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56-675: The National Junior Classical League ( National JCL or NJCL ) is a youth organization of secondary school students sponsored and organized by the American Classical League (ACL). Founded in 1936, the NJCL comprises more than 1,000 Latin , Greek and Classical chapters in the United States, Canada, South Korea and the United Kingdom, and with over 45,000 members, is the largest Classical organization in

112-445: A better grade. If a student does not have the total required credits needed to graduate at the end of their senior year of high school , the student will stay for another year or until they meet the required amount of credits. On the contrary, if a student earns enough credits required to graduate before the end of their senior year (usually at the end of 11th grade or the middle of 12th grade ) they can graduate early. Depending on

168-665: A certain age. It was believed that every American student had the opportunity to participate regardless of their ability. In 1892, in response to many competing academic philosophies being promoted at the time, a working group of educators, known as the " Committee of Ten " was established by the National Education Association . It recommended twelve years of instruction, consisting of eight years of elementary education followed by four years of high school. Rejecting suggestions that high schools should divide students into college-bound and working-trades groups from

224-582: A college. It never included a preparatory unit. The religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening stimulated Protestant denominations to open academies and colleges. In the small town of Amherst, Massachusetts in 1812, funds were raised for a secondary school, Amherst Academy; it opened December 1814. The academy incorporated in 1816, and eventually counted among its students Emily Dickinson , Sylvester Graham , and Mary Lyon (founder of Mount Holyoke College ). By 1821 it added

280-711: A foreign language or advanced math and science classes in middle school. Typically schools will offer Spanish and French ; and, often German ; and, sometimes Latin ; Chinese , Japanese , and/or Greek . In addition to Pre-Algebra and other high school mathematics prep courses, Algebra I and Geometry are both commonly taught. Schools also offer Earth Science, Life Science, or Physical Science classes. Physical education classes (also called "PE", "phys ed", Kinesiology, or "gym") are usually mandatory for various periods. For social studies, some schools offer U.S. History , Geography , and World History classes. Many also have honors classes for motivated and gifted students, where

336-414: A free education to any student who chose to stay in school for 12 years to get a diploma with a minimal grade point average. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court case, Brown v. Board of Education , made desegregation of elementary and high schools mandatory, although private Christian schools expanded rapidly following this ruling to accommodate white families attempting to avoid desegregation. By 1955,

392-582: A half-day instruction/approved work program in senior year as the purpose of the program is to prepare students for gainful employment without a college degree. The level of specialization allowed varies depending on both the state and district the school is located in. Many states require courses in the "core" areas of English (or Language Arts), Science , Social Studies (or History), and Mathematics every year although others allow more choice after 10th grade. Three science courses, biology , chemistry , and physics are usually offered. Many schools follow

448-514: A higher education with Amherst College . Besides religion, the academy movement arose from a public sense that education in the classic disciplines needed to be extended into the western states. Thousands of academies were started using local funds and tuition; most closed after a few years and others were established. In 1860 there were 6,415 academies in operation. When the Civil War erupted in 1861 they generally closed down temporarily; most in

504-409: A junior organization to the American Classical League was first proposed in 1927 at the organization's annual meeting. A committee was appointed to study the matter, but it decided two years later that it wouldn't be worth pursuing at the time. In 1936, a pin was made and lifetime membership cost thirty cents, as it was decided to pursue the creation of a junior organization. The Junior Classical League

560-427: A modified diploma. Usually, to graduate, students need to take and pass four years of English (or Language Arts) classes, four years of Social Studies (or History) classes, three years of Math classes, (but four are recommended), Three years of Science classes, (but four are recommended), two years of Foreign language classes, one year of a Health education class, one year of a Physical education class, and

616-682: A new requirement in 2006. This requirement has been an object of controversy when states have started to withhold diplomas, and the right to attend commencement exercises, if a student does not meet the standards set by the state. Pressure to allow people and organizations to create new Charter schools developed during the 1980s and were embraced by the American Federation of Teachers in 1988. These would be legally and financially autonomous public school free from many state laws and district regulations, and accountable more for student outcomes rather than for processes or inputs. Minnesota

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672-481: A part of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's War on Poverty , provided funds for primary and secondary education known as Title I funding while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum . It emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability. The bill also aimed to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing every child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. After 1980,

728-541: A policy of easy and open enrollment. The shift from theoretical to a more practical approach in curriculum also resulted in an increase of skilled blue-collar workers. The open enrollment nature and relatively relaxed standards, such as ease of repeating a grade, also contributed to the boom in secondary schooling. There was an increase in educational attainment, primarily from the grass-roots movement of building and staffing public high schools. By mid-century, comprehensive high schools became common, which were designed to give

784-497: A state (or state-level) chapter of the NJCL; the current total number is 51 as Oregon, Washington state , and British Columbia share a chapter under the moniker Cascadia JCL. Many chapters hold their own annual State Convention in addition to the National Convention. Torch: U.S. is the NJCL's official publication, which details the events of the organization, reports scores, and issues stories. Published four times

840-447: A test given later in the school year, they are given college credit at participating universities . Public high schools offer a wide variety of elective courses, which are classes that don't fall under any of the 'core' categories. Students usually choose to take elective classes tailored to their personality, interests, and after school activities. The availability of such courses depends upon each particular school, varying based on what

896-460: A varying number of elective classes. Grades in American schools range from A (90% to 100%) to F (59% and below), excluding E. To pass a class and receive a credit for it, students usually need to receive a grade between A to D, or 100% to 60%. F, or 59% and below would be failing and students wouldn't receive credit for the class. An A grade is for greatly exceeding the expected standard, a B grade

952-607: A year, the only issue sent to all convention attendees (including non-subscribers) is the fall issue, shortly after convention. Until October 2007, the NJCL also published JCL Highlights in months when the Torch: U.S. was not published. JCL Highlights publicized administrative details about the League, including details about applying for JCL scholarships, information about the upcoming Convention, and requests for information from NJCL officers and national committee members. According to

1008-509: A year-long course. Additional study options can include classes in Sociology , and Psychology . Many states require a health or wellness course in order to graduate. The class typically covers basic anatomy , nutrition , first aid , sexual education , and how to make responsible decisions regarding illegal drugs , tobacco , and alcohol . In some places, contraception is not allowed to be taught for religious reasons. In some places,

1064-562: Is a member of the international family of economic and social classifications of the United Nations . The ISCED was designed in the early 1970s to serve as an instrument suitable for assembling, compiling and presenting statistics of education both within individual countries and internationally. The first version, known as ISCED 1976, was approved by the International Conference on Education (Geneva, 1975), and

1120-520: Is a sharp transition from the primary or elementary school model in which students remain with a single teacher in a single classroom.) The classes are usually a set of four or five (if foreign language is included in the curriculum) core academic classes ( English or " language arts ," science , mathematics , history or " social studies ," and in some schools, foreign language ) with two to four other classes, either electives, supplementary, or remedial academic classes. Some students also start taking

1176-982: Is for exceeding the expected standard, a C is the expected standard, a D is falling behind the expected standard, and an F (or fail) is greatly behind the expected standard. Sometimes a letter grade can have a + or a - next to it, related to what percentage was given. Instructors may choose to have the lowest possible grade be a 50%, and only grade 0% to assignments that have not been turned in. Middle schools and junior high schools are schools that which straddle elementary and high school education. "Middle" schools commonly serve sixth grade , seventh grade , and eighth grade , while "junior high" schools usually exclude sixth grade and can sometimes include ninth grade instead. Rarely, middle and junior high schools can also include fifth grade . Upon arrival in middle school or junior high school, students begin to enroll in class schedules in which they will take classes with several teachers in different classrooms on any given day. (This

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1232-564: Is given a motto/theme from Latin poetry or literature. A theme for the following year's convention is chosen by the incoming president each year. Most state-level NJCL chapters hold their own annual conventions at locations central to their attendees, where schools compete in varied events. These events are divided into academic levels for scoring purposes; participation can be countywide, regional, or even statewide. Awards are given out to schools based on sweepstakes points, earned by placing high in competitive events. The 2018 national convention

1288-435: Is no obligation upon any state to accept these funds. The U.S. government may also propose, but cannot enforce national goals, objectives and standards, which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction. Many high schools in the United States offer a choice of vocational or college prep curriculum. Schools that offer vocational programs include a very high level of technical specialization, e.g., auto mechanics or carpentry, with

1344-499: Is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a high school or senior high school for students ninth grade through twelfth grade. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered primary school . Today " Academy " is a general term referring to post-secondary education, especially the most elite or liberal arts part of it. However, in

1400-467: Is the largest U.S. association dedicated to promoting this type of education. High schools in the United States base if students are able to graduate based off how many credits they have earned. How many credits are required to graduate and how many credits students earn from classes vary state by state. As an example, in Oregon , students are required to obtain a total of 24 credits before they graduate. At

1456-469: The 18th and 19th century, an "academy" was what later became known as a high school. In most towns there were no public schools above the primary level. The typical college at first included a preparatory unit, which it dropped by 1900. In the nineteenth century an academy was what later became known as a high school; in most places in the U.S. there were no public schools above the primary level. Some older high schools, such as Corning Free Academy , retained

1512-490: The 50 states and the national capital of Washington, D.C. , and 59% of these had waiting lists. Authority to regulate education resides constitutionally with the individual states, with direct authority of the U.S. Congress and the federal U.S. Department of Education being limited to regulation and enforcement of federal constitutional rights. Great indirect authority is, however, exercised through federal funding of national programs and block grants although there

1568-655: The Fall 2007 Torch: U.S. , the National Committee decided at the October 2007 Fall Planning Meeting to eliminate the JCL Highlights in favor of online distribution of the same information. During national conventions, a student published newspaper, The Convention Ear , is produced. The Ear highlights convention events and gives information about candidates for NJCL office. Secondary education in

1624-535: The Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. It evolved into the University of Pennsylvania . By 1840 3,204 academies and similar secondary schools were in operation. Most lasted only a few years but others were created and by 1860 6,415 were in operation nationwide. The first public secondary schools started around the 1830s and 40s within

1680-667: The South never reopened. Like Amherst, a number of colleges began as (high school) academies, then became a college by adding post-secondary unit, and then finally dropped the pre-collegiate academy. Several colleges were indirectly influenced by the academy model, including Brown University in Rhode Island and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of

1736-605: The United States Secondary education in the United States occurs in two phases. The first. as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called a middle school or junior high school. A middle school is for students sixth grade , seventh grade and eighth grade and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade. The second

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1792-700: The age of three years. During the review and revision, which led to the adoption of ISCED 2011, UNESCO Member States agreed that the fields of education should be examined in a separate process. This review is now underway with the view to establishing an independent but related classification called the ISCED Fields of Education and Training. Related materials from the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training and also Eurostat provide further information and statistical guidance for

1848-578: The arts. A smaller number of high schools are operated by the Department of Defense on military bases for children of military personnel . International Standard Classification of Education The International Standard Classification of Education ( ISCED ) is a statistical framework for organizing information on education maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) . It

1904-515: The arts. Some schools have been set up for students who do not succeed with normal academic standards; while others, like Harvey Milk High School , have even been created for special social groups such as LGBT students. Most states operate special residential schools for the blind and deaf , although a substantial number of such students are mainstreamed into standard schools. Several operate residential high schools for highly gifted students in specialized areas such as science, mathematics, or

1960-465: The building can support and if the school can afford to hold them. Electives may be taken over the course of a full year or over the course of an academic term . Students are usually required to take several elective classes over the course of high school to graduate. This can include physical education and foreign language classes, but sometimes these are separate. Common types of electives include: The Association for Career and Technical Education

2016-533: The circumstances, students may receive a diploma different from the standard. Students that take a certain number of honors classes or college credit classes can receive an advanced diploma. The highest-performing student in the grade usually receives the valedictorian title, along with a special diploma. On the contrary, students with extenuating circumstances (for example, the COVID-19 pandemic ) that negatively impacted or interrupted their learning may receive

2072-647: The control given to students varies from state to state and school to school. The schools are managed by local school districts rather than by the central government. Some states and cities offer special high schools with examinations to admit only the highest performing students, such as Boston Latin School , several schools in the New York City Specialized High School system or Alexandria, Virginia 's Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology . Other high schools cater to

2128-414: The country offer Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses to be taken instead of the ones created by the school and/or school district . These classes have a standard curriculum, making them easy to study for, but are more rigorous as they are college level. Students may take these for classes they are more proficient in if they want a challenge. If students earn a good score on

2184-401: The country. Other components of the convention in which students may participate include Certamen, a quizbowl-like trivia competition, seminars commonly known as Colloquia, and Ludi (literally "games"—various athletic and recreational events). Students may also campaign for public offices within the NJCL, including President, Treasurer, and Historian. Starting regularly in 1972, every convention

2240-839: The curriculum set by Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Other science courses offered at high schools include geology , ecology , astronomy , health , and forensic . High school math courses typically include Pre-algebra , Algebra I , Geometry , Algebra II with trigonometry classes. Advanced study options can include Precalculus , Calculus , and Statistics . English and language classes are usually required for four years of high school although many schools count journalism , public speaking/debate, foreign language , literature , drama , and writing (both technical and creative) classes as English/Language classes. Social studies classes include History , Political Science , Economics and Geography . Political science and Economics classes are sometimes combined as two semesters of

2296-525: The development of a third version, which was adopted by UNESCO's 36th General Conference in November 2011 and which will replace ISCED 1997 in international data collections in the coming years. ISCED 2011 has nine rather than seven levels, created by dividing the tertiary pre-doctorate level into three levels. It also extended the lowest level (ISCED 0) to cover a new sub-category of early childhood educational development programmes, which target children below

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2352-447: The end of a semester (halfway through the school year), the student earns 0.5 credits for each class they have a passing grade in (usually above 50%). If the student does not earn a credit, they are able to earn the credit through retaking the class, taking a specific credit recovery class, taking the class at a summer school , or taking the same or an equivalent class online . These options are also available for students who wish to get

2408-440: The enrollment rates of secondary schools in the United States were around 80%, higher than enrollment rates in most or all European countries. The goal became to minimize the number who exited at the mandatory attendance age, which varies by state between 14 and 18 years of age, and become considered to be dropouts , at risk of economic failure. In 1965, the far-reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act ('ESEA'), passed as

2464-434: The establishment of neighborhood, district, or community high schools in the larger cities which may have had one or two schools since the 19th century. High school enrollment and graduation numbers and rates increased markedly, mainly due to the building of new schools, and a practical curriculum based on gaining skills "for life" rather than "for college". There was a shift towards local decision making by school districts, and

2520-413: The growth in educational attainment decreased, which caused the growth of the educated workforce to slow down. Under the education reform movement started in the early 1990s by many state legislatures and the federal government, about two-thirds of the nation's public high school students are required to pass a graduation exam , usually at the 10th and higher grade levels, though no new states had adopted

2576-458: The health and physical education class are combined into one class or are offered in alternate semesters. In some private schools, such as Catholic schools , theology is required before a student graduates. Two years of physical education (usually referred to as "gym," "PE" or "phys ed" by students) is commonly required, although some states and school districts require that all students take Physical Education every term . Most high schools in

2632-636: The previous year's fifth graders. Schools that miss AYP for a second consecutive year are publicly labeled as in need of improvement, and students have the option to transfer to a better school within the school district, if such options exist. Standards-based education has been embraced in most states which changed the measurement of success to academic achievement, rather than the completion of 12 years of education. By 2006, two-thirds of students lived in states with effective standards requiring passing tests to ensure that all graduates had achieved these standards. By 2009, charter schools were operating in 41 of

2688-861: The quality of education is higher and much more is expected from the enrolled student. Intermediate school is an uncommon term, and can either be a synonym for middle school (notably as used by the New York City public schools) or for schools that encompass the latter years of elementary education prior to middle school/junior high school, serving grades 3 or 4 through 5 or 6. These can also be called 'upper elementary' schools. High schools , or senior high schools, are schools that span grades 8, 9, or 10 through 12. Most American high schools are comprehensive high schools and accept all students from their local area, regardless of ability or vocational/college track. Students have significant control of their education, and may choose even their core classes, although

2744-557: The start, and in some cases also by race or ethnic background, they unanimously recommended that "every subject which is taught at all in a secondary school should be taught in the same way and to the same extent to every pupil so long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what point his education is to cease." Between 1910 and 1940, the high school movement resulted in rapidly increasing founding of public high schools in many cities and towns and later with further expansions in each locality with

2800-402: The term in their names (Corning Free Academy, demoted to a middle school , closed in 2014). In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. Today, it is known as the University of Pennsylvania . The United States Military Academy was formed in 1802 as

2856-460: The wealthier areas of similar income levels and greatly expanded after 1865 into the 1890s. Many high schools in the 19th century contained a "normal school" which trained students as teachers in common schools. Most of those enrolled were young women planning to teach a few years before marriage. High school enrollment increased when schools at this level became free tuition, and when compulsory education laws required teenagers to attend until

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2912-470: The world today. Its mission is "to encourage an interest in and an appreciation of the language , literature and culture of ancient Greece and Rome and to impart an understanding of the debt of our own culture to that of classical antiquity ." NJCL official colors are Roman purple and gold. It sponsors a Latin Honor Society and Greek Honor Society for high school students. The idea of creating

2968-592: Was announced in November 1936 in Classical Outlook , with headquarters being established at New York University . Today, chapters exist in the United States , Canada , and Australia and has over 50,000 members. The NJCL hosts a week-long national convention annually at a college campus in late July or early August, where 1200–1500 students compete in academic tests, graphic and creative arts competitions, and meet many classics students from around

3024-618: Was held at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio from July 23–28. The 2019 national convention was held at North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota from July 26–31. The 2020 national convention was held digitally due to the COVID-19 pandemic from July 24–29. As of 2010, forty-seven U.S. states, the District of Columbia , three Canadian provinces, and the United Kingdom each maintain

3080-507: Was subsequently endorsed by UNESCO's 19th General Conference in 1976. The second version, known as ISCED 1997, was approved by the UNESCO General Conference at its 29th session in November 1997 as part of efforts to increase the international comparability of education statistics. It covered primarily two cross-classification variables: levels (7) and fields of education (25). The UNESCO Institute for Statistics led

3136-479: Was the first state to pass a charter school law in 1991. In 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act required all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students. Schools that receive Title I funding must make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) in test scores; for instance, each year, fifth graders must do better on standardized tests than

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