Misplaced Pages

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67-413: Carrier-grade NAT is often used for mitigating IPv4 address exhaustion . One use scenario of CGN has been labeled as NAT444 , because some customer connections to Internet services on the public Internet would pass through three different IPv4 addressing domains: the customer's own private network, the carrier's private network and the public Internet. Another CGN scenario is Dual-Stack Lite , in which

134-466: A CGN, and uses RFC   1918 address space to number customer gateways, the risk of address collision, and therefore routing failures, arises when the customer network already uses an RFC   1918 address space. This prompted some ISPs to develop a policy within the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) to allocate new private address space for CGNs, but ARIN deferred to

201-601: A DNS server with DNS64 capability and cannot support IPv4-only client devices. DS-Lite (Dual-Stack Light) uses tunnels from the customer premises equipment to a network address translator at the ISP. The consumer premises equipment encapsulates the IPv4 packets in an IPv6 wrapper and sends them to a host known as the AFTR element . The AFTR element de-encapsulates the packets and performs network address translation before sending them to

268-412: A Supreme Court Judge ruling in favor of the plaintiff, CI, and against AFRINIC. The Supreme Court Judge concluded that the lawsuits were caused by the registry's dogged “determination… to terminate (the plaintiff’s) membership.” At the same time, the judge found no evidence of the lawsuits being indeed vexatious, asking how “in these circumstances… can it be held against the applicant […] that it resorted to

335-462: A block that belongs to Sasol, and blocks that appear to belong to Tredcor, Afrox, Woolworths, and SITA. Documents obtained in August 2019 also showed that Cohen is a director and shareholder of Afri Holdings Ltd. On 1 October 2021, Logic Web Inc initiated an application for an interim injunction against AFRINIC. LogicWeb Inc has received a 196.52.0.0/14 block under the registered name of "ITC", which

402-566: A central source of information for members. AFRINIC's open policy development process also invites stakeholders interested in Internet number resources from around the world, primarily from the African region, to participate. These include representatives from governments, regulators, educators, media, the technical community, civil society, and other not-for-profit organizations. Each year, AFRINIC conducts two public policy meetings. These give

469-548: A certain Mr. Chad Abizeid. Sometime after Mr. Chad Abizeid received the 196.52.0.0/14 block that was stolen by Ernest Byaruhanga, which is worth well over $ 5 million, Mr. Abizeid tried to sell off the entire thing at once. Before recently reclaiming the stolen Internet Resources, the ex-CEO AFRINIC CEO, Eddy Kayihura, has known about the misappropriated 196.52.0.0/14 block for quite some time without taking any actions of reclaiming it, in potential with corruption from Mr. Abizeid, similar to

536-568: A distinct address to every Internet device or service. This problem has been mitigated for some time by changes in the address allocation and routing infrastructure of the Internet. The transition from classful network addressing to Classless Inter-Domain Routing delayed the exhaustion of addresses substantially. In addition, network address translation (NAT) permits Internet service providers and enterprises to masquerade private network address space with only one publicly routable IPv4 address on

603-661: A nine-member Board of Directors. Six of the directors are elected to represent the different sub-regions, while two directors are elected to serve on the Board-based solely on competency as opposed to regional representation. The last seat on the Board is filled by the Chief Executive Officer. Elections are held at each AFRNIC Annual General Meeting (AGMM), which is conducted around May/June every year. Voting takes place both on-site at these meetings and prior to

670-553: A policy called the Inter-RIR IPv4 Address Transfer Policy, which allows IPv4 addresses to be transferred from North America to Asia. The ARIN policy was implemented on 31 July 2012. IPv4 broker businesses have been established to facilitate these transfers. Estimates of the time of complete IPv4 address exhaustion varied widely in the early 2000s. In 2003, Paul Wilson (director of APNIC ) stated that, based on then-current rates of deployment,

737-531: A range of port numbers to use. Other nodes may be allocated the same IPv4 address but a different range of ports. The technique avoids the need for stateful address translation mechanisms in the core of the network, thus leaving end users in control of their own address translation. Deployment of IPv6 is the standards-based solution to the IPv4 address shortage. IPv6 is endorsed and implemented by all Internet technical standards bodies and network equipment vendors. It encompasses many design improvements, including

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804-437: A significant amount of effort to track down which addresses really are unused, as many are in use only on intranets . Some address space previously reserved by IANA has been added to the available pool. There have been proposals to use the class E network range of IPv4 addresses (which would add 268.4 million IP addresses to the available pool) but many computer and router operating systems and firmware do not allow

871-552: A specific recipient. However, it can be expensive in terms of cost and time to renumber a large network, so these organizations are likely to object, with legal conflicts possible. However, even if all of these were reclaimed, it would only result in postponing the date of address exhaustion. Similarly, IP address blocks have been allocated to entities that no longer exist and some allocated IP address blocks or large portions of them have never been used. No strict accounting of IP address allocations has been undertaken, and it would take

938-481: A top-down approach (contradicting to bottom-up approach RIR was founded on) and questioned why RIR resisted the ITU proposal to take them over in the immunity is what they want. The NRO letter called Cloud Innovation a vexatious litigant, but a week later a judgment from the supreme court was delivered that specifically noted Cloud Innovation is not a vexatious litigant. The judgement criticized AFRINIC for trying to pervert

1005-406: Is a made-up name for a fake corporate entity that never existed, and one that was invented by the ex-AFRINIC senior management Ernest Byaruhanga as a WHOIS cover story for his IP addresses famous heist. The 196.52.0.0/14 block was another one of AFRINIC's senior management's thefts from the free pool and one that was subsequently sold or gifted to the proprietor of LogicWeb, Inc. of New York, USA, i.e.

1072-826: Is currently still in early stages. It requires a significant investment of resources, and poses incompatibility issues with IPv4, as well as certain security and stability risks. As the IPv4 address pool depletes, some ISPs will not be able to provide globally routable IPv4 addresses to customers. Nevertheless, customers are likely to require access to services on the IPv4 Internet. Several technologies have been developed for providing IPv4 service over an IPv6 access network. In ISP-level IPv4 NAT, ISPs may implement IPv4 network address translation within their networks and assign private IPv4 addresses to customers. This approach may allow customers to keep using existing hardware. Some estimates for NAT argue that US ISPs have 5-10 times

1139-532: Is eligible for just one final maximum allocation of a /22 block of IPv4 addresses until the block is exhausted. AFRINIC conducts a number of training courses in a wide variety of locations around the region. These courses are designed to educate participants to proficiently configure, manage and administer their Internet services and infrastructure and to embrace current best practices. The AFRINIC WHOIS Database contains registration details of IP addresses and AS numbers originally allocated by AFRINIC. It shows

1206-575: Is tagged to be Africa's greatest internet heist. In total, 4.1 million IP addresses were stolen. 2.3 million came from AFRINIC's “free pool” and a further 1.7 million were “legacy” IP addresses. They were worth around $ 87M, according to MyBroadband. IPv4 addresses, which were already reserved and in use by major organizations were effectively hijacked and sold. These reappropriated IP addresses were used to forward spam, breach data records, and compromise functioning websites. Dozens of South African-based companies and businesses were impacted. Education sectors and

1273-765: Is the regional Internet registry (RIR) for Africa . Its headquarters are in Ebene , Mauritius . Before AFRINIC was formed, IP addresses ( IPv6 and IPv4 ) for Africa were distributed by the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), and the RIPE NCC . ICANN provisionally recognized AFRINIC on 11 October 2004. The registry became operational on 22 February 2005. ICANN gave it final recognition in April 2005. AFRINIC consists of

1340-570: The ATU to appoint directors though the court, thereby violating the bottom-up process in which the RIR is built on and hampering the intended effect of the internet self-governance model. The other four RIRs sent a letter in the name of Number Resources Organization (NRO) to the Mauritius government requesting government recognition of AFRINIC's international status. This letter was not received well by

1407-507: The IETF before implementing the policy indicating that the matter was not a typical allocation issue but a reservation of addresses for technical purposes (per RFC 2860). IETF published RFC   6598 , detailing a shared address space for use in ISP CGN deployments that can handle the same network prefixes occurring both on inbound and outbound interfaces. ARIN returned address space to

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1474-501: The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for this allocation. The allocated address block is 100.64.0.0/10, i.e. IP addresses from 100.64.0.0 to 100.127.255.255. Devices evaluating whether an IPv4 address is public must be updated to recognize the new address space. Allocating more private IPv4 address space for NAT devices might prolong the transition to IPv6. Critics of carrier-grade NAT argue

1541-475: The United States Department of Defense , BBN Technologies , and Interop . The creation of markets to buy and sell IPv4 addresses has been considered to be a solution to the problem of IPv4 scarcity and a means of redistribution. The primary benefits of an IPv4 address market are that it allows buyers to maintain undisrupted local network functionality. IPv6 adoption, while in progress,

1608-584: The AfriHoldings lawsuit case. AFRINIC's scandal of committing the biggest Internet Resources heist, valued at more than 50 million dollars, is still affecting businesses operations that are struggling to recover from AFRINIC's attempts of concealing the gravity of the thefts by reclaiming the stolen IP resources, with little to no consideration of the consequences on the African Internet Connectivity. These businesses are now taking

1675-639: The CEO of AFRINIC, Eddy Mabano Kayihura, after he tried to censor the community discussion list of AFRINIC because a resource member had uncovered information linking the CEO with a known terrorist supporter. Furthermore, Eddy has been the subject of many controversial and corruptions allegations over the short 2 years since he was in the office. During his tenure as CEO, nearly 50 lawsuits have been filed against AFRINIC, with AFRINIC having been sued by over 8 different parties, including internal parties. In July 2022, Eddy Kayihura tried to bypass member-based elections by

1742-512: The Caribbean ( LACNIC ), on 24 September 2015 for North America ( ARIN ), on 21 April 2017 for Africa ( AfriNIC ), and on 25 November 2019 for Europe, Middle East and Central Asia ( RIPE NCC ). These RIRs still allocate recovered addresses or addresses reserved for a special purpose. Individual ISPs still have pools of unassigned IP addresses, and could recycle addresses no longer needed by subscribers. Vint Cerf co-created TCP/IP thinking it

1809-686: The Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of Mauritius. The application was lodged by Afri Holdings Ltd, Netstyle A. Ltd, and Elad Cohen. Internet investigator Ron Guilmette has linked Netstyle and Cohen's e-mail address to suspicious activity in South Africa, caused by large chunks of South African Internet Protocol address space, worth millions of dollars on the open reseller market, being stolen by AFRINIC's ex-top senior executive Ernest Byaruhanga. Affected IP addresses included

1876-548: The Department of Defence were also hit, losing addresses worth approximately $ 5.3M. In March 2018, allegations were filed by the RIR's former head of external relations, Vymala Poligadu. She alleged that the Board chair, VC and the head of financial department had been actively plotting to get her fired from her position. She also alleged that one of the staff had been sexually harassed by Afrinic's former chair Sunday Folayan. The internal report detailing Poligadu's accusations

1943-451: The ISP level. ISP-level NAT may result in multiple-level address translation which is likely to further complicate the use of technologies such as port forwarding used to run Internet servers within private networks. NAT64 translates IPv6 requests from clients to IPv4 requests. This avoids the need to provision any IPv4 addresses to clients and allows clients that only support IPv6 to access IPv4 resources. However this approach requires

2010-417: The Internet interface of a main Internet router, instead of allocating a public address to each network device. While the primary reason for IPv4 address exhaustion is insufficient capacity in the design of the original Internet infrastructure, several additional driving factors have aggravated the shortcomings. Each of them increased the demand on the limited supply of addresses, often in ways unanticipated by

2077-541: The Internet until IPv6 is fully implemented. However, IPv6 hosts cannot directly communicate with IPv4 hosts, and have to communicate using special gateway services. This means that general-purpose computers must still have IPv4 access, for example through NAT64, in addition to the new IPv6 address, which is more effort than just supporting IPv4 or IPv6. In early 2011, only 16–26% of computers were IPv6 capable, while only 0.2% preferred IPv6 addressing with many using transition methods such as Teredo tunneling . About 0.15% of

Carrier-grade NAT - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-497: The Internet. The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Internet registries (RIRs) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users and local Internet registries , such as Internet service providers . The main market forces that accelerated IPv4 address depletion included the rapidly growing number of Internet users, always-on devices, and mobile devices. The anticipated shortage has been

2211-434: The RIR's supply of IPv4 addresses is said to be "exhausted". APNIC was the first RIR to restrict allocations to 1024 addresses for each member, as its pool reached critical levels of one /8 block on 14 April 2011. The APNIC RIR is responsible for address allocation in the area of fastest Internet expansion, including the emerging markets of China and India. RIPE NCC , the regional Internet registry for Europe,

2278-471: The RIRs have set aside a small pool of IP addresses for the transition to IPv6 (for example carrier-grade NAT ), from which each RIR can typically get at most 1024 in total. ARIN and LACNIC reserves the last /10 for IPv6 transition. APNIC, and RIPE NCC have reserved the last obtained /8 block for IPv6 transition. AFRINIC reserves a /11 block for this purpose. When only this last block remains,

2345-460: The RIRs were distributed to the RIRs in February 2011. APNIC was the first regional Internet registry to run out of freely allocated IPv4 addresses, on 15 April 2011. This date marked the point where not everyone who needed an IPv4 address could be allocated one. As a consequence of this exhaustion, end-to-end connectivity as required by specific applications will not be universally available on

2412-495: The available space would last for one or two decades. In September 2005, a report by Cisco Systems suggested that the pool of available addresses would deplete in as little as 4 to 5 years. In the last year before exhaustion, IPv4 allocations were accelerating, resulting in exhaustion trending to earlier dates. By 2008 policy planning for the end-game and post-exhaustion era was underway. Several proposals have been discussed to delay shortages of IPv4 addresses: Before and during

2479-534: The carrier's network uses IPv6 and thus only two IPv4 addressing domains are needed. CGNAT techniques were first used in 2000 to accommodate the immediate need for large numbers of IPv4 addresses in General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) deployments of mobile networks. Estimated CGNAT deployments increased from 1,200 in 2014 to 3,400 in 2016, with 28.85% of the studied deployments appearing to be in mobile operator networks. If an ISP deploys

2546-559: The community the chance to come together for policy development, information sharing, and networking. The first Public Policy Meeting of each year is known as the Africa Internet Summit (AIS), and the second is held as a standalone meeting. The meetings are held in various locations throughout Africa. AFRINIC has been at the center of several organizational controversies in the past five years. A former senior management member from AFRINIC, Ernest Byaruhanga, committed what

2613-477: The course of justice. In April 2017, AFRINIC became the last regional Internet registry to run down to its last /8 block of IPv4 addresses (102/8), thus triggering the final phase of its IPv4 exhaustion policy. As a result, AFRINIC then implemented a soft landing policy for allocating the last /8 to its users, in which, since Phase 2 of the exhaustion period (started in January 2020 ), each AFRINIC customer

2680-439: The court to preserve its rights?” An Injunction has been issued against AFRINIC's board's illegal attempt to extend Director's term, In particular, board seat number 6 is currently being held by Abdalla Omari. This seat was given to Mr. Omari through the passing of an illegal resolution to extend a board member's office without an election. An order has been granted to Crystal Web, one of resources member of AFRINIC, to suspend

2747-554: The driving factor in creating and adopting several new technologies, including network address translation (NAT), Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993, and IPv6 in 1998. The top-level exhaustion occurred on 31 January 2011. All RIRs have exhausted their address pools, except those reserved for IPv6 transition ; this occurred on 15 April 2011 for the Asia-Pacific ( APNIC ), on 10 June 2014 for Latin America and

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2814-487: The following aspects: IPv4 address exhaustion IPv4 address exhaustion is the depletion of the pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses . Because the original Internet architecture had fewer than 4.3 billion addresses available, depletion has been anticipated since the late 1980s when the Internet started experiencing dramatic growth. This depletion is one of the reasons for the development and deployment of its successor protocol , IPv6 . IPv4 and IPv6 coexist on

2881-613: The freezing order against AFRINIC in the Mauritius Court. The litigation is still ongoing . With the amount of IP addresses involved and Cloud Innovation's large international customer base, this litigation is said to be potentially impacting a large majority of the Internet's connectivity and operations. Internet professionals all over the world have raised concerns about the possible consequences that would result from Cloud Innovation's membership being possibly terminated . In 2022, Cloud Innovation won in court against AFRINIC, with

2948-684: The global community, and Sander Steffan, one of the NRO's number council members, described such a move as "neo-colonialism". A formal board member of AFRINIC, CTO of Liquid Labs, also sent a letter to the Mauritius government requesting that they not act on the NRO letter by stating "please disregard it in its entirety and that the legal process be allowed to play out as per the Mauritian legal system". International media at large has also been against this letter with one media personality calling it "causing collateral damage". Another referenced such action as

3015-569: The implementation of the IPv6 roll-out. Systems that require inter-continental connectivity will have to deal with exhaustion mitigation already due to APNIC exhaustion. At APNIC, existing LIRs could apply for twelve months stock before exhaustion when they were using more than 80% of allocated space allocated to them. Since 15 April 2011, the date when APNIC reached its last /8 block, each (current or future) member will only be able to get one allocation of 1024 addresses (a /22 block) once. As

3082-578: The last /8 in April 2014. On 31 March 2017, AFRINIC became the last regional Internet registry to run down to its last /8 block of IPv4 addresses (102/8), thus triggering the first phase of its IPv4 exhaustion policy. "On 13 January 2020, AFRINIC approved an IPv4 prefix that resulted in no more than a /11 of non-reserved space to be available in the Final /8," which triggered its IPv4 Exhaustion Phase 2. On 25 November 2019, RIPE NCC announced that it had made its "final /22 IPv4 allocation from

3149-430: The last remaining addresses in our available pool. We have now run out of IPv4 addresses." RIPE NCC will continue to allocate IPv4 addresses, but only "from organisations that have gone out of business or are closed, or from networks that return addresses they no longer need. These addresses will be allocated to our members (LIRs) according to their position on a new waiting list…" The announcement also called for support for

3216-487: The last two unreserved IANA /8 address blocks were allocated to APNIC according to RIR request procedures. This left five reserved but unallocated /8 blocks. In accord with ICANN policies, IANA proceeded to allocate one of those five /8 s to each RIR, exhausting the IANA pool, at a ceremony and press conference on 3 February 2011. The various legacy address blocks with administration historically split among

3283-522: The matter to the Mauritius Courts by filing lawsuits against AFRINIC's management. AFRINIC has been in a feud with Cloud Innovation (CI) since July 2021, as it intended to revoke over 6 million IP addresses from the company backing the claim by stating a breach in policy. However, Afrinic's attempt to seize IP addresses currently under Cloud Innovation's domain backfired, as by bringing the issue directly to court, without an effort to de-escalate

3350-407: The matter, the RIR did not follow its own in-house policies. As a result of the unfounded claims advanced by Afrinic, the Supreme Court of Mauritius ordered that Afrinic bank accounts be frozen, thereby crippling its operations. On 15 July, due to court order, Afrinic restored CI's IP address blocks. However, the RIR's bank assets remained frozen until 15 October, when they were granted the removal of

3417-727: The meeting via online voting. The AFRINIC Council of Elders consists of six former AFRINIC chairpersons. They fulfill an advisory role and harness all their experience leading the organization as former Chairs. The Members of the AFRINIC Council of Elders are: AFRINIC Staff carry out the daily operations of the organization. The Staff is structured in nine departments: CEO's Office, HR and Administration, Research and Innovation, Finance and Accounting, External Relations, Communication and Public Relations, Member Services, IT and Engineering, and Capacity Building. These divisions encompass all AFRINIC activities, including that of acting as

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3484-496: The membership and broader Internet community. The major media for policy development are the face-to-face Public Policy Meetings, which are held twice each year, and mailing list discussions. AFRINIC's service region is divided into six sub-regions in Africa for statistic gathering purposes and for Board of Directors elections to ensure regional representation. These sub-regions are: Northern, Western, Central, Eastern, Southern and

3551-506: The number of IPs they need in order to serve their existing customers. However the allocation of private IPv4 addresses to customers may conflict with private IP allocations on the customer networks. Furthermore, some ISPs may have to divide their network into subnets to allow them to reuse private IPv4 addresses, complicating network administration. There are also concerns that features of consumer-grade NAT such as DMZs , STUN , UPnP and application-level gateways might not be available at

3618-618: The organizations that hold the resources, where the allocations were made, and contact details for the networks. The organizations that hold those resources are responsible for updating their information in the database. The database can be searched by using the web interface on the AFRINIC site or by directing your whois client to whois.afrinic.net (for example, whois -h whois.afrinic.net 196.1.0.0/24). Major Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Internet exchange point (IXPs) , governments and academic institutions. AFRINIC's policies are developed by

3685-507: The original designers of the network. Efforts to delay address space exhaustion started with the recognition of the problem in the early 1990s, and the introduction of a number of stop-gap refinements to make the existing structure operate more efficiently, such as CIDR methods and strict usage-based allocation policies. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) created the Routing and Addressing Group (ROAD) in November 1991 to respond to

3752-534: The public Internet. The NAT in the AFTR uses the IPv6 address of the client in its NAT mapping table. This means that different clients can use the same private IPv4 addresses, therefore avoiding the need for allocating private IPv4 IP addresses to customers or using multiple NATs. Address plus Port allows stateless sharing of public IP addresses based on TCP/UDP port numbers. Each node is allocated both an IPv4 address and

3819-514: The redistribution of recovered space, APNIC is distributing an additional /22 to each member upon request. The 1,024 addresses in the /22 block can be used by APNIC members to supply NAT44 or NAT64 as a service on an IPv6 network. However at a new large ISP, 1,024 IPv4 addresses might not be enough to provide IPv4 connectivity to all the customers due to the limited number of ports available per IPv4 address. The regional Internet registries (RIRs) for Asia (APNIC) and North America have

3886-483: The replacement of the 32-bit IPv4 address format with a 128-bit address which provides an addressing space without limitations for the foreseeable future. IPv6 has been in active production deployment since June 2006, after organized worldwide testing and evaluation in the 6bone project ceased. Interoperability for hosts using only IPv4 protocols is implemented with a variety of IPv6 transition mechanisms . AfriNIC AFRINIC (African Network Information Centre)

3953-508: The scalability problem caused by the classful network allocation system in place at the time. IPv6, the successor technology to IPv4, was designed to address this problem. It supports approximately 3.4 × 10 network addresses. Although as of 2008 the predicted depletion was already approaching its final stages, most providers of Internet services and software vendors were just beginning IPv6 deployment at that time. Other mitigation efforts and technologies include: On 31 January 2011,

4020-654: The slope of the APNIC pool line on the "Geoff Huston's projection of the evolution of the IP pool for each RIR" chart to the right shows, the last /8 block would have been emptied within one month without this policy. By APNIC policy, each current or future member can receive only one /22 block from this last /8 (there are 16384 /22 blocks in the last /8 block). Since there are around 3000 current APNIC members, and around 300 new APNIC members each year, APNIC expects this last /8 block to last for many years. Since

4087-424: The time when classful network design was still used as allocation model, large blocks of IP addresses were allocated to some organizations . Since the use of CIDR the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) could potentially reclaim these ranges and reissue the addresses in smaller blocks. ARIN, RIPE NCC and APNIC have a transfer policy, such that addresses can get returned, with the purpose to be reassigned to

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4154-541: The top million websites were IPv6 accessible in 2011. Complicating matters, 0.027% to 0.12% of visitors could not reach dual-stack sites, but a larger percentage (0.27%) could not reach IPv4-only sites. IPv4 exhaustion mitigation technologies include IPv4 address sharing to access IPv4 content, IPv6 dual-stack implementation, protocol translation to access IPv4 and IPv6-addressed content, and bridging and tunneling to bypass single protocol routers. Early signs of accelerated IPv6 adoption after IANA exhaustion are evident. All

4221-517: The use of these addresses. For this reason, the proposals have sought not to designate the class E space for public assignment, but instead propose to permit its private use for networks that require more address space than is currently available through RFC 1918. Several organizations have returned large blocks of IP addresses. Notably, Stanford University relinquished their Class A IP address block in 2000, making 16 million IP addresses available. Other organizations that have done so include

4288-611: Was an experiment, and has admitted he thought 32 bits was enough. Every node of an Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as a computer , router , or network printer , is assigned an IP address for each network interface, used to locate and identify the node in communications with other nodes on the network. Internet Protocol version 4 provides 2 (4,294,967,296) addresses. However, large blocks of IPv4 addresses are reserved for special uses and are unavailable for public allocation. The IPv4 addressing structure provides an insufficient number of publicly routable addresses to provide

4355-471: Was taken to court by one of the men whose name and company have been linked to the heist of the African Internet resources committed by a founding member of AFRINIC, Ernest Byaruhanga. In a notice sent to individuals and organizations that hold IP addresses in the African region, the then AFRINIC CEO Eddy Kayihura stated that an application for an interim injunction against AFRINIC was brought before

4422-521: Was the second RIR to deplete its address pool on 14 September 2012. On 10 June 2014, LACNIC , the regional Internet registry for Latin America and the Caribbean, was the third RIR to deplete its address pool. ARIN was exhausted on 24 September 2015. ARIN has been unable to allocate large requests since July 2015, but smaller requests were still being met. After IANA exhaustion, IPv4 address space requests became subject to additional restrictions at ARIN, and became even more restrictive after reaching

4489-583: Was then leaked onto the organization's discussion mailing list by an anonymous poster, writing in response to a complaint by another member about high staff turnover. The independent Investigation Committee's (IC) report concluded that the allegations were false and the chair breached the NDA of Board members; Sunday Folayan quit after the Investigation Committee proved that he breached the signed NDA of AFRINIC Board members. In June 2020, AFRINIC

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