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54-526: The National Private Pilot Licence (NPPL) is a licence to fly United Kingdom registered aircraft within the United Kingdom. It is a more basic licence than the private pilot licence (PPL), and cannot be used to fly all aircraft. It can be used to fly basic aircraft such as vintage aircraft or kit-built aircraft. To fly many basic aircraft such as the Cessna 172, it is necessary to upgrade to at minimum

108-401: A Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 121 airline (all United States major airlines and their regional affiliates), that requires three or more pilots to include new-hire first officers, must have had at least an "ATP certificate with restricted privileges" license except if you were licensed after July 31, 2013, then you must have an ATP certificate. The Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)

162-919: A commercial pilot license in the United States, one must be at least 16 years old with parent permission or 18 years old without parent permission and have a minimum of 250 hours of total flight time (190 hours under the accelerated curriculum defined in Part 141 of the Federal Aviation Regulations ). (Age requirements for gliders and balloons are slightly lower.) This includes 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours in airplanes, and 100 hours as pilot in command (of which 50 hours must be cross-country flight time). In addition, commercial pilots must hold an instrument rating, or otherwise they would be restricted to flying for hire only in daylight, under visual flight rules (VFR), and within 50 miles of

216-402: A flight simulator . Credit may be given for flight time in other aircraft categories. The applicant must have at least 10 hours of solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM) including two full-stop landings at different aerodromes. In EASA states, the minimum experience for a PPL(A)

270-763: A light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL). There are three class ratings that can be included on the NPPL: Microlights, Self Launched Motor Gliders (SLMG), and Simple Single Engine Aeroplanes (SSEA). Each class has its own training syllabus. Applications for SLMG or SSEA ratings are made through the Light Aircraft Association . Applications for the Microlight rating is made through the British Microlight Aircraft Association . The NPPL continues to be

324-454: A Class 3 medical certificate. Different PPLs are available for different categories of aircraft, such as aeroplane, helicopter, airship, etc., and are not interchangeable, although experience from a PPL in one category may be credited towards the issue of another. Private pilot licences are issued by the civil aviation authority of each country. Standards vary, and PPLs are not automatically recognised by other countries, but in some countries

378-479: A NPPL(A) with a valid SSEA or SLMG class rating can now also fly UK (G-registered) Part 21 aeroplanes or motor gliders as well as non-Part 21 aircraft. The NPPL has much less stringent medical requirements than a full PPL. The pilot must make a Medical Declaration that they are medically fit to the standard required to drive a car. From their 70th birthday, the pilot must make a new medical declaration every 3 years. For more complicated cases, an LAPL medical certificate

432-455: A category having similar operating characteristics": A type rating rating is required for particular aircraft over 12,500 pounds, or aircraft that are turbojet -powered. Further logbook endorsements are required for high-performance (more than 200 horsepower), complex (retractable landing gear , flaps , and a controllable-pitch propeller ), or tailwheel -equipped aircraft, as well as for high-altitude operations. A night rating enables

486-406: A current private pilot certificate and medical, have logged at least 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command , and have at least 40 hours of actual or simulated instrument time including at least 15 hours of instrument flight training and instrument training on cross-country flight procedures. A flight instructor certificate permits a pilot to teach people to fly. According to

540-431: A logbook endorsement every 24 months by successfully completing a flight review with a flight instructor (CFI). Most private pilot certificates are issued as "private pilot: airplane single-engine land," which means the pilot may fly any single-engine, land-based airplane they are qualified in. A pilot is only qualified in the category and class of aircraft in which they successfully complete their checkride (for example,

594-590: A mandate for a license but it wasn't a Federal cause until 1917. An aircraft category is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization as a "classification of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics". Examples of aircraft categories given by ICAO are aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders, or free balloons. A pilot licensed to fly aircraft in one category may not necessarily fly aircraft in another category, without an additional licence. Categories in

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648-405: A minimum of 1,500 hours of flight time, including 500 hours of cross-country flight time, 100 hours of night flying, and 75 hours in actual or simulated instrument flight conditions. ATPs must also have a commercial certificate and an instrument rating. ATPs may instruct other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft in which they are rated. ATPs must have a current Class I medical exam (which

702-454: A pilot who takes a commercial pilot checkride in a multi-engine, land-based aircraft and passes, may only exercise the privileges of a commercial pilot in multi-engine, land-based aircraft; the pilot may not exercise the privileges of a commercial pilot in single-engine or sea-based aircraft without passing the appropriate parts of a checkride in those particular categories of aircraft). Commercial pilots can be paid to fly an aircraft. To obtain

756-824: A popular licence, with over 4,500 active licences as of 2021. The legal basis for the NPPL is the Air Navigation Order 2016. Authority to issue licences is delegated by the Civil Aviation Authority to the Light Aircraft Association and the British Microlight Aircraft Association. NPPL holders may not: Only UK registered aircraft of up to four seats and with a maximum indicated airspeed (IAS) of 140 knots may be flown. An NPPL pilot with

810-529: A private certificate, a pilot can attain an instrument rating with an additional 30–40 hours of training, if 10 hours of instrument time was logged during private training. In the United States, to obtain a private pilot license, one must be at least 17 years old and have a minimum of 40 hours of flight time, including at least 20 hours of dual instruction and 10 hours of solo flight. (Age requirements for gliders and balloons are slightly lower.) Pilots trained according to accelerated curricula outlined in Part 141 of

864-498: A private pilot to fly at night. It is a prerequisite for a Commercial Pilot Licence. In the United States, there is no night rating; it is a prerequisite for the Private Pilot Licence. An instrument rating allows a pilot to fly in conditions of reduced visibility known as instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). When flying in these conditions, pilots follow instrument flight rules (IFR). The training provides

918-600: A simpler licence with lower costs and medical requirements, which was fulfilled with the creation of the NPPL. When the United Kingdom was a member of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), it adopted EASA Part-FCL (Flight Crew Licensing) as the basis for issuing most licences. The light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL) was introduced in Part-FCL in 2012. Since then, it has not been possible to fly certain aircraft with an NPPL. It

972-575: A simulator. Pilots must also undergo a solo flight of at least 150 nautical miles, including full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the departure aerodrome. Private pilots may not fly for compensation or hire. However, they may carry passengers as long as the pilot has the appropriate training, ratings, and endorsements. Private pilots must have a current Class III medical certificate, which must be renewed every 24 or 60 months (depending on age). In addition, like all licensed pilots they must re-validate their single-engine piston class rating with

1026-427: A statutory body of government of India issues the three different licenses private pilot license (PPL) , commercial pilot license (CPL) and Airline transport pilot license (ATPL) . India issues Student Pilot License (SPL) when student joins a flying school. To fly a specific aircraft, a pilot must have the relevant class rating or type rating . A class rating is defined as "a classification of aircraft within

1080-554: A substantial share, requires an Authorization under Part 137 of the Federal Aviation Regulations. According to ICAO, the requirements for a PPL(H) are similar to the PPL(A). The qualifying cross-country flight must be at least 180 km (100 NM), and the applicant must have received at least 20 hours instruction in helicopters. In the United States, the legal aircraft category is known as rotorcraft , which

1134-420: Is 45 hours. In practice, most students take about 50–70 hours to complete the course. Applicants for the PPL(A) must be at least 17 years old. There is no minimum age to begin flight lessons, however, students must be 16 to fly solo . In the United States, a student pilot certificate is required to fly solo. In addition to the licence, PPL(A) holders must gain class ratings or type ratings appropriate to

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1188-582: Is a licence which allows a person to act as co-pilot in a Commercial Air Transport operation. It is available in the United Kingdom and EASA states. It does not exist in the United States or Canada. MPL pilots must be at least 18 years old. They must have a minimum of 240 hours of flying training, the majority of which may be in a full-motion flight simulator with 40 hours and 12 takeoffs and landings total required in an actual airplane before flying passengers (per JAR-FCL 1.120 and 1.125(b)), and 750 hours of classroom theoretical knowledge instruction. The licence

1242-488: Is a significant development as it is based on competency-based approach to training professional pilots. It represents the first time in 30 years that ICAO had significantly reviewed the standards for the training of flight crew. The MPL licence is restricted to the specific airline that the training was completed with, until a conversion course is completed. The course is completed in one continuous course with an Approved Training Organisations (ATO) that has an agreement with

1296-415: Is a type of pilot licence that allows the holder to act as pilot in command of an aircraft privately (not for remuneration ). The basic licence requirements are determined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), but implementation varies from country to country. According to ICAO, an applicant must be at least 17 years old, demonstrate appropriate knowledge and skill, and hold at least

1350-498: Is more stringent than Class II or Class III), which must be renewed every six months or one year (depending on age). Like all pilots, they must re-validate their certificates every 24 months with a flight review but U.S. airlines require training at least once every 12 months, at which time a test is conducted that satisfies this bi-annual flight review. After the 2009 crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407 , Congress passed legislation, subsequently signed into law, requiring any pilot flying for

1404-609: Is required. Seven theory exams must be passed, with the same syllabus and level as the PPL. Flight training is available from most flight schools around the UK. Instruction is given by qualified LAPL flight instructors – there is no separate or reduced grading for NPPL instructors themselves. A minimum of 25 hours flying time is required for microlight aircraft, or 32 for SSEA aircraft, of which at least 10 hours must be solo. The solo flight time must include 4 hours of cross country which may include

1458-484: Is subdivided into helicopters and gyroplanes . According to ICAO, applicants for a PPL(As) must have at least 25 hours flight time as pilot of airships, including "3 hours of cross-country flight training in an airship with a cross-country flight totalling not less than 45 km (25 NM); 5 take-offs and 5 landings to a full stop at an aerodrome with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern at an aerodrome; 3 hours of instrument time; and 5 hours as pilot assuming

1512-469: Is the most popular category of PPL. In the United States in 2022, of 164,000 people with PPLs, 158,000 were for aeroplanes only. In the United Kingdom in 2021, there were 22,500 holders of the PPL(A), and 2,200 holders of the PPL(H). According to ICAO, the applicant for a PPL(A) must have at least 40 hours experience as a pilot of aeroplanes (35 hours on an integrated course ), of that no more than 5 hours in

1566-522: Is typically achieved in approximately 16–18 months total time from no flight experience to flying for an airline. It was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and the requirements were included in the 10th edition of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing), which superseded all previous editions of the Annex on 23 November 2006. The MPL

1620-414: The Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). In Canada , licences are issued by Transport Canada . In most European countries, licences are issued by the national civil aviation authority according to a set of common rules established by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), known as Part-FCL (Flight Crew Licensing). EASA member states include all European Union member states , as well as

1674-432: The Federal Aviation Regulations may be certified with a minimum of 35 hours of flight time. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, a private pilot licence requires at least 45 hours of flight instruction. This must include at least 25 hours of dual flight instruction, at least 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, and at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time. Up to 5 hours of instruction may be undertaken in

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1728-629: The Wright Brothers (US). The Royal Aero Club in the UK also began the issue of its first certificates in 1910. Among the earliest recipients of the first aviation certificates were: J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon , who conducted the first flight by a British pilot in Britain; Charles Stewart Rolls , co-founder of Rolls-Royce ; Claude Grahame-White , who flew the first night flight; and Samuel Cody , pioneer of large kite flying . British and French certificates were recognized internationally by

1782-633: The light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL), which permits holders to fly light aircraft, helicopters, sailplanes or small balloons. The United Kingdom issues LAPLs, and the National Private Pilot Licence , which permits holders to fly light aircraft within the United Kingdom. In the United States, ultralight aircraft , powered parachute , and weight-shift-control aircraft require no specific training and no certification. However, sporting groups give extensive training and certification for these aircraft. The United States issues

1836-437: The night rating to fly at night, and various levels of instructor rating. A number of endorsements are available for specific skills. Endorsements only require instruction and a flight instructor's signature in the pilot's logbook; they do not require any flight test or submission of documents to the national civil aviation authority. Endorsements available in the United States include: Other aircraft operations for which

1890-534: The student pilot certificate , which is required before a student pilot is allowed to fly solo . The United States issues the sport pilot certificate . Holder are authorized to fly only light-sport aircraft , a category that was created in 2004. These aircraft are larger and faster than ultralights, and carry more fuel and often one passenger in addition to the pilot. Sport pilots cannot carry more than one passenger and are limited to daytime flying only. If an individual elects to receive additional instruction, some of

1944-456: The FAA does not require an endorsement that typically require additional training are glider towing and aerobatics. The FAA also does not require an endorsement for some commercial activities like banner towing. Aerial application (crop seeding, spraying and dusting), whether conducted by a commercial certificate holder operating for hire or by a private pilot treating a crop in which he is the owner of

1998-505: The FAI. The Aero Club of America began issuing licenses in 1911, although these were not mandatory, and were more for prestige and show. The first recipients were Glenn Curtiss , Frank Purdy Lahm , Louis Paulhan and the Wright brothers. The requirement for an Aero Club ticket was to ascend in the machine and fly a course of a figure-eight at a given height. Individual states sometimes posed

2052-693: The United States are: ICAO Annex 1, Chapter 2 specifies licences for pilots and for remote pilots . For pilots, the standard ICAO licences are: Separate licences are issued for different aircraft categories, such as aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders and balloons. ICAO also specifies instrument ratings and flight instructor ratings. For remote pilots, ICAO specifies student remote pilots, remote pilot licences, and RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) instructors. Pilots of powered aircraft typically attain certifications in this order (with minimum time required in parentheses): Hours are cumulative and can often be earned concurrently. For example, after acquiring

2106-506: The aircraft they wish to fly. Typically a PPL(A) holder would first be issued a "single-engine piston land" class rating, which permits him/her to fly aircraft with a single piston engine. To fly seaplanes or multi-engine aircraft requires further training, and more complex aircraft require a type-specific rating. Other ratings include the instrument rating to fly in Instrument Meteorological Conditions ,

2160-570: The airline. A risk of this is that if the airline goes bankrupt or withdraws its job offer, the licence cannot be used and further training must be undertaken. The following country-specific licences are issued in addition to the standard ICAO licences. They are rarely recognised outside the issuing country. In Australia, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) issues the recreational pilot licence (RPL) for flying ultralights . The Recreational Aviation Australia ,

2214-480: The appropriate medical declaration may take up to three passengers (i.e. a total of four on board). This must not be for remuneration, although costs of the flight may be shared. Before taking passengers, pilots must have conducted three take-offs and full-stop landings in the same aircraft type within the preceding 90 days. Following an amendment to the UK Aircrew Regulations in 2021, the holder of

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2268-552: The duties of the pilot-in-command under the supervision of the pilot-in-command." In the United Kingdom, the balloon equivalent of the private pilot licence is known as the Balloon Pilot Licence (BPL). Classes are: In the United States, the minimum age for a balloon private pilot certificate is 16. In the United States, some limitations may be placed on the certificate, such as "limited to hot air balloons with airborne heater" or "limited to gas balloons", unless

2322-456: The governing body for ultralights, issues the RA-Aus pilot certificate. The two licences are equivalent and the RA-Aus pilot certificate can be converted into an RPL. The RPL is not recognised in other countries. In addition to the standard ICAO licences, Canada issues the student pilot permit, gyroplane pilot permit, ultra-light pilot permit, and the recreational pilot permit. EASA states issue

2376-590: The holder of a foreign PPL may obtain permission to fly on a temporary basis. In the United States the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) has the authority to issue a PPL or another pilot license. In Europe, civil aviation authorities issue licences based on common EASA standards. The aircraft categories described by ICAO for the purposes of the PPL are aeroplane , airship , helicopter and powered lift . Many countries issue PPLs in additional categories such as sailplane (glider), balloon , powered parachute , and weight-shift control . The aeroplane PPL

2430-563: The international minimum standard for licensing. However, states can deviate from these standards by notifying ICAO about the changes. In the United States, pilot certification is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a branch of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). A pilot is certified under the authority of Parts 61 and 141 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations , also known as

2484-925: The invention of powered aircraft in 1903. The Aéro-Club de France was founded in 1898 'to encourage aerial locomotion'. The Royal Aero Club followed in 1901 and the Aero Club of America was established in 1905. All three organizations, as well as representatives from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland founded the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) in 1905 as an international governing body for aeronautics . However, certificates or ratings from them were not initially mandatory. The Aéro-Club de France began issuing certificates in 1910 , although these were awarded retroactively to 7 January 1909. The first certificates were to established pioneers, among them Frenchman Louis Bleriot , Henry and Maurice Farman (UK) and

2538-495: The limitations may be removed. Medical certification is not required for sport pilots. The United States also issues the recreational pilot certificate, which permits an individual to fly aircraft of up to 180 horsepower and 4 seats in the daytime for pleasure only. To operate small drones commercially, the United States issues the Remote Pilot Certificate. In India Directorate General of Civil Aviation

2592-740: The members of the European Free Trade Association , i.e. Liechtenstein , Norway , Switzerland , and Iceland , which have been granted participation under Article 129 of the Basic Regulation (Regulation 2018/1139) and are members of the management board without voting rights. In the United Kingdom, aviation is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority . The United Kingdom left the EASA system on 31 December 2020. Pilot licensing began soon after

2646-400: The originating airport. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, a pilot undergoing modular training must have 200 hours total of which 100 must be pilot in command. Pilots undergoing an integrated course must have a minimum of 150 hours. Pilots must fly a qualifying cross country flight of at least 300 nautical miles. Airline transport pilots (ATP) must be at least 18 years old and have

2700-487: The pilot can gain a full PPL. An NPPL for SSEAs or SLMGs issued on or before 7 April 2018 can be converted to a light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL). The NPPL was introduced in 2002. European standardisation of the private pilot licence (PPL) by the Joint Aviation Authorities (later EASA ) had increased the length of the PPL course, and the minimum medical fitness standard. There was a need for

2754-488: The pilot has had appropriate flight training in the other type of balloon and received a logbook endorsement. For gliders ( sailplanes ), the licence is known as a Sailplane Pilot Licence (SPL), and has lower requirements than an aeroplane PPL. In the United States and Europe, the minimum age for a sailplane private pilot certificate is 16. Pilot licensing and certification The International Civil Aviation Organization 's "Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing" acts as

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2808-627: The skills needed to complete flights with less than the VFR minimum requirements. In the US, all pilots who fly above 18,000 feet above mean sea level (MSL) (a lower limit of Class A airspace) must have an instrument rating, and must be on an IFR flight plan. This rating requires highly specialized training by a certificated flight instructor (CFI) with a special instrument instruction rating (CFII), and completion of an additional written exam, oral exam, and flight test. Pilots applying for an instrument rating must hold

2862-628: The solo qualifying cross country flight of at least 100 nm with two landings away. A further 2 to 3 hours flying time should be allowed for the two practical tests that follow. Two practical tests must be passed: The licence does not require an English language test, but it does require Flight Radio Telephony Operators Licence (FRTOL) to operate radio equipment. While licences are valid for life, class ratings must be re-validated every 2 years. In order to remain current, NPPL pilots are required to: Alternatively, another General Skills Test may be taken. With further flight training and examinations,

2916-472: Was possible to convert an NPPL to an LAPL until April 2015. After the UK left EASA in 2020, Part-FCL was retained in UK law as UK Part-FCL. The UK continues to issue both NPPLs and LAPLs. An NPPL for helicopters was discussed in CAP 804, however it is unclear whether any were issued. As of 2021, fewer than 6 were active. Private pilot licence A private pilot licence ( PPL ) or private pilot certificate

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