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28-741: The park covers over 3,234 square kilometres (323,400 ha), and is dominated by Acacia - Commiphora vegetation; it is contiguous with Kenya's Tsavo West National Park . The area commonly called 'Mkomazi' is actually the union of two previous game reserves, the Umba Game Reserve in the east (in Lushoto District , Tanga Region) and the Mkomazi Game Reserve in the west (in Same District, Kilimanjaro Region); in government documents they are sometimes called

56-640: A pattern in English whereby SI units are pronounced with the stress on the first syllable (as in kilogram , kilojoule and kilohertz ) and the pronunciation of the actual base unit does not change irrespective of the prefix (as in centimetre , millimetre , nanometre and so on). It is generally preferred by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), and

84-408: A place from which thousands of herders were evicted, with inadequate compensation for a few and for most none. They feel that outreach programmes' benefits do not match the costs of eviction, that many evictees do not benefit from them, and that the numbers of people around the reserve (over 50,000) make it hard to provide meaningful benefits for most locals. They believe the ecological case for eviction

112-650: A snapshot of the use of the kilometre across Europe: the kilometre was in use in the Netherlands and in Italy, and the myriametre was in use in France. In 1935, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) officially abolished the prefix "myria-" and with it the "myriametre", leaving the kilometre as the recognised unit of length for measurements of that magnitude. The symbol km for

140-687: Is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one thousand metres ( kilo- being the SI prefix for 1000 ). It is the preferred measurement unit to express distances between geographical places on land in most of the world; notable exceptions are the United States and the United Kingdom where the statute mile is used. There are two common pronunciations for the word. The first pronunciation follows

168-409: Is a wonderful case of winning back lands for conservation which had been threatened by human interference. Few of Mkomazi's critics can dispute the facts of the previous paragraph, but for them it is simply not the whole story. They resent pro-conservation literature which failed to mention or passed over the evictions and denied former residents' long association with the land. They know the reserve as

196-400: Is equal to 3 × (1,000 m) = 3,000,000 m , not 3,000 m . Topographical map grids are worked out in metres, with the grid lines being 1,000 metres apart. In each case, the grid lines enclose one square kilometre. The area enclosed by the walls of many European medieval cities were about one square kilometre. These walls are often either still standing or the route they followed

224-550: Is even more obvious in countries that use the American spelling of the word metre . This pronunciation is irregular because it makes the kilometre the only SI unit with the stress on the second syllable. After Australia introduced the metric system in 1970, the first pronunciation was declared official by the government's Metric Conversion Board. However, the Australian prime minister at the time, Gough Whitlam , insisted that

252-491: Is one of the few protected areas for which the costs of eviction and the impoverishment resulting from conservation policies has been rigorously documented. Compromise positions have been offered. Some observers argued that there is the ecological space to allow for a compromise which includes grazing inside Mkomazi. This is legally possible in Tanzania inside game reserves theoretically, but it would only have been realistic in

280-449: Is repeatedly championed in diverse campaigns and fund-raisers, winning international support, awards and celebrity endorsement. It raises hundreds of thousands of dollars a year. Critical perspectives thrive in university courses' teaching material, anthropological and human rights circles, and among conservationists who advocate inclusive approaches to conservation. Here Mkomazi is becoming a benchmark case of how not to evict local people. It

308-549: Is still clearly visible, such as in Brussels , where the wall has been replaced by a ring road, or in Frankfurt , where the wall has been replaced by gardens. The approximate area of the old walled cities can often be worked out by fitting the course of the wall to a rectangle or an oval ( ellipse ). Examples include: Parks come in all sizes; a few are almost exactly one square kilometre in area. Here are some examples: Using

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336-446: Is weak - it was often made without any supporting data. Critics of Mkomazi see another sad case of conservation separating people from land. This is not the restoration of wilderness, for none had in fact existed, rather its pristineness has been created and imposed. Despite their stark differences, the two versions of the reserve flourish independently in separate habitats and rarely collide. The positive aspects of Mkomazi's conservation

364-564: The Tony Fitzjohn , George Adamson African Wildlife Preservation Trust became interested in Mkomazi, and have since been spearheading a campaign to restore the reserve. They have set up fenced sanctuaries for African wild dog and black rhinoceros , and are restoring the reserve's infrastructure and supporting local communities with its outreach program. The reserve is still subject to illegal incursions from pastoralists, particularly in

392-573: The black rhinoceros (which are breeding) have put the reserve on the map, giving it international recognition. Roads have been regraded, dams dredged and rangers kitted out with good uniforms and radios. Anti-poaching patrols restrict incursions by hunters and pastoralists. The work with schools and support for other local needs strengthens relationships with local communities. A high-end tourist safari company has recently announced plans to set up regular holiday safaris to Mkomazi, which will generate more revenue from it and for it. Advocates of Mkomazi see it

420-495: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Many other users, particularly in countries where SI (the metric system) is not widely used, use the second pronunciation with stress on the second syllable. The second pronunciation follows the stress pattern used for the names of measuring instruments (such as micrometer , barometer , thermometer , tachometer, and speedometer ). The contrast

448-668: The Mkomazi-Umba Game Reserves. Of the two, Mkomazi is larger, and has more diversity of relief and habitat, and a longer shared border with Tsavo West National Park . In the rest of this entry, 'Mkomazi' will refer to both the Mkomazi and Umba reserves together. Like many national parks and game reserves, Mkomazi's history is one of contest, with the main contenders being government conservation planners and local rural resources users. It differs from many other cases in East Africa because limited resource use within

476-540: The distance from the orbital poles (either North or South) to the Equator , this being a truly internationally based unit. The first name of the kilometre was "Millaire". Although the metre was formally defined in 1799, the myriametre ( 10 000  metres) was preferred to the "kilometre" for everyday use. The term " myriamètre " appeared a number of times in the text of Develey's book Physique d'Emile: ou, Principes de la science de la nature , (published in 1802), while

504-471: The east as pastoral immigration was often unpopular in the western half. However since Mkomazi has been upgraded to full national park status, which precludes all local use, this is no longer an option. Mkomazi seems destined to be a place about which two very different stories will always be told. A study by the UK's Royal Geographical Society reported a wide diversity of fauna and catalogued many interactions among

532-628: The figures published by golf course architects Crafter and Mogford, a course should have a fairway width of 120 metres and 40 metres clear beyond the hole. Assuming a 6,000-metre (6,600 yd) 18-hole course, an area of 80 hectares (0.8 square kilometre) needs to be allocated for the course itself. Examples of golf courses that are about one square kilometre include: Kilometre The kilometre ( SI symbol: km ; / ˈ k ɪ l ə m iː t ər / or / k ɪ ˈ l ɒ m ə t ər / ), spelt kilometer in American and Philippine English ,

560-511: The immigrants were Maasai, who are very closely related to the Parakuyo, speaking the same language and sharing many customs. But local herders from other ethnic groups, such as the Sambaa and Pare , also grazed thousands of cattle inside Mkomazi. The quantities of cattle within the reserve caused considerable concern for the environment and there was continual pressure to have them evicted. In

588-660: The late 1980s the government resolved to cease all grazing permission within Mkomazi and evicted all herders. By July 1988 these evictions were complete. Evicted Maasai and Parakuyo pastoralists contested the legality of the evictions, claiming customary rights to the reserve in the Tanzanian courts, but lost their case. After the evictions the British charity, the George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust and its American sister charity,

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616-404: The reserve was initially permitted. When Mkomazi was first established a number of pastoral families from the Parakuyo ethnic group were allowed to continue to live there with a few thousand of their cattle, goats and sheep. The (colonial) government of the time permitted them to reside there because they had been in the area for many years and were thought not to threaten the ecological integrity of

644-430: The reserve, the first decades of Mkomazi's history were dominated by rising cattle populations. Some 20,000 animals were counted in the eastern half of the reserve in the early 1960s. In the early 1970s pastoralists began living and grazing in the western half of the reserve and by the mid-1980s around 80,000 cattle were counted inside the reserve as a whole. There were probably thousands more using it intermittently. Many of

672-424: The reserve. The pastoralists were only allowed in the eastern half of the reserve. Immigrant Maasai pastoralists and families from other ethnic groups were evicted when the reserve was established. However Mkomazi was soon subject to immigration by other herders, some of which was resisted by the Parakuyo residents, and some which was facilitated by them. What with resident stock breeding and immigrant stock joining

700-799: The second pronunciation was the correct one because of the Greek origins of the two parts of the word. By a decree of 8 May 1790, the French National Constituent Assembly ordered the French Academy of Sciences to develop a new measurement system. In August 1793, the French National Convention decreed the metre as the sole length measurement system in the French Republic and it was based on ⁠ 1 / 10 ⁠ millionth of

728-409: The species. Square kilometre The square kilometre ( square kilometer in American spelling; symbol: km ) is a multiple of the square metre , the SI unit of area or surface area . 1 km is equal to: It is also approximately equal to: Conversely: The symbol "km " means (km) , square kilometre or kilometre squared and not k(m ), kilo–square metre. For example, 3 km

756-499: The term kilometre only appeared in an appendix. French maps published in 1835 had scales showing myriametres and " lieues de Poste " (Postal leagues of about 4288  metres). The Dutch, on the other hand, adopted the kilometre in 1817 but gave it the local name of the mijl . It was only in 1867 that the term " kilometer " became the only official unit of measure in the Netherlands to represent 1000  metres. Two German textbooks dated 1842 and 1848 respectively give

784-419: The wet season. But the main contests about Mkomazi today concern its representation (as comments on this entry may shortly demonstrate). Generally speaking there are two broad camps: For many conservationists, Mkomazi is a celebrated success story. A reserve which was threatened by people and grazing has been restored to good health. The compounds for African wild dog , and the extensive, patrolled sanctuary for

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