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46-600: During the hackathon, NASA Space Apps Challenge participants around the world gather at hundreds of in-person and virtual local events to address challenges submitted by NASA subject matter experts (SMEs). In the early years, NASA Space Apps was primarily focused on space science and technology. However, in 2017, NASA Space Apps moved to the NASA Earth Science Division and expanded to include Earth science and technology. Today, NASA Space Apps features arts and humanities alongside technology challenges, building

92-589: A Delta IV Heavy from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . NASA Space Apps 2014 Global and the overall Kennedy Space Center winners attended the viewing opportunity for the Cygnus CRS OA-4 launch, taking cargo and experiments to the International Space Station . The launch scrubbed twice on December 3 and 4; it occurred on December 6, 2015, on an Atlas V 401 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . NASA Space Apps 2015 Global and

138-677: A Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station. In 2019, 2020, and 2021, invitations to NASA launches were postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021 and 2022, Global Winners were invited to a virtual celebration with NASA representatives. In 2023 and 2024, Global Winners were invited to NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC for an in-person celebration. Participants Submitted *In 2012-2018, participating countries/territories represent

184-478: A more inclusive program with broader appeal. These challenges range in complexity and topic, tasking participants with everything from creating artistic visualizations of NASA data to conceptualizing and developing informational apps and software programs. The program, formerly run by NASA's Office of the Chief Information Officer, is part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate and is a part of

230-470: A standard set of functions, including: Communications with spaceborne platforms is performed by RF , with a selection of spectra, modulation, and encoding methods, enumerated below. The Space Network communicates with spacecraft using S-band , Ku-band , and Ka-band with planned laser/optical communications. The Deep Space Network communicates with spacecraft using S-band, X-band , and Ka-band . SN uses phase-shift keying and phase modulation of

276-486: A variety of administrative approaches. The SCaN Office was established by direction of Griffin in a Memorandum entitled "Establishment of a Space Communications and Navigation Office," dated July 19, 2006. SCaN operates as a central organization within the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD): The Office's responsibilities encompass the management of existing space networks including

322-546: Is an effort by the administration of President of the United States Barack Obama to "[create] an unprecedented level of openness in Government." The directive starting this initiative was issued on January 20, 2009, Obama's first day in office. Since the rapid pace of technological growth at the turn of the century has given rise to the mass distribution of information, so too has the demand for

368-542: Is called the Open Government Data movement and the second school of thought is called the Right to Information movement. However, the two movements want access to different types of data; the Open Government Data movement is more interested in receiving quantitative data from government databases, whereas the Right to Information movement want access to qualitative documents and reports. A core component of OGD

414-596: Is managed by the Earth Science Division, Science Mission Directorate, at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC. NASA Space Apps fosters interest in Earth and space science, technology, and exploration and encourages the growth and diversity of the next generation of problem solvers, innovators, leaders and entrepreneurs. NASA Space Apps has engaged 373,000+ registrants from 185+ countries/territories. NASA collaborates with international Space Agency Partners on

460-462: Is related to the fear that only those already at the highest socioeconomic level will derive benefit from access to governmental data. Typically, most countries with OGD initiatives provide their information through portals. Africa contains several national OGD portals with 4 countries ( Morocco , United Arab Emirates , Ghana and Kenya ) having generally robust access to information; however, these portals typically include specific sectors but not

506-420: Is sustainability; many initiatives offer no revenue for the governments that attempt to make their data transparent to the public. For the data to become freely available, the associated government must make an initial investment into the infrastructure that would circulate the information. Because Open Data does not hold bipartisan support, funding is one of the main barriers to open governmental data. The second

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552-472: Is the belief that the public should have free access to information rather than having to request it. For example, the Freedom of Information Act only allows for public access when it is requested and thus takes several days to complete the order; journalists comprised 7.6% of those who requested information. The various forms of liquid democracy and public policy forums were created with similar beliefs as

598-416: Is the fear that open data will only benefit those who can understand the information, which is typically those at the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy. Although in theory open data is meant to benefit the average citizen who is meant to feel more connected with their government's democratic processes, the information must composed in a way that is accessible. The third weakness, thus, is the possibility that

644-656: The Deep Space Network (DSN), under one Management and Systems Engineering umbrella. It was established in 2006. It was previously known as the Space Communications & Data Systems ( SCDS ) Program. Before NASA's administrator Michael D. Griffin created SCaN to direct an integrated networks program, different organizations at NASA Headquarters have managed the Agency's space communications capabilities and functions under separate Programs using

690-652: The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 1966. Later, the Privacy Act Amendments of 1974 created the classically modern version of the FOIA under President Ford. The next notable change came in 1996 when the FOIA made each resource available electronically to the public. Finally, the influences for the bill culminated with President Bush's signing of the OPEN Government Act of 2007 , which

736-881: The Open Government Initiative founded under President Barack Obama . It also fulfills the United States’ commitments to the Open Government Partnership . The United States released its National Action Plan for the Open Government Partnership in September 2011, including a commitment to hold the NASA International Space Apps Challenge to “promote innovation through international collaboration”. Today, NASA Space Apps

782-593: The Turkish Space Agency .  NASA Space Apps will announce its 10 2024 Global winners in January 2025. The 2023 NASA International Space Apps Challenge hackathon theme was “Explore Open Science Together” in collaboration with NASA's Transform to Open Science (TOPS). The theme celebrated the benefits and successes created through the equitable and open sharing of knowledge and data and acknowledged 2023 as "A Year of Open Science," as declared by

828-496: The United States Government to increase the transparency with which they make decisions and create legislation; many civil servants share this sentiment with the public. There exist a few schools of thought regarding why Open Government Data (OGD) would benefit the public, but these can generally be broken into two parts: 1) the general public deserves the information that is being used to represent them and 2)

874-772: The Founder of Black Girls Code, Emily Lakdawalla of the Planetary Society, Anita Sengupta of NASA and creative scientist Dr. Kate Stone who was also a founding member of the NASA Datanauts initiative. In 2016, there were more than 50 Data Bootcamps held in conjunction with NASA Space Apps events, creating and opening up even more space for a diverse community of global participants. Main Stage Location(s): Pasadena, California Open Government Initiative The Open Government Initiative

920-993: The Global Live event which streamed live from the NASA Space Apps Instagram. During the event, NASA Space Apps Global Organizing Team members highlighted Local Events in Madrid, Spain; Pretoria, South Africa; and New York City in real-time. The 2022 NASA Space Apps Challenge Winners Announcement was announced live from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Challenge Topics: Space Agency Partners: Australian Space Agency, Brazilian Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, ESA (European Space Agency), Indian Space Research Organization, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Mexican Space Agency, National Space Activities Commission of Argentina, National Space Science Agency of Bahrain, Paraguayan Space Agency, and

966-690: The Local Lead Joseph Spens. Theme or Challenge Topics: For the second year, the NASA Space Apps Challenge included a pre-hackathon Women in Data Bootcamp to build confidence and give women, girls, and those new to hackathons a head start leading into the weekend. The Data Bootcamp was held in Pasadena, California, where the 2016 mainstage event was hosted. It featured guest speakers such as Kimberly Bryant,

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1012-590: The Local People's Choice Award. Teams are also selected from the Universal Event to proceed to Global Judging. Each year, NASA attempts to invite Global Winners and Local Leads from winning locations to a NASA spacecraft launch. Global Winners are also featured on the NASA Space Apps website and social media. In 2013, Mars Exploration Program offered the NASA Space Apps 2012 Global Winners

1058-480: The NASA Space Apps Challenge to encourage more extensive global collaboration and provides a broader platform for participants to contribute to the fields of Earth and space science and technology through NASA Space Apps. After the NASA Space Apps Challenge concludes, each Local Event nominates teams with the top projects for Global Judging. The number of nominees depends on the number of projects submitted at each event. Local Events also may select an additional team for

1104-535: The OPEN Government Data Act from 2018 law. The acronym OPEN stands for Open Public Electronic Necessary. This law requires extensive data-keeping that is supervised non-partisan data officer. A review will be held in three years to determine whether agencies were properly maintaining their information and the usefulness of that information to the public. There are a few common shortcomings that exist in regards to Open Government efforts. The first

1150-512: The Open Government Initiative. Similarly, Cloakroom, Change.org , Liquid.us, and Loomio were also created to facilitate public policy discussions and promote administration practices to become more accessible for the general public. The most significant might be the Open Government Partnership , which after launching in 2011, now represents over 2 billion people. The countries within the partnership have agreed to execute

1196-546: The South African National Space Agency. The 2021 NASA Space Apps Challenge marked the tenth annual event for the program with the theme, "The Power of Ten." To celebrate the occasion, organizers brought together ten Space Agency Partners to support the event and added four new award categories for a total of ten award categories for 2021: Best Storytelling, Global Connection, Art & Technology, Local Impact. The 2021 NASA Space Apps Challenge

1242-771: The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite system, the Deep Space Network, the Ground Network, the NASA Integrated Services Network; implementing any improvements and upgrades to those systems and networks; and developing any future NASA communications and navigation architectures. The Ground Network (GN) has since been renamed the Near Earth Network. SCaN is viewed as a service provider supporting interfaces and performing

1288-613: The Turkish Space Agency. The 2023 NASA Space Apps Challenge presented its 10 Global Winners during their live Global Winners Announcement on January 23, 2024 that was filmed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The announcement also included former NASA Astronaut, Dr. Cady Coleman. The 2022 NASA Space Apps Challenge hackathon theme was “Make Space” to emphasize NASA’s commitment to inclusivity. The hackathon focused on Earth and space science, technology, and exploration. In 2022, Space Apps introduced

1334-741: The White House, NASA, and other federal agencies. The NASA Space Apps Challenge incorporated open science tips, tools, and resources from the NASA TOPS initiative into the hackathon for participants. Challenge Topics: 13 Space Agency Partners: Australian Space Agency, Brazilian Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, ESA (European Space Agency), Indian Space Research Organization, Italian Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Mexican Space Agency, National Space Activities Commission of Argentina, National Space Science Agency of Bahrain, Paraguayan Space Agency, South African National Space Agency, and

1380-400: The advocates for OGD typically fall within two schools: those who derive socioeconomic benefits from OGD in the belief that new competitors can penetrate the marketplace with access to government data and those who believe that is a social right that the general public has access to government data, public policy, and the decision makers of the latter using the former. The first school of thought

1426-772: The expansive reach of the Sun and its influence on every aspect of our environment and life on Earth. The hackathon featured 20 challenges written by NASA subject matter experts, including topics such as: 15 Space Agency Partners: Australian Space Agency , Brazilian Space Agency , Canadian Space Agency , Communications, Space & Technology Commission of Saudi Arabia , European Space Agency , Indian Space Research Organization , Italian Space Agency , Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , Mexican Space Agency , National Space Activities Commission of Argentina , National Space Science Agency of Bahrain , Paraguayan Space Agency , South African National Space Agency , Spanish Space Agency , and

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1472-686: The following themes: In 2018, NASA Space Apps Challenge Local Leads were 37.5% women. Main Stage Location(s): Huntsville, Alabama Theme or Challenge Topics: In 2018, NASA Space Apps Challenge Local Leads were 33% women. Main Stage Location(s): Huntsville, Alabama Theme or Challenge Topics: In 2017 the NASA Space Apps Challenge was hosted by a Local Lead in Melbourne Australia and several other Australian cities also competed. Speakers included Andrew Aldrin, son of American astronaut Buzz Aldrin , who works in

1518-447: The government as a whole. India has a notable portal, but once again is limited in scope. The European Data Portal consolidates many European countries that you can filter by sector, country, keyword, etc. The Global Open Data Index provides an overview of 94 countries' open data efforts and ranks them based on their coverage of certain key sectors. The Open Data Barometer is another ranking site for open data efforts around

1564-579: The guidelines within the Open Government National Action Plans. The notable points from the plan include increased transparency from government spending, increased dissemination of information through electronic means, and greater accountability for political figures through tracked data. The most recent form of Open Government legislation is the signing of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act , making

1610-627: The idea that government should be transparent, participatory, and collaborative. Following this statement, the State Department , after facilitating an online conversation between public employees and the public about their draft, published the Open Government plan using the Memorandum's three principles of transparency, participation, and collaboration. One of the earliest influences for the Open Government Initiative came from

1656-459: The information will be delivered in a way that is incomprehensible to the average citizen and can only be understood and applied by those already deeply familiar with governmental processes or those with the resources to access those who are familiar. The fourth shortcoming stems from the philosophy of the Open Government Data movement in which open governmental data can lead to greater economic growth if used commercially. Once again, this shortcoming

1702-682: The launch and education areas of the space industry. Aldrin fascinated the audience by discussing the ‘new’ space industry that seeks more entrepreneurial approaches to innovation. He wanted to see more investment in propulsion from the Moon and in space manufacturing, both of which could address the ongoing problem of orbiting space junk. Main Stage Location(s): Palo Alto, California led by the Local Lead Irena Chaushevska and New York City, New York led by

1748-545: The launch of TDRS-M, a NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite operated by the Space Communications and Navigation Program (SCaN). The mission experienced delays in weeks leading up to launch on August 18, 2017, on an Atlas V 401 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. NASA Space Apps 2018 Global Winners were invited to Kennedy Space Flight Center to attend the launch of the Falcon 9 rocket as part of SpaceX CRS-18,

1794-466: The number of countries/territories where a Local Event was hosted. Years 2020 and forward represent the number of countries/territories registered participants for the hackathon reside. The 2024 NASA International Space Apps Challenge hackathon theme was "The Sun Touches Everything" in collaboration with NASA Heliophysics' celebration of the Helio Big Year. This year's theme aimed to illuminate

1840-534: The opportunity to attend the launch of MAVEN , a Mars Orbiter. Kennedy Space Center also provided winners of their challenges that opportunity. The launch occurred on November 18, 2013, on an Atlas V 401 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . NASA Space Apps 2013 Global and Kennedy Space Center winners attended the Orion Exploration Flight Test 1 launch. The launch scrubbed once on December 4 before occurring on December 5, 2014, on

1886-621: The overall Kennedy Space Center winners were invited to attend the launch of OSIRIS-Rex , visiting the asteroid Bennu . The launch occurred on September 8, 2016, on an Atlas V 411 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . NASA Space Apps 2016 Global Winners were invited to attend the launch of TDRS-M , a NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite operated by the Space Communications and Navigation Program (SCaN). The mission experienced delays in weeks leading up to launch on August 18, 2017, on an Atlas V 401 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . In 2017, Global Winners were invited to attend

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1932-587: The private sector will be able to create better social and economic conditions with access to this data. Beginning with President Obama's Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government in 2009, the Open Data Movement has led to governments around the world creating similar projects. The Open Government Initiative began on President Obama's first day in office when he issued his Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government. He summarized three principles that previous proponents for OGD had advocated for:

1978-405: The world, including 115 countries. The World Bank provides catalogues for open data across over 200 countries/jurisdictions. Space Communications and Navigation Program The Space Communications and Navigation ( SCaN ) program places the three prime NASA space communications networks, Space Network (SN), Near Earth Network (NEN) (previously known as the Ground Network or GN), and

2024-601: Was a philosophically similar act to the Memorandum given by President Obama in 2009. Although not directly related to the idea of open government through technology, President Woodrow Wilson , during his term, aimed for "open covenants of peace, openly arrived at." In fact, the Ralph Bunche Library within the Department of State has been considering public input since 1789, alongside Secretary of State Rusk's Secretary's Open Forum from 1967. As mentioned,

2070-441: Was an entirely virtual event due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Challenge Topics: Space Agency partners: Australian Space Agency, Brazilian Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, ESA (European Space Agency), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, National Space Activities Commission of Argentina, National Space Science Agency of Bahrain, Paraguayan Space Agency, and the South African National Space Agency. The 2020 NASA Space Apps Challenge

2116-420: Was an entirely virtual event due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Space Agency Partners: Canadian Space Agency (CSA), European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and The National Centre for Space Studies (CNES). A special NASA Space Apps COVID-19 Challenge was held on May 30–31, 2020. More than 15,000 participants, from over 150 countries/territories participated. The challenges focused on

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