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65-505: There have so far been two attempts to settle the peninsula, the first at fin de siècle and a second during the presidency of Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964–1970). Environmental conditions (high humidity) makes the area unsuitable for sheep and cattle farming. The peninsula is named after Benjamín Muñoz Gamero (1817–1851). 52°32′S 73°13′W  /  52.533°S 73.217°W  / -52.533; -73.217 This Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region location article

130-433: A Usenet newsgroup is from 18 January 1985 by Spencer Bolles. The acronym Y2K has been attributed to Massachusetts programmer David Eddy in an e-mail sent on 12 June 1995. He later said, "People were calling it CDC (Century Date Change), FADL (Faulty Date Logic). There were other contenders. Y2K just came off my fingertips." The problem started because on both mainframe computers and later personal computers , memory

195-462: A causality ; minor technological glitches occur on a regular basis. Reported problems include: Problems were reported on 29 February 2000, Y2K's first Leap Year Day, and 1 March 2000. These were mostly minor. Some software did not correctly recognize 2000 as a leap year, and so worked on the basis of the year having 365 days. On the last day of 2000 (day 366) and first day of 2001 these systems exhibited various errors. Some computers also treated

260-488: A backdrop for Gothic Literature, but also through the human body itself. Works such as Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), Arthur Machen's The Great God Pan (1894), H. G. Wells ' The Time Machine (1895), Bram Stoker 's Dracula (1897) and Richard Marsh's The Beetle (1897) all explore themes of change, development, evolution, mutation, corruption and decay in relation to

325-427: A combined date and time within a fixed binary field is often considered a solution, but the possibility for software to misinterpret dates remains because such date and time representations must be relative to some known origin. Rollover of such systems is still a problem but can happen at varying dates and can fail in various ways. For example: The date of 4 January 1975 overflowed the 12-bit field that had been used in

390-486: A group that influenced its English counterpart, the aesthetes like Oscar Wilde. Both groups believed the purpose of art was to evoke an emotional response and demonstrate the beauty inherent in the unnatural as opposed to trying to teach its audience an infallible sense of morality. In the Victorian fin de siècle, the themes of degeneration and anxiety are expressed not only through the physical landscape which provided

455-523: A major influence on fascism and as a generator of the science of geopolitics , including the theory of Lebensraum . Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Nottingham, Michael Heffernan, and Mackubin Thomas Owens wrote about the origins of geopolitics: The idea that this project required a new name in 1899 reflected a widespread belief that the changes taking place in

520-399: A person's century of birth. In both countries, the birth year was historically indicated by two digits only. This numbering system had already given rise to a similar problem, the " Year 1900 problem ", which arose due to problems distinguishing between people born in the 19th and 20th centuries. Y2K fears drew attention to an older issue, while prompting a solution to a new problem. In Finland,

585-432: A result of their aversion to the natural. Finally, curiosity is identifiable through diabolism and the exploration of the evil or immoral, focusing on the morbid and macabre, but without imposing any moral lessons on the audience. Year 2000 problem The term year 2000 problem , or simply Y2K , refers to potential computer errors related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for dates in and after

650-420: A signed 32-bit integer, as used in many computer systems, is 2147483647. Systems using an integer to represent a 10 character date-based field, where the leftmost two characters are the 2-digit year, ran into an issue on 1 January 2022 when the leftmost characters needed to be '22', i.e. values from 2200000001 needed to be represented. Microsoft Exchange Server was one of the more significant systems affected by

715-400: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fin de si%C3%A8cle Fin de siècle ( French: [fɛ̃ də sjɛkl] ) is a French term meaning 'end of century', a phrase which typically encompasses both the meaning of the similar English idiom turn of the century and also makes reference to the closing of one era and onset of another. Without context, the term

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780-553: Is a leap year". This method works fine for the year 2000 (because it is a leap year), and will not become a problem until 2100, when older legacy programs will likely have long since been replaced. Other programs contained incorrect leap year logic, assuming for instance that no year divisible by 100 could be a leap year. An assessment of this leap year problem including a number of real-life code fragments appeared in 1998. For information on why century years are treated differently, see Gregorian calendar . Some systems had problems once

845-431: Is associated, while his work with symbolism promoted the mysticism Nordau associated with fin de siècle artists. Baudelaire's pioneering translations of Edgar Allan Poe's verse supports the aesthetic role of translation in fin de siècle culture, while his own works influenced French and English artists through the use of modernity and symbolism. Baudelaire, Rimbaud, and their contemporaries became known as French decadents,

910-596: Is commonly applied to French art and artists, as the traits of the culture first appeared there, but the movement affected many European countries. The term becomes applicable to the sentiments and traits associated with the culture, as opposed to focusing solely on the movement's initial recognition in France. The ideas and concerns developed by fin de siècle artists provided the impetus for movements such as symbolism and modernism . The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as

975-418: Is only capable of representing integers between −(2 ) and (2 )−1, treated as number of seconds since the epoch at 1 January 1970 at 00:00:00 UTC . These systems can only represent times between 13 December 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC and 19 January 2038 at 03:14:07 UTC. If these systems are not updated and fixed, then dates all across the world that rely on Unix time will wrongfully display

1040-458: Is philosophically current as of 1895, reining in his master's optimism about the weather by reminding Algernon of how the world typically operates. His pessimism gives satisfaction to Algernon; the perfect servant of a gentleman is one who is philosophically aware. Charles Baudelaire 's work demonstrates some of the pessimism expected of the time, and his work with modernity exemplified the decadence and decay with which turn-of-the-century French art

1105-432: Is the concern for the perverse, unclean, and unnatural. Romanticism encouraged audiences to view physical traits as indicative of one's inner self, whereas the fin de siècle artists accepted beauty as the basis of life, and so valued that which was not conventionally beautiful. This belief in beauty in the abject leads to the obsession with artifice and symbolism, as artists rejected ineffable ideas of beauty in favour of

1170-455: Is typically used to refer to the end of the 19th century. This period was widely thought to be a period of social degeneracy , but at the same time a period of hope for a new beginning. The "spirit" of fin de siècle often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, including ennui , cynicism , pessimism , and "a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence ". The term fin de siècle

1235-437: The ... computer problem linked to the year 2000" began trading mid-March 1997. Special committees were set up by governments to monitor remedial work and contingency planning , particularly by crucial infrastructures such as telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that

1300-620: The PlayStation 3 (except the Slim model). The most important occurrences of such a glitch were in Germany, where up to 20 million bank cards became unusable, and with Citibank Belgium , whose Digipass customer identification chips failed. When the year 2022 began, many systems using 32-bit integers encountered problems, which are now collectively known as the Y2K22 bug. The maximum value of

1365-408: The 21st century successfully met", and retrospectives on the event typically commend the programmers who worked to avert the anticipated disaster. Critics argued that even in countries where very little had been done to fix software, problems were minimal. The same was true in sectors such as schools and small businesses where compliance with Y2K policies was patchy at best. Y2K is a numeronym and

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1430-591: The 80-column variety employed by IBM , which dominated the industry. Many tricks were used to squeeze needed data into fixed-field 80-character records. Saving two digits for every date field was significant in this effort. In the 1960s, computer memory and mass storage were scarce and expensive. Early core memory cost one dollar per bit. Popular commercial computers, such as the IBM 1401 , shipped with as little as 2 kilobytes of memory. Programs often mimicked card processing techniques. Commercial programming languages of

1495-502: The Decsystem 10 operating systems. There were numerous problems and crashes related to this bug while an alternative format was developed. Even before 1 January 2000 arrived, there were also some worries about 9 September 1999 (albeit less than those generated by Y2K). Because this date could also be written in the numeric format 9/9/99, it could have conflicted with the date value 9999 , frequently used to specify an unknown date. It

1560-552: The Y2K remediation effort argued that this was primarily due to the pre-emptive action of many computer programmers and information technology experts. Companies and organizations in some countries, but not all, had checked, fixed, and upgraded their computer systems to address the problem. Then- U.S. president Bill Clinton , who organized efforts to minimize the damage in the United States, labeled Y2K as "the first challenge of

1625-412: The Y2K22 bug. The problem caused emails to be stuck on transport queues on Exchange Server 2016 and Exchange Server 2019, reporting the following error: The FIP-FS "Microsoft" Scan Engine failed to load. PID: 23092, Error Code: 0x80004005. Error Description: Can't convert "2201010001" to long. Many systems use Unix time and store it in a signed 32-bit integer . This data type

1690-524: The abstract. Through symbolism, aesthetes could evoke sentiments and ideas in their audience without relying on an infallible general understanding of the world. The third trait of the culture is egoism , a term similar to that of "egomania", meaning disproportionate attention placed on one's own endeavours. This can result in a type of alienation and anguish, as in Baudelaire's case, and demonstrates how aesthetic artists chose cityscapes over country as

1755-634: The age saw civilization as being in a crisis that required a massive and total solution. Michael Heffernan in his article "Fin de Siècle, Fin du Monde?" [End of the century, end of the world?] (2000) finds in the Christian world what he calls "the syndrome of fin de siècle". In 2000, this took the form of the Year 2000 problem . Fins de siècle are accompanied by future expectations: Changes which are actually taking place at these junctures tend to acquire extra (sometimes mystical) layers of meaning. This

1820-456: The bug was more likely to confuse computer operators than machines. Normally, a year is a leap year if it is evenly divisible by four. A year divisible by 100 is not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar unless it is also divisible by 400. For example, 1600 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not. Some programs may have relied on the oversimplified rule that "a year divisible by four

1885-517: The coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering , it was only the safe passing of the main event itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears. Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson , professor of security engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory , have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that

1950-400: The creation of a "closed political system" as European imperialist competition extinguished the world's "frontiers". The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism , rationalism , positivism , bourgeois society , and liberal democracy . The fin de siècle generation supported emotionalism , irrationalism , subjectivism , and vitalism , while the mindset of

2015-507: The end of any century. Computerworld ' s 1993 three-page "Doomsday 2000" article by Peter de Jager was called "the information-age equivalent of the midnight ride of Paul Revere" by The New York Times . The problem was the subject of the early book Computers in Crisis by Jerome and Marilyn Murray (Petrocelli, 1984; reissued by McGraw-Hill under the title The Year 2000 Computing Crisis in 1996). Its first recorded mention on

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2080-425: The extensive knowledge held by the genius in a few areas paired with a belief in one's own superiority as a result. Together, these psychological traits lend to originality, eccentricity, and a sense of alienation, all symptoms of le mal du siècle (the evil of the century) that impacted French youth at the beginning of the 19th century until expanding outward and eventually influencing the rest of Europe approaching

2145-572: The extremely descriptive nature of minute details; the latter referred to the impaired ability to translate primary perceptions into fully developed ideas, largely noted in symbolist works. Nordau's treatment of these traits as degenerative qualities lends to the perception of a world falling into decay through fin de siècle corruptions of thought, and influencing the pessimism growing in Europe's philosophical consciousness. As fin de siècle citizens, attitudes tended toward science in an attempt to decipher

2210-422: The global damage caused by the bug would require anything between $ 400 million and $ 600 billion to rectify. A lack of clarity regarding the potential dangers of the bug led some to stock up on food, water, and firearms, purchase backup generators, and withdraw large sums of money in anticipation of a computer-induced apocalypse . Contrary to published expectations, few major errors occurred in 2000. Supporters of

2275-517: The global economic and political system were seismically important. The "new world of the twentieth century would need to be understood in its entirety, as an integrated global whole". Technology and global communication made the world "smaller" and turned it into a single system; the time was characterized by pan-ideas and a utopian "one-worldism," proceeding further than pan-ideas. What we now think of geopolitics had its origins in fin de siècle Europe in response to technological change   ... and

2340-593: The human body and mind. These literary conventions were a direct reflection of many evolutionary, scientific, social and medical theories and advancements that emerged toward the end of the 19th century. The works of the Decadents and the Aesthetes contain the hallmarks typical of fin de siècle art. Holbrook Jackson's The Eighteen Nineties describes the characteristics of English decadence, which are: perversity, artificiality, egoism, and curiosity. The first trait

2405-544: The imbecile were determined to have largely similar character traits, including les delires des grandeurs and la folie du doute . The first, which means delusions of grandeur, begins with a disproportionate sense of importance in one's own activities and results in a sense of alienation, as Nordau describes in Baudelaire, as well as the second characteristic of madness of doubt, which involves intense indecision and extreme preoccupation with minute detail. The difference between degenerate genius and degenerate madman become

2470-438: The internet host requirements document RFC   1123 . On April Fools' Day 1998, some companies set their mainframe computer dates to 2001, so that "the wrong date will be perceived as good fun instead of bad computing" while having a full day of testing. While using 3-digit years and 3-digit dates within that year was used by some, others chose to use the number of days since a fixed date, such as 1 January 1900. Inaction

2535-701: The month is stored as the calendar month plus 20, and for all persons born in or after 2000, the month is stored as the calendar month plus 40. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien 's most important cabinet ministers were ordered to remain in the capital Ottawa , and gathered at 24 Sussex Drive , the prime minister's residence, to watch the clock. 13,000 Canadian troops were also put on standby. The Dutch Government promoted Y2K Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) to share readiness between industries, without threat of antitrust violations or liability based on information shared. Norway and Finland changed their national identification numbers to indicate

2600-740: The new year 2001 as 1901, causing errors. These were generally minor. Since 2000, various issues have occurred due to errors involving overflows . An issue with time tagging caused the destruction of the NASA Deep Impact spacecraft . Some software used a process called date windowing to fix the issue by interpreting years 00–19 as 2000–2019 and 20–99 as 1920–1999. As a result, a new wave of problems started appearing in 2020, including parking meters in New York City refusing to accept credit cards, issues with Novitus point of sale units, and some utility companies printing bills listing

2665-474: The number 16. For example, because the SMS protocol uses BCD for dates, some mobile phone software incorrectly reported dates of SMSes as 2016 instead of 2010. Windows Mobile is the first software reported to have been affected by this glitch; in some cases WM6 changes the date of any incoming SMS message sent after 1 January 2010 from the year 2010 to 2016. Other systems affected include EFTPOS terminals, and

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2730-477: The optimistic Romanticism popular earlier in the century would also have affected the shifting ideological landscape. The newly fashionable pessimism appears again in Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest , written that same year: Algernon : I hope tomorrow will be a fine day, Lane. Lane : It never is, sir. Algernon : Lane, you're a perfect pessimist. Lane : I do my best to give satisfaction, sir. Lane

2795-419: The possibility that these programs would both remain in use and cause problems when interacting with databases – a new type of program with different characteristics – went largely uncommented upon. The first person known to publicly address this issue was Bob Bemer , who had noticed it in 1958 as a result of work on genealogical software . He spent the next twenty years fruitlessly trying to raise awareness of

2860-498: The present and the future on the eve of a new century. ... Much fin-de-siècle writing ... tended to assume that the passing of the nineteenth century would represent a fundamental historical discontinuity, a clear break with the past. B. A. Morel's degeneration theory was a theory that held that although societies can progress, they can also remain static or even regress if influenced by a flawed environment, such as national conditions or outside cultural influences. This degeneration

2925-657: The problem was not likely to be as big as some had suggested, they were largely ignored by the media. In a similar vein, the Microsoft Press book Running Office 2000 Professional , published in May 1999, accurately predicted that most personal computer hardware and software would be unaffected by the year 2000 problem. Authors Michael Halvorson and Michael Young characterized most of the worries as popular hysteria, an opinion echoed by Microsoft Corp. The practice of using two-digit dates for convenience predates computers, but

2990-451: The problem was solved by replacing the hyphen ("-") in the number with the letter "A" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already "+"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0–499 to 500–999. Romania also changed its national identification number in response to the Y2K problem, due to the birth year being represented by only two digits. Before 2000,

3055-747: The problem with programmers, IBM , the government of the United States and the International Organization for Standardization . This included the recommendation that the COBOL picture clause should be used to specify four digit years for dates. In the 1980s, the brokerage industry began to address this issue, mostly because of bonds with maturity dates beyond the year 2000. By 1987 the New York Stock Exchange had reportedly spent over $ 20 million on Y2K, including hiring 100 programmers. Despite magazine articles on

3120-494: The relevance of the ideology on the English. In An Ideal Husband , Wilde's protagonist asks another character whether "at heart, [she is] an optimist or a pessimist ? Those seem to be the only two fashionable religions left to us nowadays." Wilde's reflection on personal philosophy as more culturally significant than religion lends credence to degeneration theory, as applied to Baudelaire's influence on other nations. However,

3185-589: The size of stored data files and databases in exchange for becoming unusable past the year 2000. This meant that programs facing two-digit years could not distinguish between dates in 1900 and 2000. Dire warnings at times were in the mode of: The Y2K problem is the electronic equivalent of the El Niño and there will be nasty surprises around the globe. Options on the De Jager Year 2000 Index, "the first index enabling investors to manage risk associated with

3250-418: The subject from 1970 onward, the majority of programmers and managers only started recognizing Y2K as a looming problem in the mid-1990s, but even then, inertia and complacency caused it to be mostly unresolved until the last few years of the decade. In 1989, Erik Naggum was instrumental in ensuring that internet mail used four digit representations of years by including a strong recommendation to this effect in

3315-498: The time, such as COBOL and RPG , processed numbers in their character representations. Over time, the punched cards were converted to magnetic tape and then disc files, but the structure of the data usually changed very little. Data was still input using punched cards until the mid-1970s. Machine architectures, programming languages and application designs were evolving rapidly. Neither managers nor programmers of that time expected their programs to remain in use for many decades, and

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3380-520: The turn of the century. England 's ideological space was affected by the philosophical waves of pessimism sweeping Europe, starting with philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer 's work from before 1860 and gradually influencing artists internationally. R. H. Goodale identified 235 essays by British and American authors concerning pessimism, ranging from 1871 to 1900, showing the prominence of pessimism in conjunction with English ideology. Further, Oscar Wilde 's references to pessimism in his works demonstrate

3445-449: The use of capacity. It never entered our minds that those programs would have lasted for more than a few years. As a consequence, they are very poorly documented. If I were to go back and look at some of the programs I wrote 30 years ago, I would have one terribly difficult time working my way through step-by-step. — Alan Greenspan , 1998 Business data processing was done using unit record equipment and punched cards , most commonly

3510-529: The world in which they lived. The focus on psycho-physiology, now psychology , was a large part of fin de siècle society in that it studied a topic that could not be depicted through Romanticism , but relied on traits exhibited to suggest how the mind works, as does symbolism. The concept of genius returned to popular consciousness around this period through Max Nordau's work with degeneration, prompting study of artists supposedly affected by social degeneration and what separates imbecility from genius. The genius and

3575-441: The year 2000 . Many programs represented four-digit years with only the final two digits, making the year 2000 indistinguishable from 1900. Computer systems' inability to distinguish dates correctly had the potential to bring down worldwide infrastructures for computer reliant industries. In the years leading up to the turn of the millennium , the public gradually became aware of the "Y2K scare", and individual companies predicted

3640-462: The year 1920. The video game WWE 2K20 also began crashing when the year rolled over, although a patch was distributed later that day. Although the Bulgarian national identification number allocates only two digits for the birth year, the year 1900 problem and subsequently the Y2K problem were addressed by the use of unused values above 12 in the month range. For all persons born before 1900,

3705-473: The year as 1901 beginning at 03:14:08 UTC on 19 January 2038. Several very different approaches were used to solve the year 2000 problem in legacy systems. Problems that occurred on 1 January 2000 were generally regarded as minor. Consequences did not always result exactly at midnight. Some programs were not active at that moment and problems would only show up when they were invoked. Not all problems recorded were directly linked to Y2K programming in

3770-431: The year rolled over to 2010. This was dubbed by some in the media as the "Y2K+10" or "Y2.01K" problem. The main source of problems was confusion between hexadecimal number encoding and binary-coded decimal encodings of numbers. Both hexadecimal and BCD encode the numbers 0–9 as 0x0–0x9. BCD encodes the number 10 as 0x10, while hexadecimal encodes the number 10 as 0x0A; 0x10 interpreted as a hexadecimal encoding represents

3835-399: Was certainly the case in the 1890s, a decade of "semiotic arousal" when everything, it seemed, was a sign, a harbinger of some future radical disjuncture or cataclysmic upheaval ... The original French expression, meaning simply 'end of century', became a catch all phrase to describe everything from the architectural and artistic styles ... to the wider, often impassioned debates about the past,

3900-425: Was described as being passed from generation to generation, resulting in imbecility and senility due to hereditary influence. Max Nordau 's Degeneration held that the two dominant traits of those degenerated in a society involve ego mania and mysticism. The former term was understood to mean a pathological degree of self-absorption and unreasonable attention to one's own sentiments and activities, as can be seen in

3965-447: Was expensive, from as low as $ 10 per kilobyte, to more than US$ 100 per kilobyte in 1975. It was therefore very important for programmers to minimize usage. Since computers only gained wide usage in the 20th century, programs could simply prefix "19" to the year of a date, allowing them to only store the last two digits of the year instead of four. As space on disc and tape storage was also expensive, these strategies saved money by reducing

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4030-538: Was never a problem until stored dates were used in calculations. I'm one of the culprits who created this problem. I used to write those programs back in the 1960s and 1970s, and was proud of the fact that I was able to squeeze a few elements of space out of my program by not having to put a 19 before the year. Back then, it was very important. We used to spend a lot of time running through various mathematical exercises before we started to write our programs so that they could be very clearly delimited with respect to space and

4095-477: Was not an option, and risked major failure. Embedded systems with similar date logic were expected to malfunction and cause utilities and other crucial infrastructure to fail. Saving space on stored dates persisted into the Unix era, with most systems representing dates to a single 32-bit word, typically representing dates as elapsed seconds from some fixed date , which causes the similar Y2K38 problem . Storage of

4160-472: Was the common abbreviation for the year 2000 software problem. The abbreviation combines the letter Y for "year", the number 2 and a capitalized version of k for the SI unit prefix kilo meaning 1000; hence, 2K signifies 2000. It was also named the "millennium bug" because it was associated with the popular (rather than literal) rollover of the millennium , even though most of the problems could have occurred at

4225-500: Was thus possible that database programs might act on the records containing unknown dates on that day. Data entry operators commonly entered 9999 into required fields for an unknown future date, (e.g., a termination date for cable television or telephone service), in order to process computer forms using CICS software. Somewhat similar to this is the end-of-file code 9999 , used in older programming languages. While fears arose that some programs might unexpectedly terminate on that date,

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