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81-537: The Mt Theo program was established in 1993 to address an epidemic of petrol sniffing at Yuendumu. Initially Warlpiri elders , with the key support of the community members and community organisations such as the school and shop, ran the program at their own expense. They took groups of young sniffers to Mount Theo (Purturlu) outstation , about 160 kilometres (99 mi) away from Yuendumu, on sacred and remote country. The young people were taught traditional culture , skills such as hunting and gathering and how to care for

162-698: A nebulizer , a machine that agitates the liquid into an aerosol. The sale of nebulizers for inhaling ethanol was banned in some US states due to safety concerns. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled. A wide range of volatile solvents intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs . This includes petroleum products (gasoline and kerosene ), toluene (used in paint thinner , permanent markers , contact cement and model glue), and acetone (used in nail polish remover ). These solvents vaporize at room temperature. Until

243-418: A novelty , as people 'enjoyed passing it around in a group'. AWOL uses a nebulizer , a machine that agitates the liquid into an aerosol . AWOL's official website states that "AWOL and AWOL 1 are powered by Electrical Air Compressors while AWOL 2 and AWOL 3 are powered by electrical oxygen generators ", which refer to a couple of mechanisms used by the nebulizer drug delivery device for inhalation. Although

324-584: A brand of toluene-laden contact cement. Other toluene-containing substances have also been used, most notably the Vulca Seal brand of roof sealants. Bostik Philippines, which currently owns the Rugby and Vulca Seal brands, has since responded to the issue by adding bitterants such as mustard oil to their Rugby line, as well as reformulating it by replacing toluene with xylene . Several other manufacturers have also followed suit. Another very common inhalant

405-1251: A common addictive substance. In Australia, petrol sniffing now occurs widely throughout remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory , Western Australia , northern parts of South Australia , and Queensland . The number of people sniffing petrol goes up and down over time as young people experiment or sniff occasionally. "Boss", or chronic, sniffers may move in and out of communities; they are often responsible for encouraging young people to take it up. A 1983 survey of 4,165 secondary students in New South Wales showed that solvents and aerosols ranked just after analgesics (e.g., codeine pills) and alcohol for drugs that were inappropriately used. This 1983 study did not find any common usage patterns or social class factors. The causes of death for inhalant users in Australia included pneumonia, cardiac failure/arrest, aspiration of vomit, and burns. In 1985, there were 14 communities in Central Australia reporting young people sniffing. In July 1997, it

486-548: A crisis response service. The Mt Theo/Yuendumu Substance Misuse Aboriginal Corporation changed its name to the Warlpiri Youth Development Aboriginal Corporation in 2008 at a meeting of its committee, members and staff. Although it continued to be colloquially known as the "Mt Theo Program", it was felt that the official name should be changed to more accurately reflect what the organisation was then doing, having (essentially) won

567-541: A deeper level of anesthesia achievable more easily using anesthetic gases but can also make them more dangerous than other drugs used for this purpose. Nitrous oxide is thought to be particularly non-toxic, though heavy long-term use can lead to a variety of serious health problems linked to the destruction of vitamin B12 and folic acid . In the United States, possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and

648-426: A high risk of coming in contact with pesticides. People in agricultural areas are at risk for increased genotoxicity because of pesticide drift. Insecticides sprayed on crop fields can also have detrimental effects on non-human lifeforms that are important to the surrounding ecosystems like bees and other insects. The seriousness of crop injury caused by dicamba drift is increasingly being recognized. For example,

729-416: A long history of use as a recreational drug. The effects of ether intoxication are similar to those of alcohol intoxication, but more potent. Also, due to NMDA antagonism, the user may experience all the psychedelic effects present in classical dissociatives such as ketamine in the forms of thought loops and the feeling of the mind being disconnected from one's body. Nitrous oxide is a dental anesthetic that

810-468: A manner not intended by the manufacturer, to produce intoxication or other psychoactive effects . These products are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. According to a 1995 report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse , the most serious inhalant use occurs among homeless children and teenagers who "live on the streets completely without family ties." Inhalants are

891-525: A means of application. The practice gained popularity in 2004, with the marketing of the device dubbed AWOL (Alcohol without liquid), a play on the military term AWOL (Absent Without Leave). AWOL, created by British businessman Dominic Simler, was first introduced in Asia and Europe, and then in the United States in August 2004. AWOL was used by nightclubs, at gatherings and parties, and it garnered attraction as

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972-595: A pesticide. Different pesticides can affect different body systems, inflicting different symptoms. Pesticides can have long-term negative health impacts, including cancer, lung diseases, fertility and reproductive problems, and neurodevelopmental issues in children, when exposure levels are high enough. In 2001, the United States Environmental Protection Agency published a guidance to "manufacturers, formulators, and registrants of pesticide products" (EPA 2001) that stated

1053-464: A pressurized container (e.g., nitrous oxide or butane ), and do not include drugs that are sniffed after burning or heating. While a few inhalants are prescribed by medical professionals and used for medical purposes , as in the case of inhaled anesthetics and nitrous oxide (an anxiolytic and pain relief agent prescribed by dentists), this article focuses on inhalant use of household and industrial propellants, glues, fuels, and other products in

1134-466: A quantity of petroleum-based glue in a plastic bag. They argued there was nothing illegal about the items that they had supplied. On appeal, the High Court took the view that, even though glue and plastic bags might be perfectly legal, everyday items, the two shopkeepers knew perfectly well that the children were going to use the articles as inhalants and the charge on the indictment should stand. When

1215-416: A training workshop for mechanics. Petrol sniffing Inhalants are a broad range of household and industrial chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases can be concentrated and breathed in via the nose or mouth to produce intoxication , in a manner not intended by the manufacturer. They are inhaled at room temperature through volatilization (in the case of gasoline or acetone ) or from

1296-603: Is Erase-X, a correction fluid that contains toluene. It has become very common for school and college students to use it, because it is easily available in stationery shops in India. This fluid is also used by street and working children in Delhi. In the UK, marginalized youth use a number of inhalants, such as solvents and propellants. In Russia and Eastern Europe, gasoline sniffing became common on Russian ships following attempts to limit

1377-556: Is a brand of glue, which had become the generic name for all the glues used by glue-sniffing children in Africa before the manufacturer replaced n-hexane in its ingredients in 2000. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has reported that glue sniffing is at the core of "street culture" in Nairobi , Kenya , and that the majority of street children in the city are habitual solvent users. Research conducted by Cottrell-Boyce for

1458-470: Is a non-sniffable fuel (which is much less likely to cause a high) and has made a difference in some indigenous communities. Inhalant users inhale vapors or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from an open container of solvents, such as gasoline or paint thinner. Nitrous oxide gases from whipped cream aerosol cans, aerosol hairspray or non-stick frying spray are sprayed into plastic bags. Some nitrous oxide users spray

1539-733: Is a particular problem, as has been recognized since at least 1979. The effects have been noted for many crops: grapes, tomatoes, soybeans. In 2017, Dicamba-resistant soybeans and cotton were approved for use in the US. This new technology worsened the drift problem because these farmers could use Dicamba more freely. Although already low in volatility, as discussed above, Dicamba can be made even less volatile by conversion to various salts. The approach entails treatment of Dicamba with amines , which form ammonium salts. These salts are described by their acronyms BAPMA-Dicamba and DGA-Dicamba. Although these salts are of lower volatility in laboratory tests, in

1620-522: Is a partner. The organisation continues to be run by Warlpiri people, and As of 2020 employs over 70 people over five locations. The Youth and Family Services division runs numerous services and programs, including the swimming pool, Mt Theo program, Restorative Justice and Court Diversion for Young People, and the Tanami Kamina-Kamina Wirntija-ku (Tanami Girls Dance and Culture Camp). Under its Corporate Services wing, it runs

1701-404: Is a solid that melts at 114°C). Thus, drift often entails mobilization of droplets, which can be very small. The contribution from their volatility, low as they are, cannot be ignored, either. A distinction has been made between "exo-drift" (the transfer of spray out of the target area) and endo-drift, where the active ingredient (AI) in droplets falls into the target area, but does not reach

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1782-422: Is also an efficient mechanism for moving droplets of an appropriate size range to their targets over a wide area with ultra-low volume (ULV) spraying. "Drift retardants" are compounds added to the spray mixture to suppress pesticide drift. A typical retardant is polyacrylamide . These polymers suppress the formation of tiny droplets. Weather conditions and timing affect the drift problem. The efficiency of

1863-488: Is equivalent to manufacturing, anyone found doing so must possess a drug manufacturing license. In contrast, a few inhalants like amyl nitrite and diethyl ether have medical applications and are not toxic in the same sense as solvents, though they can still be dangerous when used recreationally. Ethanol (the alcohol which is normally drunk) is sometimes inhaled. The ethanol must be converted from liquid into gaseous state (vapor) or aerosol (mist), in some cases using

1944-642: Is normally a legal product, there is a 1983 case where a court ruled that supplying glue to children is illegal. Khaliq v HM Advocate was a Scottish criminal case decided by the High Court of Justiciary on appeal, in which it was decided that it was an offense at common law to supply glue-sniffing materials that were otherwise legal in the knowledge that they would be used recreationally by children. Two shopkeepers in Glasgow were arrested and charged for supplying children with "glue-sniffing kits" consisting of

2025-561: Is not subject to DEA purview. It is, however, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act; prosecution is possible under its "misbranding" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of human consumption as a recreational drug . Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale, and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit

2106-594: Is often attributed to a discrete event such as a stroke or a heart attack, even if the event happened because of inhalant use. Inhalant use was mentioned on 144 death certificates in Texas during the period 1988–1998 and was reported in 39 deaths in Virginia between 1987 and 1996 from acute voluntary exposure to used inhalants. Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE) is a condition induced by long-term exposure to organic solvents , often—but not always—in

2187-845: Is supported by the Australian Government through the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and the Department of Social Services ; the Northern Territory Government through its Department of Health and Department of Sport and Recreation; and the Warlpiri Education and Training Trust. It is also supported by the Central Australian Youth Link-up Service and Royal Life Saving Australia

2268-422: Is the most commonly misused volatile solvent in the UK and caused 52% of solvent-related deaths in 2000. When butane is sprayed directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to −20 °C by adiabatic expansion , causing prolonged laryngospasm . Some inhalants can also indirectly cause sudden death by cardiac arrest, in a syndrome known as "sudden sniffing death". The anaesthetic gases present in

2349-509: Is triggered. Since reflexive breathing is prompted by elevated carbon dioxide levels (rather than diminished blood oxygen levels), breathing a concentrated, relatively inert gas (such as computer-duster tetrafluoroethane or nitrous oxide) that removes carbon dioxide from the blood without replacing it with oxygen will produce no outward signs of suffocation even when the brain is experiencing hypoxia. Once full symptoms of hypoxia appear, it may be too late to breathe without assistance, especially if

2430-501: Is typically seen with chronic long-term use of solvents as opposed to short-term exposure. While legal when used as intended, in England, Scotland, and Wales it is illegal to sell inhalants to persons likely to use them as an intoxicant. As of 2017, thirty-seven US states impose criminal penalties on some combination of sale, possession or recreational use of various inhalants. In 15 of these states, such laws apply only to persons under

2511-497: Is used as a recreational drug, either by users who have access to medical-grade gas canisters (e.g., dental hygienists or dentists) or by using the gas contained in whipped cream aerosol containers. Nitrous oxide inhalation can cause pain relief , depersonalization , derealization , dizziness , euphoria , and some sound distortion. Ingestion of alkyl nitrites can cause methemoglobinemia , and by inhalation it has not been ruled out. The sale of alkyl nitrite -based poppers

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2592-412: Is used as a recreational drug. Pressurized canisters of propane and butane gas, both of which are intended for use as fuels, are used as inhalants. "New Jersey... prohibits selling or offering to sell minors products containing chlorofluorocarbon that is used in refrigerant." Statistics on deaths caused by heavy inhalant use are difficult to determine. It may be severely under-reported because death

2673-609: The American Soybean Association and various land-grant universities are cooperating in the race to find ways to preserve the usability of dicamba while ending drift injury. Application of herbicides later in the season to protect herbicide-resistant genetically modified plants increases the risk of volatilisation as the temperature is higher and incorporation into the soil impractical. From 1998 to 2006, Environmental Health Perspectives found nearly 3,000 cases of pesticide drift; nearly half were workers on

2754-490: The Food and Drug Administration removed the prescription requirement due to its safety record. This requirement was reinstated in 1969, after observation of an increase in recreational use. Other alkyl nitrites were outlawed in the U.S. by Congress through the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. The law includes an exception for commercial purposes. The term commercial purpose is defined to mean any use other than for

2835-460: The 1930s Prohibition era , when alcohol was made illegal. Ether was either sniffed or drunk and, in some towns, replaced alcohol entirely. However, the risk of death from excessive sedation or overdose is greater than that with alcohol, and ether drinking is associated with damage to the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. Use of glue, paint and gasoline became more common after the 1950s. Model airplane glue-sniffing as problematic behavior among youth

2916-507: The AWOL machine is marketed as having no downsides, such as the lack of calories or hangovers, Amanda Shaffer of Slate describes these claims as "dubious at best". Although inhaled alcohol does reduce the caloric content, the savings are minimal. After expressed safety and health concerns, sale or use of AWOL machines was banned in a number of American states. Volatilization Pesticide drift , also known as spray drift refers to

2997-662: The African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies found that glue sniffing amongst Kenyan street children was primarily functional – dulling the senses against the hardship of life on the street – but it also provided a link to the support structure of the "street family" as a potent symbol of shared experience. Similar incidents of glue sniffing among destitute youth in the Philippines have also been reported, most commonly from groups of street children and teenagers collectively known as "Rugby" boys , which were named after

3078-575: The EPA's stance against pesticide drift as well as suggested product labelling practices. To try and reduce pesticide drift, the EPA is a part of several initiatives. The EPA has routine pesticide risk assessments to check potential drift impact on farmworkers living near or on fields where crops are grown, farmworkers, water sources, and the environment. The USDA and EPA are working together to examine new studies and how to improve scientific models to estimate

3159-407: The United States where young children live on the streets completely without family ties. These groups almost always use inhalants at very high levels (Leal et al. 1978). This isolation can make it harder to keep in touch with the sniffer and encourage him or her to stop sniffing." The article also states that "... high [inhalant use] rates among barrio Hispanics almost undoubtedly are related to

3240-496: The age of 18. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly. Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including diethyl ether (a drug that is no longer used medically, due to its high flammability and the development of safer alternatives) and nitrous oxide , which has been widely used since the late 20th century by dentists as an anti-anxiety drug and mild anesthetic during dental procedures. Diethyl ether has

3321-438: The age of 18. Gasoline sniffing can cause lead poisoning , in locations where leaded gas is not banned . Toluene can damage myelin . A number of gases intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes chlorofluorocarbons used in aerosols and propellants (e.g., aerosol hair spray, aerosol deodorant). A gas used as a propellant in whipped cream aerosol containers, nitrous oxide,

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3402-471: The ages of 12 and 17)." In some countries, chronic, heavy inhalant use is concentrated in marginalized, impoverished communities. Young people who become used to heavy amounts of inhalants chronically are also more likely to be those who are isolated from their families and community. The article "Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective" notes that "[t]he most serious form of obsession with inhalant use probably occurs in countries other than

3483-565: The amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without a special license. For example, in the state of California, possession for recreational use is prohibited and qualifies as a misdemeanor. In New Zealand, the Ministry of Health has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its sale or possession without a prescription is an offense under the Medicines Act. This statement would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of

3564-404: The biological target. "Endo-drift" is volumetrically more significant and may therefore cause greater ecological contamination (e.g. where chemical pesticides pollute ground water ). Since drift can be problematic, alternative weed-control technologies have evolved. A topical approach is integrated pest management , which involves fewer chemicals but often greater manual work. Dicamba drift

3645-465: The case came to trial at Glasgow High Court the two were sentenced to three years' imprisonment. As of 2023, in England, Scotland, and Wales it is illegal to sell inhalants, including solvent glues, to persons of any age likely to use them as an intoxicant. As of 2017, thirty-seven US states impose criminal penalties on some combination of sale, possession or recreational use of various inhalants. In 15 of these states, such laws apply only to persons under

3726-620: The central nervous system and brain. Serious but potentially reversible effects include liver and kidney damage and blood-oxygen depletion. Death from inhalants is generally caused by a very high concentration of fumes. Deliberately inhaling solvents from an attached paper or plastic bag or in a closed area greatly increases the chances of suffocation. Brain damage is typically seen with chronic long-term use as opposed to short-term exposure. Parkinsonism (see: Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease ) has been associated with huffing. Female inhalant users who are pregnant may have adverse effects on

3807-429: The chemical, though it is implied that only recreational use will be legally targeted. In India , for general anesthesia purposes, nitrous oxide is available as Nitrous Oxide IP. India's gas cylinder rules (1985) prohibit the transfer of gas from one cylinder to another for breathing purposes. Because India's Food & Drug Authority (FDA-India) rules state that transferring a drug from one container to another (refilling)

3888-591: The community; violence and damage to property; violent crime; stresses on the juvenile justice system ; and stresses on youth agencies and support services. Glue and gasoline (petrol) sniffing is also a problem in parts of Africa, especially with street children. In India and South Asia, three of the most widely used inhalants are the Dendrite brand and other forms of contact adhesives and rubber cement manufactured in Kolkata , and toluenes in paint thinners . Genkem

3969-406: The current pesticides have been highly optimized. Pesticides are commonly applied by the use of mechanical sprayers . Sprayers convert a pesticide formulation , often consisting of a mixture of water, the pesticide, and other components ( adjuvants , for example) into droplets, which are applied to the crop. Ideally, the pesticide droplets attach evenly to the targeted crop. Because components of

4050-500: The early 1990s, the most common solvents that were used for the ink in permanent markers were toluene and xylene . These two substances are both harmful and characterized by a very strong smell. Today, the ink is usually made on the basis of alcohols (e.g. 1-Propanol , 1-butanol , diacetone alcohol and cresols ). Organochlorine solvents are particularly hazardous; many of these are now restricted in developed countries due to their environmental impact. Even though solvent glue

4131-509: The effects of inhalation can resemble the intensity of effects produced by intravenous injection of other psychoactive drugs. Ethanol is also inhaled, either by vaporizing it by pouring it over dry ice in a narrow container and inhaling with a straw or by pouring alcohol in a corked bottle with a pipe, and then using a bicycle pump to make a spray . Alcohol can be vaporized using a simple container and open-flame heater. Medical devices such as asthma nebulizers and inhalers were also reported as

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4212-745: The environment. With success came some government funding. The Mt Theo Program was first supported by the Alcohol Education and Rehabilitation Foundation and the Foundation for Young Australians , but by 2006/7 it was also supported by the Commonwealth Office of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and the Mental Health Workforce Division, and by this time was named the Warlpiri Youth Development Aboriginal Corporation. The program featured in

4293-560: The fetus, and the baby may be smaller when it is born and may need additional health care (similar to those seen with alcohol – fetal alcohol syndrome ). There is some evidence of birth defects and disabilities in babies born to women who sniffed solvents such as gasoline. In the short term, death from solvent use occurs most commonly from aspiration of vomit while unconscious or from a combination of respiratory depression and hypoxia . Inhaling butane gas can cause drowsiness, unconsciousness , asphyxia , and cardiac arrhythmia. Butane

4374-418: The field the situation is more complicated, and drift remains a problem. Much public concern has led to research into spray drift, point source pollution (e.g. pesticides entering bodies of water following spillage of concentrate or rinsate ) can also cause environmental harm. Public concern for pesticide drift is not met with regulatory response. Farm workers and communities surrounding large farms are at

4455-425: The fields treated with pesticides and 14% of cases were children under the age of 15. Bystander exposure describes the event when individuals unintentionally come in contact with airborne pesticides. Bystanders include workers working in an area separate to the pesticide application area, individuals living in the surrounding areas of an application area, or individuals passing by fields as they are being treated with

4536-440: The gas into balloons. When inhaling non-stick cooking spray or other aerosol products, some users may filter the aerosolized particles out with a rag. Some gases, such as propane and butane gases, are inhaled directly from the canister. Once these solvents or gases are inhaled, the extensive capillary surface of the lungs rapidly absorbs the solvent or gas, and blood levels peak rapidly. The intoxication effects occur so quickly that

4617-539: The gas is heavy enough to lodge in the lungs for extended periods. Even completely inert gases, such as argon , can have this effect if oxygen is largely excluded. Inhalant drugs are often used by children, teenagers, incarcerated or institutionalized people, and impoverished people, because these solvents and gases are ingredients in hundreds of legally available, inexpensive products, such as deodorant sprays, hair spray , contact cement and aerosol air fresheners . However, most users tend to be "... adolescents (between

4698-475: The government extended this prohibition to all alkyl nitrites that were not authorized for sale as drugs. After litigation by sex shop owners, this extension was quashed by the Council of State on the grounds that the government had failed to justify such a blanket prohibition: according to the court, the risks cited, concerning rare accidents often following abnormal usage, rather justified compulsory warnings on

4779-425: The inhalants appear to sensitize the user to adrenaline and, in this state, a sudden surge of adrenaline (e.g., from a frightening hallucination or run-in with aggressors), may cause fatal cardiac arrhythmia . Furthermore, the inhalation of any gas that is capable of displacing oxygen in the lungs (especially gases heavier than oxygen) carries the risk of hypoxia as a result of the very mechanism by which breathing

4860-511: The inside of the calcium channels on the outer surface of the neuron , and provide high levels of NMDA receptor blockade for a short period of time. This makes inhaled anesthetic gases different from other NMDA antagonists, such as ketamine , which bind to a regulatory site on the NMDA-sensitive calcium transporter complex and provide slightly lower levels of NMDA blockade, but for a longer and much more predictable duration. This makes

4941-645: The isolated Northern Labrador community of Davis Inlet were the focus of national concern in 1993, when many were found to be sniffing gasoline. The Canadian and provincial Newfoundland and Labrador governments intervened on a number of occasions, sending many children away for treatment. Despite being moved to the new community of Natuashish in 2002, serious inhalant use problems have continued. Similar problems were reported in Sheshatshiu in 2000 and also in Pikangikum First Nation . In 2012,

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5022-468: The issue once again made the news media in Canada. In Mexico, the inhaling of a mixture of gasoline and industrial solvents, known locally as "Activo" or "Chemo", has risen in popularity among the homeless and among the street children of Mexico City in the 21st century. The mixture is poured onto a handkerchief and inhaled while held in one's fist. In the US, ether was used as a recreational drug during

5103-519: The media, and Peggy Brown, Johnny Miller and Andrew Stojanovski were awarded Order of Australia medals. Mt Theo was selected by the Department of Health and Ageing as a "national model and leader in addressing substance misuse in Aboriginal communities, and a program of excellence", to represent Australia at the 2006 Healing Our Spirits Worldwide Conference in Canada. It was able to report 365 days without petrol-sniffing in their community. In 2002

5184-515: The mist are highly mobile, spray drift can occur, especially for smaller droplets. Some pesticides mists are visible, appearing cloud-like, while others can be invisible and odorless. The quality of sprayer equipment affects drift problems. Sprayer tanks contaminated with another herbicide are one source of drift. With placement (localised) spraying of broad spectrum pesticides, considerable efforts have been made to quantify and control spray drift from hydraulic nozzles . Conversely, wind drift

5265-446: The only substance used more by younger teenagers than by older teenagers. Inhalant users inhale vapor or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open container. The practices are known colloquially as "sniffing", "huffing" or "bagging". The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol -like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinations , depending on

5346-572: The packaging. In the United Kingdom, poppers are widely available and frequently (legally) sold in gay clubs/bars , sex shops , drug paraphernalia head shops , over the Internet and on markets. It is illegal under Medicines Act 1968 to sell them advertised for human consumption, and to bypass this, they are usually sold as odorizers. In the U.S., originally marketed as a prescription drug in 1937, amyl nitrite remained so until 1960, when

5427-506: The poverty, lack of opportunity, and social dysfunction that occur in barrios" and states that the "... same general tendency appears for Native-American youth" because "... Indian reservations are among the most disadvantaged environments in the United States; there are high rates of unemployment, little opportunity, and high rates of alcoholism and other health problems." There are a wide range of social problems associated with inhalant use, such as feelings of distress , anxiety and grief for

5508-422: The primary ingredient in their products, which are sold as video head cleaners, polish removers, or room odorants. Nitrous oxide can be categorized as a dissociative drug, as it can cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Anesthetic gases used for surgery, such as nitrous oxide or enflurane , are believed to induce anesthesia primarily by acting as NMDA receptor antagonists , open-channel blockers that bind to

5589-427: The production of consumer products containing volatile alkyl nitrites meant for inhaling or otherwise introducing volatile alkyl nitrites into the human body for euphoric or physical effects. The law came into effect in 1990. Visits to retail outlets selling these products reveal that some manufacturers have since reformulated their products to abide by the regulations, through the use of the legal cyclohexyl nitrite as

5670-443: The sale of some solvent-containing products to minors, particularly for products widely associated with sniffing, such as model cement . The practice of inhaling such substances is sometimes colloquially referred to as huffing, sniffing (or glue sniffing), dusting, or chroming. Australia has long faced a petrol (gasoline) sniffing problem in isolated and impoverished aboriginal communities. Although some sources argue that sniffing

5751-560: The service was expanded to include services for youth outside of school hours , to engage them and develop their leadership potential. This was called the Jaru Pirrjirdi (Strong Voices) program. In the few years following, other Warlpiri communities at Willowra , Nyirrpi and Lajamanu also developed youth programs, and in 2008 Yuendumu Swimming Pool was opened, all run by WYDAC. Since 2009, professionally qualified counsellors and other staff provide further support services, including

5832-635: The spray and reach of the spray drift can be computed. In addition to weather, windbreaks can mitigate the effects of drift. Other ways to mitigate spray drift is to apply the pesticide directly to the desired treatment area, as well as paying attention to where surface waters, gutters, drainage ditches, and storm drains are located. This is to make sure that the pesticide is applied in a way that prevents it from getting in to these spaces. Most herbicides are organic compounds of low volatility, unlike fumigants , which are usually gases. Several are salts and others have boiling points above 100 °C ( Dicamba

5913-477: The substance and the dose. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases or due to other chemicals used in the products that they are inhaling. As with any recreational drug, users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such as driving under the influence . In some cases, users have died from hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia , heart failure , cardiac arrest , or aspiration of vomit. Brain damage

5994-501: The supply of alcohol to ship crews in the 1980s. The documentary Children Underground depicts the huffing of a solvent called Aurolac (a product used in chroming) by Romanian homeless children. During the interwar period , the inhalation of ether ( etheromania ) was widespread in some regions of Poland, especially in Upper Silesia . Tens of thousands of people were affected by this problem. In Canada, Native children in

6075-488: The unintentional diffusion of pesticides toward nontarget species. It is one of the most negative effects of pesticide application . Drift can damage human health, environment, and crops. Together with runoff and leaching, drift is a mechanism for agricultural pollution . Some drift results from contamination of sprayer tanks. Farmers struggle to minimize pesticide drift and remain productive. Research continues on developing pesticides that are more selective, but

6156-525: The war on petrol-sniffing. The Warra-Warra Kanyi Counselling Service was started in 2009 as a new initiative by WYDAC to provide specialised counselling services to young Warlpiri people, through a Warlpiri-designed service. Since 1993, the Mt Theo program has helped to rehabilitate over 500 "at risk" young people, regardless of substance abuse, from many different communities. Clients are referred by community elders, police or NT Corrections. As of 2020 WYDAC

6237-476: The workplace, that lead to a wide variety of persisting sensorimotor polyneuropathies and neurobehavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed. Sudden sniffing death syndrome, first described by Millard Bass in 1970, is commonly known as SSDS. Solvents have many potential risks in common, including pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest, and aspiration of vomit. The inhaling of some solvents can cause hearing loss, limb spasms, and damage to

6318-552: Was banned in Canada in 2013. Although not considered a narcotic and not illegal to possess or use, they are considered a drug. Sales that are not authorized can now be punished with fines and prison. Since 2007, reformulated poppers containing isopropyl nitrite are sold in Europe because only isobutyl nitrite is prohibited. In France, the sale of products containing butyl nitrite, pentyl nitrite, or isomers thereof, has been prohibited since 1990 on grounds of danger to consumers. In 2007,

6399-487: Was estimated that there were around 200 young people sniffing petrol across 10 communities in Central Australia. Approximately 40 were classified as chronic sniffers. There have been reports of young Aboriginal people sniffing petrol in the urban areas around Darwin and Alice Springs . In 2005, the Government of Australia and BP Australia began the usage of opal fuel in remote areas prone to petrol sniffing. Opal

6480-541: Was first reported in 1959 and increased in the 1960s. Use of aerosol sprays became more common in the 1980s, as older propellants such as CFCs were phased out and replaced by more environmentally friendly compounds such as propane and butane . Most inhalant solvents and gases are not regulated under drug laws such as the United States Controlled Substances Act . However, many US states and Canadian cities have placed restrictions on

6561-451: Was introduced by United States servicemen stationed in the nation's Top End during World War II or through experimentation by 1940s-era Cobourg Peninsula sawmill workers, other sources claim that inhalant abuse (such as glue inhalation) emerged in Australia in the late 1960s. Chronic, heavy petrol sniffing appears to occur among remote, impoverished indigenous communities, where the ready accessibility of petrol has helped to make it

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