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50-403: The following table gives an overview on the titles in the series: Damage is realistically modeled, but can be turned off to make the player's car indestructible. The effect of crashes varies depending on severity. Very minor impacts have no effect. Heavier impacts can cause sheet metal damage, which hurts aerodynamics and may cause engine overheating. A crumpled hood can also make it difficult for

100-403: A band named Godsend. In 1986, guitarist Dave "The Snake" Sabo was forming the band Darkness, and he brought Hill and Bolan into the band. They changed the band name to Skid Row in late 1986. Bolan has appeared as a vocalist on two of Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley 's solo albums and back-up vocals on Mötley Crüe 's Dr. Feelgood album. He has produced numerous bands including Rockets to Ruin,

150-403: A competitive race for players of varying skill levels. The game contains many real-life drivers. The game is the first stock car racing simulator to include real sponsors on their respective cars. Alcohol and tobacco sponsors were removed, but alternate car sets from fans restored many of these. NASCAR Racing also gives players the ability to set up their car in a realistic manner by adjusting

200-400: A gear train has two gears. The input gear (also known as the drive gear or driver ) transmits power to the output gear (also known as the driven gear ). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears or

250-484: A lower frequency as they pass. A separate program called the Paintkit was included with NASCAR Racing , which allowed users to design their own race cars and import them into the game. As well as this, players could change the car type ( Chevrolet Lumina , Ford Thunderbird or Pontiac Grand Prix ) and the brand of tires used ( Goodyear or Hoosier ). Former racer-turned-broadcaster, Ned Jarrett loaned his voice to

300-464: A pitch circle radius of 2 in (51 mm), the angular speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} is 2, which is sometimes written as 2:1. Gear A turns at twice the speed of gear B . For every complete revolution of gear A (360°), gear B makes half a revolution (180°). In addition, consider that in order to mesh smoothly and turn without slipping, these two gears A and B must have compatible teeth. Given

350-451: Is a machine element of a mechanical system formed by mounting two or more gears on a frame such that the teeth of the gears engage. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next. Features of gears and gear trains include: The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to

400-407: Is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler . For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears. Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make

450-483: Is equal to twice the thickness of a tooth, In the United States, the diametral pitch P {\displaystyle P} is the number of teeth on a gear divided by the pitch diameter; for SI countries, the module m {\displaystyle m} is the reciprocal of this value. For any gear, the relationship between the number of teeth, diametral pitch or module, and pitch diameter

500-440: Is equivalently determined by the ratio of the number of teeth: In other words, the [angular] speed ratio is inversely proportional to the radius of the pitch circle and the number of teeth of gear A , and directly proportional to the same values for gear B . The gear ratio also determines the transmitted torque. The torque ratio T R A B {\displaystyle {\mathrm {TR} }_{AB}} of

550-405: Is given by This shows that if the output gear B has more teeth than the input gear A , then the gear train amplifies the input torque. In this case, the gear train is called a speed reducer and since the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer amplifies the input torque. When the input gear rotates faster than the output gear, then the gear train amplifies

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600-495: Is given by: Since the pitch diameter is related to circular pitch as this means Rearranging, we obtain a relationship between diametral pitch and circular pitch: For a pair of meshing gears, the angular speed ratio , also known as the gear ratio , can be computed from the ratio of the pitch radii or the ratio of the number of teeth on each gear. Define the angular speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} of two meshed gears A and B as

650-425: Is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft and only transmits power between the input and output gears. There is a third gear (Gear B ) partially shown in the upper-right corner of the photo. Assuming that gear is connected to the machine's output shaft, it is the output or driven gear. Considering only gears A and I , the gear ratio between the idler and the input gear can be calculated as if

700-424: Is the diameter of a gear's pitch circle, measured through that gear's rotational centerline, and the pitch radius r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the pitch circle. The distance between the rotational centerlines of two meshing gears is equal to the sum of their respective pitch radii. The circular pitch p {\displaystyle p} is the distance, measured along

750-399: Is the gear ratio of the gear train, the input torque T A {\displaystyle T_{A}} applied to the input gear A and the output torque T B {\displaystyle T_{B}} on the output gear B are related by the same gear or speed ratio. The torque ratio of a gear train is also known as its mechanical advantage ; as demonstrated,

800-685: The Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio. The pitch circle of a given gear is determined by the tangent point contact between two meshing gears; for example, two spur gears mesh together when their pitch circles are tangent, as illustrated. The pitch diameter d {\displaystyle d}

850-580: The metal band Skid Row . Bolan was born in 1964 to Aida and Hubert Southworth. He grew up in Toms River, New Jersey . The youngest of four children, Bolan is half Portuguese. When he was in junior high school he began considering a career in music after drummer Damian Cordisco asked him to play bass in his band. Bolan's first gig was in 1978 at Manasquan High School . Bolan credits Cordisco with opening his ears to music he had not heard, by artists such as Ramones , AC/DC , Joe Jackson , Sex Pistols ,

900-488: The Cars and Elvis Costello . Bolan graduated from Toms River High School East in 1982. His stage name 'Rachel' is a hybrid of his brother's name, Richard, and his grandfather's name, Manuel. 'Bolan' is a tribute to one of his childhood idols, T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan . In 1990, Bolan legally changed his name to Rachel Bolan Southworth. After high school, Bolan joined with Scotti Hill and other musicians to form

950-642: The Luchagors in 2007 with former wrestler Amy "Lita" Dumas and Atlantic Records stoner metal band Godspeed. He formed the band Prunella Scales  [ es ] with Solace guitarist Tommy Southard and L. Wood. Prunella Scales released " Dressing Up the Idiot  [ es ] " on Mutiny Records in 1997. Jack Roberts (guitar) and Ray Kubian (drums), both from the New Jersey–based band Mars Needs Women, joined Prunella Scales for touring. He played

1000-415: The airdam height, rear spoiler angle, gear ratios , shocks, tire pressures, cambers and more. Driving physics are realistically modeled in the game. The adjustable variables have a significant effect on handling, and the tires themselves will grip differently depending on wear and temperature. Tires are modeled in much detail. The game keeps track of 3 temperatures for each tire, reflecting temperatures at

1050-437: The angular rotation of all the gears in the gear train are defined by the angle of the input gear. The input torque T A {\displaystyle T_{A}} acting on the input gear A is transformed by the gear train into the output torque T B {\displaystyle T_{B}} exerted by the output gear B . Let R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} be

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1100-404: The center, inner, and outer edges. Numerous variables can influence tire temperatures. For example, an underinflated tire will tend to heat more at the edges rather than the center. An incorrect camber setting can cause one edge to heat more than the other. Temperatures are also influenced by many other factors such as weight distribution, toe-in, driver behavior, and the cornering characteristics of

1150-433: The distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia ( moment of inertia ) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance. If a simple gear train has three gears, such that the input gear A meshes with an intermediate gear I which in turn meshes with

1200-419: The drive gear ( A ) must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the output gear ( I ) once. It also means that for every one revolution of the driver ( A ), the output gear ( I ) has made 13 ⁄ 21 = 1 ⁄ 1.62 , or 0.62, revolutions. The larger gear ( I ) turns slower. The third gear in the picture ( B ) has N B = 42 {\displaystyle N_{B}=42} teeth. Now consider

1250-403: The driver and driven gear. If the driver gear moves in the clockwise direction, then the driven gear also moves in the clockwise direction with the help of the idler gear. In the photo, assume the smallest gear (Gear A , in the lower right corner) is connected to the motor, which makes it the drive gear or input gear. The somewhat larger gear in the middle (Gear I ) is called an idler gear. It

1300-440: The game also provides a few prefabricated setups for each track. Vehicles cannot lift into the air. The graphics system always renders them with all 4 wheels on the ground, although the physics system may attribute wheels with varying amounts of downforce (potentially resulting in no traction). The Doppler effect is simulated. Vehicles approaching at high relative speed will emit a higher frequency engine sound, which will shift to

1350-413: The game's title sequence, saying, "I'm Ned Jarrett. From Papyrus, this is NASCAR Racing ". These were the only spoken words heard in the game as there was no in-race commentary or communication from the crew chief . Music for the game was provided by members of Skid Row , including bass player Rachel Bolan who also appeared in the game as a driver of a green-and-purple No. 00 car with the letters "RB" on

1400-403: The gear ratio and speed ratio of a gear train also give its mechanical advantage. The mechanical advantage M A {\displaystyle \mathrm {MA} } of a pair of meshing gears for which the input gear A has N A {\displaystyle N_{A}} teeth and the output gear B has N B {\displaystyle N_{B}} teeth

1450-412: The gear ratio for the subset consisting of gears I and B , with the idler gear I serving as the input and third gear B serving as the output. The gear ratio between the idler ( I ) and third gear ( B ) R I B {\displaystyle R_{IB}} is thus or 2:1. The final gear ratio of the compound system is 1.62×2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear A ,

1500-415: The gear ratios of the two subsets are multiplied: Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case when the gears A and B engage directly. The intermediate gear provides spacing but does not affect the gear ratio. For this reason it is called an idler gear. The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence an idler gear is used to provide the same direction to rotate

1550-424: The gear train is defined as the ratio of its output torque to its input torque. Using the principle of virtual work , the gear train's torque ratio is equal to the gear ratio, or speed ratio, of the gear train. Again, assume we have two gears A and B , with subscripts designating each gear and gear A serving as the input gear. For this analysis, consider a gear train that has one degree of freedom, which means

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1600-524: The gear train. The speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} of the gear train can be rearranged to give the magnitude of angular velocity of the output gear in terms of the input gear velocity. Rewriting in terms of a common angular velocity, The principle of virtual work states the input force on gear A and the output force on gear B using applied torques will sum to zero: This can be rearranged to: Since R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}}

1650-458: The gears will come into contact with every tooth on the other gear before encountering the same tooth again. This results in less wear and longer life of the mechanical parts. A non-hunting gear set is one where the teeth counts are insufficiently prime. In this case, some particular gear teeth will come into contact with particular opposing gear teeth more times than others, resulting in more wear on some teeth than others. The simplest example of

1700-643: The hood. Several mods were made available through various websites, including updated NASCAR seasons and car shapes, the 24 Hours of Daytona cars (with three car shapes), classic NASCAR seasons, touring cars and more. Users created versions of Daytona International Speedway , Las Vegas Motor Speedway and Texas Motor Speedway – edited from versions produced by Papyrus for later NASCAR Racing releases such as NASCAR 3 – for use in NASCAR 2 . Numerous utilities were developed for NASCAR Racing too, including AI editors, season editors and track editors. NASCAR Racing

1750-437: The idler gear was the output gear. The input gear A in this two-gear subset has 13 teeth ( N A {\displaystyle N_{A}} ) and the idler gear I has 21 teeth ( N I {\displaystyle N_{I}} ). Therefore, the gear ratio for this subset R A I {\displaystyle R_{AI}} is This is approximately 1.62 or 1.62:1. At this ratio, it means

1800-468: The input torque. Conversely, if the output gear has fewer teeth than the input gear, then the gear train reduces the input torque; in other words, when the input gear rotates slower than the output gear, the gear train reduces the input torque. A hunting gear set is a set of gears where the gear teeth counts are relatively prime on each gear in an interfacing pair. Since the number of teeth on each gear have no common factors , then any tooth on one of

1850-411: The largest gear B turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear A , the largest gear B turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)). Rachel Bolan Rachel Bolan (born February 9, 1964), born James Richard Southworth , is an American musician, best known as the bassist and main songwriter of

1900-436: The number of teeth N {\displaystyle N} : The thickness t {\displaystyle t} of each tooth, measured through the pitch circle, is equal to the gap between neighboring teeth (also measured through the pitch circle) to ensure the teeth on adjacent gears, cut to the same tooth profile, can mesh without interference. This means the circular pitch p {\displaystyle p}

1950-494: The output gear B , then the pitch circle of the intermediate gear rolls without slipping on both the pitch circles of the input and output gears. This yields the two relations The speed ratio of the overall gear train is obtained by multiplying these two equations for each pair ( A / I and I / B ) to obtain This is because the number of idler gear teeth N I {\displaystyle N_{I}} cancels out when

2000-442: The pitch circle, between one tooth and the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth. The number of teeth N {\displaystyle N} per gear is an integer determined by the pitch circle and circular pitch. The circular pitch p {\displaystyle p} of a gear can be defined as the circumference of the pitch circle using its pitch radius r {\displaystyle r} divided by

2050-418: The player to see the track. Heavy impacts will damage a wheel or even blow the engine. Damage can be repaired in the pit stop, except for blown engines which are not repairable. Damaged sheet metal is removed, making for an imperfect repair with impaired aerodynamics. The vehicle's sensitivity to crash impacts was increased in a patch to the game. In the readme file attached to this patch, Papyrus explained that

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2100-416: The primary motivation for this change was multiplayer mode, where violent players had previously been able to achieve faster lap times by deliberately hitting walls. Repairs require a considerable amount of time (generally 1 minute or longer) to complete. This combined with the impaired performance means that damaged vehicles will not contend for a high finish, but can still race for points which accumulate in

2150-487: The race track. Tires in the game perform optimally at elevated temperatures, but if they heat excessively this effect is lost. The player can view current tire temperatures using an in-game keyboard command. Dedicated players can spend a great deal of time optimizing the car's setup to perform at its best on a particular race track. This testing process is normally performed using the game's Practice or Testing modes. The player's setup can be saved to disk for future recall, and

2200-749: The ratio of the magnitude of their respective angular velocities: Here, subscripts are used to designate the gear, so gear A has a radius of r A {\displaystyle r_{A}} and angular velocity of ω A {\displaystyle \omega _{A}} with N A {\displaystyle N_{A}} teeth, which meshes with gear B which has corresponding values for radius r B {\displaystyle r_{B}} , angular velocity ω B {\displaystyle \omega _{B}} , and N B {\displaystyle N_{B}} teeth. When these two gears are meshed and turn without slipping,

2250-421: The ratio of the tooth counts. In a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear. An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work

2300-428: The same tooth and gap widths, they also must have the same circular pitch p {\displaystyle p} , which means This equation can be rearranged to show the ratio of the pitch circle radii of two meshing gears is equal to the ratio of their number of teeth: Since the angular speed ratio R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} depends on the ratio of pitch circle radii, it

2350-428: The season standings. This game uses a scoring system similar to what NASCAR was using at the time, where all finishing positions earn a varying number of points. The engine will fail if over-revved, and it can also fail from overheating (but such a scenario is rare). Yellow flags can also be turned off and players can run any race distances of their choosing. The speed of computer opponents is also adjustable, providing

2400-401: The speed ratio, then by definition Assuming the gears are rigid and there are no losses in the engagement of the gear teeth, then the principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train. Because there is a single degree of freedom, the angle θ of the input gear completely determines the angle of the output gear and serves as the generalized coordinate of

2450-462: The velocity v {\displaystyle v} of the tangent point where the two pitch circles come in contact is the same on both gears, and is given by: Rearranging, the ratio of angular velocity magnitudes is the inverse of the ratio of pitch circle radii: Therefore, the angular speed ratio can be determined from the respective pitch radii: For example, if gear A has a pitch circle radius of 1 in (25 mm) and gear B has

2500-516: Was a major commercial success. Its sales reached 350,000 units by December 1995, following its October 1994 release, and rose to 400,000 copies by February 1996. In the United States, NASCAR Racing (bundled with its Track Pack add-on) was the 24th best-selling computer game of 1998, with another 225,737 units sold. Its revenue for that year was estimated at $ 2.28 million. NASCAR Racing and its sequel shipped above 2 million copies globally by March 1998. Gear ratio A gear train or gear set

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