other companies. In addition to leadership initiatives, the institute offers a BA degree in Public Policy Leadership. The Center for Intelligence and Security Studies (CISS) delivers academic programming on intelligence analysis and engages in applied research and consortium building with government, private, and academic partners. In 2012,

15210-490: The university was Mississippi's only public institution of higher learning and for 110 years, its only comprehensive university. In 1854, the University of Mississippi School of Law was established, becoming the fourth state-supported law school in the United States. Early president Frederick A. P. Barnard sought to increase the university's stature, placing him in conflict with the more-conservative board of trustees. The only result of Barnard's hundred-page 1858 report to

15340-516: The university's academic affairs, and a dean oversees each school, as well as general studies and the honors college. A faculty senate advises the administration. The board of trustees of the Mississippi State Institutions of Higher Learning is the constitutional governing body that is responsible for policy and financial oversight of the University of Mississippi and the state's other seven public secondary institutions.

15470-505: The university's mathematics professor Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar drafted the articles of secession . Students organized into a military company called the " University Greys ", which became Company A, 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment in the Confederate States Army . Within a month of the Civil War 's outbreak, only five students remained at the university, and by late 1861, it was closed. In its final action,

15600-518: The vice president as routinely in the legislative branch, or succeeding to the executive branch as president, or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty-fifth Amendment . Because of circumstances, the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office, the title of the office and other matters, such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to

15730-522: The vice president has the authority ( ex officio , for they are not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote . Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment , the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College . As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession , the vice president's duties and powers move to

15860-429: The world's first animal-to-human heart transplant. Because Hardy researched transplantation, consisting of primate studies during the previous nine years, the heart of a chimpanzee was used for the transplant. In 1965, the university established its Medicinal Plant Garden, which the School of Pharmacy uses for drug research. Since 1968, the school has operated the only legal marijuana farm and production facility in

15990-821: Was designed to house the world's largest telescope. Due to the Civil War's outbreak, however, the telescope was never delivered and was instead acquired by Northwestern University . The observatory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The first major building built after the Civil War was Ventress Hall, which was constructed in a Victorian Romanesque style in 1889. From 1929 to 1930, architect Frank P. Gates designed 18 buildings on campus, mostly in Georgian Revival architectural style , including (Old) University High School, Barr Hall, Bondurant Hall, Farley Hall (also known as Lamar Hall), Faulkner Hall, and Wesley Knight Field House. During

16120-471: Was expanded with two wings in 1903. According to the university, the Lyceum's bell is the oldest academic bell in the United States. Near the Circle is The Grove , a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of land that was set aside by chancellor Robert Burwell Fulton c.  1893 , and hosts up to 100,000 tailgaters during home games. Barnard Observatory , which was constructed under Chancellor Barnard in 1859,

16250-476: Was first published in 1926, but "Hotty Toddy" was spelled "Heighty Tighty"; this early spelling has led some to suggest it originated with Virginia Tech 's regimental band, The Heighty Tighties. Other proposed origins are " hoity-toity ", meaning snobbish, and the alcoholic drink hot toddy . On football game days, the Grove, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of trees, hosts an elaborate tailgating tradition; according to The New York Times , "Perhaps there isn't

16380-561: Was founded in 1998, provides the only international studies undergraduate program in Mississippi. The University of Mississippi is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium, which has since been renamed SECU . The collaborative initiative was designed to promote research, scholarship, and achievement among the member universities in the Southeastern Conference . In 2013, the university participated in

16510-507: Was jointly established by several Japanese companies and the university. Many children have parents who are employees at Toyota facilities in Blue Springs . In 1903, the University of Mississippi School of Medicine was established on the Oxford campus. It offered only two years of medical courses; students had to attend an out-of-state medical school to complete their degrees. This form of medical education continued until 1955, when

16640-459: Was mandatory, were held in the Lyceum until 1853 and then in the chapel. With the university's emphasis on rhetoric, student-organized public orations on the first Monday of every month were popular. Studies were sometimes canceled so students could attend speeches of visiting politicians such as Jefferson Davis and William L. Sharkey . In the 1890s, extracurricular and nonintellectual activities proliferated on campus, and interest in oratory and

16770-434: Was politically hostile toward the University of Mississippi, firing administrators and faculty, and replacing them with his friends in the "Bilbo purge". Bilbo's actions severely damaged the university's reputation, leading to the temporary loss of its accreditation. Consequently, in 1944, the Constitution of Mississippi was amended to protect the university's board of trustees from political pressure. During World War II ,

16900-471: Was ranked the second-safest in the SEC and one of the safest in the U.S. As of 2019, the university has had 27 Rhodes Scholars . Since 1998, it has 10 Goldwater Scholars , seven Truman Scholars , 18 Fulbright Scholars , one Marshall Scholar , three Udall Scholars , two Gates Cambridge Scholars , one Mitchell Scholar , 19 Boren Scholars , one Boren fellow , and one German Chancellor Fellowship . As of

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