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48-502: Mysore Sand Sculpture Museum is the first sand sculpture museum in India, located in Mysore , Karnataka . It was inaugurated in 2014, with 150 sand sculptures on display, on a one-acre land at the base of Chamundi Hills . Each of the sculptures was created by sand artist MN Gowri and based on a theme such as Mysore's cultural heritage , wildlife and religion. After dropping out during

96-561: A 58-feet tall sand castle was unveiled at Rügen in Germany. The tallest-ever sand castle was built by a group of international artists and was constructed with 11,000 tons of sand. Since 2003, Bettystown beach, Meath in Ireland has been home to the Irish annual National Sandcastle and Sand Sculpturing competition. In Lappeenranta , Finland , there is an annual tourist sight called

144-469: A building without being dismantled. The assembled sections are either lifted per elevator or "flown" by crane from one story to the next. Once in position the gaps between the tables or table and wall are filled with temporary formwork. Table forms vary in shape and size as well as their building material, with some supported by integral trusses. The use of these systems can greatly reduce the time and manual labor involved in setting and striking (or "stripping")

192-467: A curve. The sheet-based formwork with V-shaped rails keeps shape in one direction (vertically) but, before being reinforced with steel beams, can be bent. Multiple sheets can be fixed together in same manner fences made of iron "sheets" can be. For removable forms, once the concrete has been poured into formwork and has set (or cured ), the formwork is struck or stripped to expose the finished concrete. The time between pouring and stripping depends on

240-425: A damp blanket on the outside. Spectacular accidents have occurred when the forms were either removed too soon or had been under-designed to carry the load imposed by the weight of the uncured concrete. "Form blowouts" also occur when under-designed formwork bends or breaks during the concrete pour (especially if filled with a high-pressure concrete pump ). Consequences can vary from minor leaks, easily patched during

288-410: A manner is another popular beach activity. Sand angels are made in the same manner as snow angels ; a person lies on their back in the sand, extending their arms and legs and swishes them back and forth. A popular game is building a heap of sand, as high as possible, to withstand the upcoming tide. Sand raking is performed on a sandy beach where the artist rakes the dry top layer of sand, exposing

336-421: A one-acre leased land at the base of Chamundi Hills , by taking a loan of ₹ 20 lakh . The museum was inaugurated in 2014, with 115 truckloads of construction sand being used to create 150 sculptures. The sculptures covered up to 16 different themes, largely dealing with Mysore's cultural heritage , wildlife and religion (mainly Hinduism, Islam and Christianity). Among the subjects of the sculptures displayed at

384-499: A sand glass is meant to be turned; the sand, traditionally in black and a light color, moves into new shapes with each turn. The term "sand glass" is a translation of the Portuguese phrase quadro de areia , literally "sand frame" or "sand picture". Unlike sand paintings, which are a traditional craft, these are found around the world in many colors and sizes. Sandpainting is the art of pouring colored sands and other pigments onto

432-455: A seamless wall structure (using gliding formwork , a special type of climbing formwork). Various types of climbing formwork exist, which are either relocated from time to time, or can even move on their own (usually on hydraulic jacks, required for self-climbing and gliding formworks). There is an increasing focus on sustainability in design, backed up by carbon dioxide emissions reduction targets. The low embodied energy of concrete by volume

480-403: A single pour. With multiple forms, the entire floor of a building can be done in a single pour. Tunnel forms require sufficient space exterior to the building for the entire form to be slipped out and hoisted up to the next level. A section of the walls is left uncasted to remove the forms. Typically castings are done with a frequency of 4 days. Tunnel forms are most suited for buildings that have

528-458: A surface to make a painting. Sand bottles are created by pouring colored sands into a bottle to make a scene. Sand drawing is the creation of a drawing by scratching it out in a flat base of sand. Sand animation is the making of animation by manipulating sand to build figures, textures and movement, frame by frame. Formwork Formwork is molds into which concrete or similar materials are either precast or cast-in-place . In

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576-413: A well-established vocabulary of prismatic forms for concrete structures, yet such rigid formwork systems must resist considerable pressures and consume significant amounts of material. Moreover, the resulting member requires more material and has a greater self-weight than one cast with a variable cross section. Simple optimisation methods may be used to design a variable cross section member in which

624-486: Is 3 ⁄ 4 inch and the most common metric thickness is 18 mm. Similar to the traditional method, but stringers and joist are replaced with aluminium forming systems or steel beams and supports are replaced with metal props. This also makes this method more systematic and reusable. Aluminum beams are fabricated as telescoping units which allows them to span supports that are located at varying distances apart. Telescoping aluminium beams can be used and reused in

672-439: Is a further reduction of labor time and cost. Smaller tables are generally easier to customize around geometrically complicated buildings, (round or non rectangular) or to form around columns in comparison to their large counterparts. The disadvantages of this approach are the higher material costs and increased crane time (if lifted with crane fork). Tunnel forms are large, room size forms that allows walls and floors to be cast in

720-406: Is cured. Normally adjustable metal props similar to (or the same as) those used by beam slab formwork are used to support these systems. Some systems combine stringers and supports into steel or aluminum trusses . Yet other systems use metal frame shoring towers, which the decks are attached to. Another common method is to attach the formwork decks to previously cast walls or columns, thus eradicating

768-469: Is not possible to get all the people who may qualify in the same place at the same time due to the expense and logistics. The world's tallest sand castle was built on Myrtle Beach in South Carolina by Team Sandtastic as part of the 2007 Sun Fun Festival. The structure was 49.55 feet (15.1 m) high. It took 10 days to construct and used 300 truckloads of sand. This record was broken in 2019 when

816-454: Is offset by its rate of consumption which make the manufacture of cement accountable for some 5% of global CO 2 emissions. Concrete is a fluid that offers the opportunity to economically create structures of almost any geometry - concrete can be poured into a mould of almost any shape. The result, however, is high material use structures with large carbon footprints. The ubiquitous use of orthogonal moulds as concrete formwork has resulted in

864-456: Is protecting the sculptures from insects and rodents, despite the usage of insecticides and pesticides. Sand sculpture Most sand play takes place on sandy beaches , where the two basic building ingredients, sand and water , are available in abundance. Some sand play occurs in dry sandpits and sandboxes, though mostly by children and rarely for art forms. Tidal beaches generally have sand that limits height and structure because of

912-641: Is quite strong in resisting compressive loads , but has relatively poor tensile or torsional strength, these early structures consisted of compression-resistant arches , vaults and domes . The most notable concrete structure from this period is the Pantheon in Rome. To mould this structure, temporary scaffolding and formwork or falsework was built in the future shape of the structure. These building techniques were not isolated to pouring concrete, but were and are widely used in masonry construction. Because of

960-581: Is that the tables are lifted either with a crane transport fork or by material platform elevators attached to the side of the building. They are usually transported horizontally to the elevator or crane lifting platform singlehandedly with shifting trolleys depending on their size and construction. Final positioning adjustments can be made by trolley. This technique enjoys popularity in the US, Europe and generally in high labor cost countries. The advantages of this approach in comparison to beam formwork or modular formwork

1008-742: The Mysore Sand Sculpture Museum . From 1989 until 2009, a World Championship in Sand Sculpture was held in Harrison Hot Springs in Harrison , British Columbia , Canada, also known as "Harrisand". The competition had solo, double and team categories. The world championship was held in Ft. Myers, Florida, and other venues for a limited time. Other countries hold their own versions of the world championships as it

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1056-467: The 1500s. One of the main attractions of a sandy beach, especially for children, is playing with the sand; it presents more possibilities than an ordinary sandbox. One can make a mountain, a pit (encountering clay or the water table ), canals, tunnels, bridges, a sculpture (representing a person, animal, etc., like a statue, or a scale model of a building), amongst many other things. Burying someone up to their neck in sand or burying oneself in such

1104-539: The Sandcastle ( Hiekkalinna ), where a work of art made of sand according to a changing theme is created every year. The record for the number of individual sandcastles built in one hour, was set at Scarborough , England, on 18 August 2012. Four hundred people constructed 683 castles, with each being two feet wide and high, accompanied by four turrets. In southeast Asia sand pagodas are created in order to build Buddhist merit The tradition has been going on since

1152-517: The adhesion between surfaces, it becomes virtually impossible to remove the structure without damaging the foundation, wall or bulkhead. The risk also increases with the size of the tier. Climbing formwork , also known as jumpform , is a special type formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process. While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an effective solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in form (such as towers or skyscrapers) or that require

1200-450: The bottom of the form is therefore greater than at the top, causing most blowouts to occur low in the formwork. In the illustration of the column formwork above, the 'column clamps' are closer together at the bottom. Note that the column is braced with steel adjustable 'formwork props' and uses 20 mm 'through bolts' to further support the long side of the column. Some models of "permanent formwork" also can serve as extra reinforcement of

1248-437: The complexity and the limited production capacity of the building material , concrete's rise as a favored building material did not occur until the invention of Portland cement and reinforced concrete . Similar to the traditional method, but stringers and joists are typically replaced with engineered wood beams and supports are replaced with adjustable metal props. This makes this method more systematic and reusable. On

1296-641: The construction of structures of varying size. These systems consist of prefabricated timber, steel or aluminum beams and formwork modules. Modules are often no larger than 3 to 6 feet or 1 to 2 metres in size. The beams and formwork are typically set by hand and pinned, clipped, or screwed together. The advantages of a modular system are: does not require a crane to place the formwork, speed of construction with unskilled labor, formwork modules can be removed after concrete sets leaving only beams in place prior to achieving design strength. These systems consist of slab formwork "tables" that are reused on multiple stories of

1344-414: The context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering molds. In specialty applications formwork may be permanently incorporated into the final structure, adding insulation or helping reinforce the finished structure. Formwork may be made of wood, metal, plastic, or composite materials: Some of the earliest examples of concrete slabs were built by Roman engineers. Because concrete

1392-632: The dawn of the revival of concrete in slab structures, building techniques for the temporary structures were derived again from masonry and carpentry . The traditional slab formwork technique consists of supports out of lumber or young tree trunks, that support rows of stringers assembled roughly 3 to 6 feet or 1 to 2 metres apart, depending on thickness of slab. Between these stringers, joists are positioned roughly 12 inches (30 cm) apart, upon which boards or plywood are placed. The stringers and joists are usually 4 by 4 inch or 4 by 6 inch lumber. The most common imperial plywood thickness

1440-531: The flexural and shear capacity at any point along the element length reflects the requirements of the loading envelope applied to it. By replacing conventional moulds with a flexible system composed primarily of low cost fabric sheets, flexible formwork takes advantage of the fluidity of concrete to create highly optimised, architecturally interesting building forms. Significant material savings can be achieved. The optimised section provides ultimate limit state capacity while reducing embodied carbon , thus improving

1488-410: The form of I-beams ), aluminium or steel. The stringers are sometimes made of wood I-beams but usually from steel channels. These are fastened together (screwed, weld or bolted) to become a "deck". These decks are usually rectangular but can also be other shapes. All support systems have to be height adjustable to allow the formwork to be placed at the correct height and to be removed after the concrete

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1536-485: The formwork. Their advantages are best used by large area and simple structures. It is also common for architects and engineers to design building around one of these systems. A table is built pretty much the same way as a beam formwork but the single parts of this system are connected together in a way that makes them transportable. The most common sheathing is plywood , but steel and fiberglass are used. The joists are either made from timber, engineered lumber (often in

1584-576: The further reduction of manual labour time and cost per unit area of slab and a simple and systematic building technique. The disadvantages of this approach are the necessary high lifting capacity of building site cranes, additional expensive crane time, higher material costs and little flexibility. By this approach the tables are limited in size and weight. Typical widths are between 6 and 10 feet (1.8 and 3.0 m), typical lengths are between 12 and 20 feet (3.7 and 6.1 m), though table sizes may vary in size and form. The major distinction of this approach

1632-432: The height of the sandcastle. His sculpture consisted of one ton of sand and 10 litres of water to sculpt. Sand grains will always stick together unless the sand is reasonably fine. While dry sand is loose, wet sand is adherent if the proper amounts of sand and water are mixed. The reason for this is that water forms little "bridges" between the grains of sand when it is damp due to the forces of surface tension . When

1680-552: The job specifications, which include the cure required, and whether the form is supporting any weight; it is usually at least 24 hours after the pour is completed. For example, the California Department of Transportation requires the forms to be in place for 1–7 days after pouring, while the Washington State Department of Transportation requires the forms to stay in place for 3 days with

1728-430: The life cycle performance of the entire structure. Control of the flexibly formed beam cross section is key to achieving low-material use design. The basic assumption is that a sheet of flexible permeable fabric is held in a system of falsework before reinforcement and concrete are added. By varying the geometry of the fabric mould with distance along the beam, the optimised shape is created. Flexible formwork therefore has

1776-703: The main construction tools used in creating sand castles and sand sculptures, although some people use only their hands. A simple sand castle can be made by filling a bucket with damp sand, placing it upside-down on the beach, and removing the bucket. For larger constructions, water from the sea to mix with the sand can be brought to the building site with a bucket or other container. Sometimes forms of other materials, such as wood or plastic are constructed to hold piles of sand in place and in specific shapes. Tunnels large enough to enter are extremely hazardous; children and adults die every year when such underground chambers collapsed under weight and instability of sand, or due to

1824-534: The museum were Ganesha , Mysore Dasara , Santa Claus , Christmas tree , zodiac wheel , Islamic culture, Disneyland, marine life, Laughing Buddha , Chamundeshwari , Gitopadesha and Cauvery River . In 2017, a three-dimensional selfie gallery was introduced at the museum. The sculptures are preserved within the museum's metal enclosing, with the overhead waterproof sheets allowing sunlight to pass through. Sculptures are brushed and remade every week in case of damages. According to Gowri, "the biggest challenge"

1872-667: The potential to facilitate the change in design and construction philosophy that will be required for a move towards a less material intensive, more sustainable, construction industry. Fabric formwork is a small niche in concrete technology. It uses soft, flexible materials as formwork against the fresh concrete, normally with some sort of strong tension textile or plastic material. The International Society of Fabric Forming conducts research on fabric formwork. A design from Russian NPO-22 factory (trademarked as Proster , with model 21 designed to serve as formwork) uses iron "sheets" (with perforations) which, if necessary, can be bent to form

1920-450: The pour, to catastrophic form failure, even death. Concrete exerts less pressure against the forms as it hardens. The hardening is an asymptotic process, meaning that most of the final strength will be achieved after a short time, with further hardening over time reflecting the cement type, admixtures, and pour conditions such as temperature and ambient moisture. Wet concrete also applies hydrostatic pressure to formwork. The pressure at

1968-504: The same or similar cells to allow re-use of the forms within the floor and from one floor to the next, in regions which have high labor prices.Tunnel formwork saves the time and the cost. See structural coffer . The main purpose of concrete-form oil is to reduce the adhesion between the foundation structure and the concrete mixture poured into it. It also reduces the possibility of cracks and chips occurring due to drying out or concrete overstressing. Without concrete-form oil, which reduces

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2016-458: The sand dries out or gets wet, the shape of a structure may change, and " landslides " are common. A mix of fine (mostly sharper) and coarse sand granules is very important to achieve good "sand construction" results. Fine granules that have been rounded by the natural influences of seas , rivers or fluvials , in turn negatively influence the bonding between the individual granules as they more easily slide past each other. Shovels and buckets are

2064-407: The second year of her mechanical engineering course, MN Gowri received training in computer animation during which she created three-dimensional models using 3ds Max software. As the sculptures created on computer did not have the "feeling of life", she tried out sand sculpting for the first time in 2011. Upon receiving appreciation for her work, she decided to start a sand sculpture museum on

2112-447: The shape of the sand grains. Good sculpture sand is somewhat dirty, having silt and clay that helps lock the irregular-shaped sand grains together. Sand castles are typically made by children for fun, but there are also sand-sculpture contests for adults that involve large, complex constructions. The largest sandcastle made in a contest was 18 feet tall; the owner, Ronald Malcnujio, a five-foot-tall man, had to use several ladders, each

2160-487: The tide coming up or the structure being hit by a wave. Sometimes, a dam can be built to hold back the water, tidal forts, which are incredibly large sandcastles with thick walls to protect the keep from the sea, can be built, or canals can be dug to contain the water. A variant to a formed sculpture is the drip castle , made by dribbling very wet sand. Sand sculpting as an art form has become popular in coastal beach areas. Hundreds of annual competitions are held all over

2208-471: The use of vertical props altogether. In this method, adjustable support shoes are bolted through holes (sometimes tie holes) or attached to cast anchors. The size of these tables can vary from 70 to 1,500 square feet (6.5 to 140 m ). There are two general approaches in this system: This technique is fairly common in the United States and east Asian countries. The advantages of this approach are

2256-443: The wet underlayer to create light-and-dark contrasts. Usually the designs are quite large and are similar to man-made art crop circles . The designs are ephemeral, and wash away with the next tide. Some notable artists working in this medium include Andres Amador , Sean Corcoran and Marc Treanor . A sand glass is a display in which there are multiple colors of sand in water between two sheets of glass . Unlike sand paintings ,

2304-477: The world. Techniques can be quite sophisticated, and record-breaking achievements have been noted in the Guinness World Records . Sometimes, contests are staged as advertising or promotional events. Most sand sculptors come from other disciplines but a few earn their living solely from sand-related activities. Notable sand sculpture artists include Sudarsan Pattnaik and M N Gowri who created

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