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113-418: Self-harm refers to intentional behaviors that cause harm to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin tissues , commonly with suicidal intention. Other terms such as cutting , self-injury , and self-mutilation have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. Common forms of self-harm include damaging the skin with a sharp object or scratching with

226-518: A coping mechanism to relieve emotional pain or discomfort or as an attempt to communicate distress. Studies of individuals with developmental disabilities (such as intellectual disability ) have shown self-harm being dependent on environmental factors such as obtaining attention or escape from demands. Some individuals may have dissociation harboring a desire to feel real or to fit into society's rules. The most common form of self-harm for adolescents, according to studies conducted in six countries,

339-465: A self-punishment function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis. The motivations for self-harm vary; some use it as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety , depression , stress , emotional numbness , or

452-424: A sense of failure . Self-harm is often associated with a history of trauma , including emotional and sexual abuse . There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes, or on treating the behavior itself. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing

565-429: A 2016 review characterized the evidence base as "greatly limited". There is no consensus as to the reason for this apparent phenomenon. As a coping mechanism, self-harm can become psychologically addictive because, to the self-harmer, it works; it enables them to deal with intense stress in the current moment. The patterns sometimes created by it, such as specific time intervals between acts of self-harm, can also create

678-544: A basic meaning of 'diviner' ( kʼin by itself meaning ' sun ' or 'day'). The ah kʼinob had the responsibility of conducting public and private rituals within individual towns throughout the province. They "preached and published the festival days," determined the appropriate steps in case of need, made sacrifices, and administered the " sacraments ", acts connected to life cycle rituals . The town priests were assisted by four old men called chac . The priests carrying out human sacrifice were called ah nakom ; their status

791-407: A behavioral pattern that can result in a wanting or craving to fulfill thoughts of self-harm. Emotional pain activates the same regions of the brain as physical pain, so emotional stress can be a significantly intolerable state for some people. Some of this is environmental and some of this is due to physiological differences in responding. The autonomic nervous system is composed of two components:

904-455: A broader range of circumstances, including wounds that result from organic brain syndromes , substance abuse , and autoeroticism . Different sources draw various distinctions between some of these terms. Some sources define self-harm more broadly than self-injury , such as to include drug overdose , eating disorders , and other acts that do not directly lead to visible injuries. Others explicitly exclude these. Some sources, particularly in

1017-768: A burden along with having an impulsive personality and/or less effective social problem-solving skills. Two studies have indicated that self-harm correlates more with pubertal phase , particularly the end of puberty (peaking around 15 for girls), rather than with age. Adolescents may be more vulnerable neurodevelopmentally in this time, and more vulnerable to social pressures, with depression, alcohol abuse, and sexual activity as independent contributing factors. Transgender adolescents are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm than their cisgender peers. This can be attributed to distress caused by gender dysphoria as well as increased likelihoods of experiencing bullying, abuse, and mental illness. The most distinctive characteristic of

1130-687: A desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in Münchausen's than in self-harm. Self-harm is frequently described as an experience of depersonalization or a dissociative state. Abuse during childhood is accepted as a primary social factor increasing the incidence of self-harm, as is bereavement , and troubled parental or partner relationships. Factors such as war, poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse may also contribute. Other predictors of self-harm and suicidal behavior include feelings of entrapment, defeat, lack of belonging, and perceiving oneself as

1243-591: A developed priesthood . Like other Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican priesthoods , the early Maya priesthood consisted of a hierarchy of professional priests serving as intermediaries between the population and the deities . Their basic skill was the art of reading and writing. The priesthood as a whole was the keeper of knowledge concerning the deities and their cult , including calendrics, astrology , divination, and prophecy. In addition, they were experts in historiography and genealogy . Priests were usually male and could marry. Most of our knowledge concerns Yucatán in

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1356-547: A focus of clinical attention". While NSSI is not a separate mental disorder, the DSM-5-TR adds a diagnostic code for the condition in-line with the ICD . The disorder is defined as intentional self-inflicted injury without the intent of dying by suicide. Criteria for NSSI include five or more days of self-inflicted harm over the course of one year without suicidal intent, and the individual must have been motivated by seeking relief from

1469-743: A function is called cellular differentiation . Cells of meristematic tissue differentiate to form different types of permanent tissues. There are 2 types of permanent tissues: Simple permanent tissue is a group of cells which are similar in origin, structure, and function. They are of three types: Parenchyma (Greek, para – 'beside'; enchyma– infusion – 'tissue') is the bulk of a substance. In plants, it consists of relatively unspecialized living cells with thin cell walls that are usually loosely packed so that intercellular spaces are found between cells of this tissue. These are generally isodiametric, in shape. They contain small number of vacuoles or sometimes they even may not contain any vacuole. Even if they do so

1582-604: A function of providing mechanical support. They do not have inter-cellular spaces between them. Lignin deposition is so thick that the cell walls become stronger, rigid and impermeable to water, which are also known as a stone cells or sclereids. These tissues are mainly of two types: sclerenchyma fiber and sclereids. Sclerenchyma fiber cells have a narrow lumen and are long, narrow and unicellular. Fibers are elongated cells that are strong and flexible, often used in ropes. Sclereids have extremely thick cell walls and are brittle, and are found in nutshells and legumes. The entire surface of

1695-480: A greater risk of completing suicide . Tissue (biology) Biological organisms follow this hierarchy : Cells < Tissue < Organ < Organ System < Organism The English word "tissue" derives from the French word " tissu ", the past participle of the verb tisser, "to weave". The study of tissues is known as histology or, in connection with disease, as histopathology . Xavier Bichat

1808-518: A lifetime prevalence of 11.4% for suicidal or non-suicidal self-harm (i.e. excluding self-poisoning) and 22.9% for non-suicidal self-injury (i.e. excluding suicidal acts), for an overall prevalence of 16.9%. The difference in SH and NSSI rates, compared to figures of 16.1% and 18.0% found in a 2012 review, may be attributable to differences in methodology among the studies analyzed. The World Health Organization estimates that, as of 2010, 880,000 deaths occur as

1921-460: A means of feeling something , even if the sensation is unpleasant and painful. Those who self-harm sometimes describe feelings of emptiness or numbness ( anhedonia ), and physical pain may be a relief from these feelings. Those who engage in self-harm face the contradictory reality of harming themselves while at the same time obtaining relief from this act. It may even be hard for some to actually initiate cutting, but they often do because they know

2034-425: A meta-analysis that did not distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal acts, self-harm is common among those with schizophrenia and is a significant predictor of suicide. There are parallels between self-harm and Münchausen syndrome , a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma. There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in self-directed harm in a Münchausen patient. However,

2147-723: A negative state, resolving an interpersonal difficulty, or achieving a positive state. A common belief regarding self-harm is that it is an attention-seeking behavior; however, in many cases, this is inaccurate. Many self-harmers are very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behavior from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or conceal their scars with clothing. Self-harm in such individuals may not be associated with suicidal or para-suicidal behavior. People who self-harm are not usually seeking to end their own life; it has been suggested instead that they are using self-harm as

2260-653: A non-fatal expression of an attenuated death wish and thus coined the term partial suicide . He began a classification system of six types: Pao (1969) differentiated between delicate (low lethality) and coarse (high lethality) self-mutilators who cut. The "delicate" cutters were young, multiple episodic of superficial cuts and generally had borderline personality disorder diagnosis. The "coarse" cutters were older and generally psychotic. Ross and McKay (1979) categorized self-mutilators into nine groups: cutting , biting , abrading , severing , inserting , burning , ingesting or inhaling , hitting , and constricting . After

2373-655: A personality disorder, and could potentially be used for those with other mental disorders who exhibit self-harming behavior. Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of self-harm is thought by many to be the best approach to treating self-harm. In adolescents multisystem therapy shows promise. According to the classification of Walsh and Rosen trichotillomania and nail biting represent class I and II self-mutilation behavior (see classification section in this article); for these conditions habit reversal training and decoupling have been found effective according to meta-analytic evidence. A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy

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2486-528: A prominent suffragette , used a stint in Holloway Prison during March 1909 to mutilate her body. Her plan was to carve 'Votes for Women' from her breast to her cheek, so that it would always be visible. But after completing the V on her breast and ribs she requested sterile dressings to avoid blood poisoning , and her plan was aborted by the authorities. She wrote of this in her memoir Prisons and Prisoners . Kikuyu girls cut each other's vulvas in

2599-555: A result of self-harm (including suicides). About 10% of admissions to medical wards in the UK are as a result of self-harm, the majority of which are drug overdoses . However, studies based only on hospital admissions may hide the larger group of self-harmers who do not need or seek hospital treatment for their injuries, instead treating themselves. Many adolescents who present to general hospitals with deliberate self-harm report previous episodes for which they did not receive medical attention. In

2712-490: A result self-harm may be an indicator of depression and/or other psychological problems. As of 2021, there is little or no evidence that antidepressants , mood stabilizers , or dietary supplements reduce repetition of self-harm. In limited research into antipsychotics , one small trial of flupentixol found a possible reduction in repetition, while one small trial of fluphenazine found no difference between low and ultra-low doses. As of 2012, no clinical trials have evaluated

2825-400: A spirit. In reference to these features, they are often loosely called 'shamans' by ethnographers. On the other hand, priests are chiefly cultic functionaries operating within a well-defined hierarchy and offering food , sacrifices and prayers to the deities on behalf of social groups situated on different levels. In 20th-century Maya communities of the north-western Guatemalan highlands,

2938-535: A supporting tissue in stems of young plants. It provides mechanical support, elasticity, and tensile strength to the plant body. It helps in manufacturing sugar and storing it as starch. It is present in the margin of leaves and resists tearing effect of the wind. Sclerenchyma (Greek, Sclerous means hard and enchyma means infusion) consists of thick-walled, dead cells and protoplasm is negligible. These cells have hard and extremely thick secondary walls due to uniform distribution and high secretion of lignin and have

3051-536: A thin and elastic primary cell wall made of cellulose . They are compactly arranged without inter-cellular spaces between them. Each cell contains a dense cytoplasm and a prominent cell nucleus . The dense protoplasm of meristematic cells contains very few vacuoles . Normally the meristematic cells are oval, polygonal , or rectangular in shape. Meristematic tissue cells have a large nucleus with small or no vacuoles because they have no need to store anything, as opposed to their function of multiplying and increasing

3164-594: A wide range of stretch lengths. It is found in such organs as sea anemone tentacles and the body wall of sea cucumbers . Skeletal muscle contracts rapidly but has a limited range of extension. It is found in the movement of appendages and jaws. Obliquely striated muscle is intermediate between the other two. The filaments are staggered and this is the type of muscle found in earthworms that can extend slowly or make rapid contractions. In higher animals striated muscles occur in bundles attached to bone to provide movement and are often arranged in antagonistic sets. Smooth muscle

3277-453: Is a central element in human anatomy , and he considered organs as collections of often disparate tissues, rather than as entities in themselves". Although he worked without a microscope , Bichat distinguished 21 types of elementary tissues from which the organs of the human body are composed, a number later reduced by other authors. Maya priesthood Until the discovery that Maya stelae depicted kings instead of high priests ,

3390-466: Is a living tissue of primary body like Parenchyma . Cells are thin-walled but possess thickening of cellulose , water and pectin substances ( pectocellulose ) at the corners where a number of cells join. This tissue gives tensile strength to the plant and the cells are compactly arranged and have very little inter-cellular spaces. It occurs chiefly in hypodermis of stems and leaves. It is absent in monocots and in roots. Collenchymatous tissue acts as

3503-411: Is a positive statistical correlation between self-harm and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Self-harm may become a means of managing and controlling pain , in contrast to the pain experienced earlier in the person's life over which they had no control (e.g., through abuse). Assessment of motives in a medical setting is usually based on precursors to the incident, circumstances, and information from

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3616-705: Is a well-established treatment for self-injurious behavior in youth and is probably useful for decreasing the risk of non-suicidal self-injury. Several other treatments including integrated CBT (I-CBT), attachment-based family therapy (ABFT), resourceful adolescent parent program (RAP-P), intensive interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A-IN), mentalization-based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A), and integrated family therapy are probably efficacious. Cognitive behavioral therapy may also be used to assist those with Axis I diagnoses, such as depression, schizophrenia , and bipolar disorder . Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) can be successful for those individuals exhibiting

3729-405: Is also known as conducting and vascular tissue. The common types of complex permanent tissue are: Xylem and phloem together form vascular bundles. Xylem (Greek, xylos = wood) serves as a chief conducting tissue of vascular plants. It is responsible for the conduction of water and inorganic solutes. Xylem consists of four kinds of cells: Xylem tissue is organised in a tube-like fashion along

3842-696: Is an equally important plant tissue as it also is part of the 'plumbing system' of a plant. Primarily, phloem carries dissolved food substances throughout the plant. This conduction system is composed of sieve-tube member and companion cells, that are without secondary walls. The parent cells of the vascular cambium produce both xylem and phloem. This usually also includes fibers, parenchyma and ray cells. Sieve tubes are formed from sieve-tube members laid end to end. The end walls, unlike vessel members in xylem, do not have openings. The end walls, however, are full of small pores where cytoplasm extends from cell to cell. These porous connections are called sieve plates. In spite of

3955-508: Is called an extracellular matrix . This matrix can be liquid or rigid. For example, blood contains plasma as its matrix and bone's matrix is rigid. Connective tissue gives shape to organs and holds them in place. Blood, bone, tendon, ligament, adipose, and areolar tissues are examples of connective tissues. One method of classifying connective tissues is to divide them into three types: fibrous connective tissue, skeletal connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue. Muscle cells (myocytes) form

4068-400: Is considered as the "Father of Histology". Plant histology is studied in both plant anatomy and physiology . The classical tools for studying tissues are the paraffin block in which tissue is embedded and then sectioned, the histological stain , and the optical microscope . Developments in electron microscopy , immunofluorescence , and the use of frozen tissue-sections have enhanced

4181-422: Is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT). In individuals with developmental disabilities, occurrence of self-harm

4294-527: Is found in 40–60% of suicides. Still, only a minority of those who self-harm are suicidal. The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some personality disorders . People with other mental disorders may also self-harm, including those with depression , anxiety disorders , substance abuse , mood disorders , eating disorders , post-traumatic stress disorder , schizophrenia , dissociative disorders , psychotic disorders , as well as gender dysphoria or dysmorphia . Studies also provide strong support for

4407-411: Is found in the walls of the uterus , bladder , intestines , stomach , oesophagus , respiratory airways , and blood vessels . Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart , allowing it to contract and pump blood through the body. Cells comprising the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as nervous (or neural) tissue. In the central nervous system, neural tissues form

4520-551: Is generally thought that self-harm rates increase over the course of adolescence, although this has not been studied thoroughly. The earliest reported incidents of self-harm are in children between 5 and 7 years old. In addition there appears to be an increased risk of self-harm in college students than among the general population. In a study of undergraduate students in the US, 9.8% of the students surveyed indicated that they had purposefully cut or burned themselves on at least one occasion in

4633-543: Is largely inconclusive. Substance misuse, dependence and withdrawal are associated with self-harm. Benzodiazepine dependence as well as benzodiazepine withdrawal is associated with self-harming behavior in young people. Alcohol is a major risk factor for self-harm. A study which analyzed self-harm presentations to emergency rooms in Northern Ireland found that alcohol was a major contributing factor and involved in 63.8% of self-harm presentations. A 2009 study in

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4746-412: Is often demonstrated to be related to its effects on the environment, such as obtaining attention or desired materials or escaping demands. As developmentally disabled individuals often have communication or social deficits, self-harm may be their way of obtaining these things which they are otherwise unable to obtain in a socially appropriate way (such as by asking). One approach for treating self-harm thus

4859-556: Is performed intentionally and usually without suicidal intent. The adjective "deliberate" is sometimes used, although this has become less common, as some view it as presumptuous or judgmental. Less common or more dated terms include parasuicidal behavior , self-mutilation , self-destructive behavior , self-inflicted violence , self-injurious behavior , and self-abuse . Others use the phrase self-soothing as intentionally positive terminology to counter more negative associations. Self-inflicted wound or self-inflicted injury refers to

4972-477: Is somewhat variable. Most classification schemes combine a description of the cell-shape in the upper layer of the epithelium with a word denoting the number of layers: either simple (one layer of cells) or stratified (multiple layers of cells). However, other cellular features such as cilia may also be described in the classification system. Some common kinds of epithelium are listed below: Connective tissues are made up of cells separated by non-living material, which

5085-432: Is stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp object. For adults ages 60 and over, self- poisoning (including intentional drug overdose ) is by far the most common form. Other self-harm methods include burning , head-banging, biting, scratching, hitting, preventing wounds from healing, self-embedding of objects, and hair-pulling. The locations of self-harm are often areas of the body that are easily hidden and concealed from

5198-409: Is to teach an alternative, appropriate response which obtains the same result as the self-harm. Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the person has

5311-784: The Chac Mool under the Temple of the Warriors), long-robed, aged and ascetic-looking characters with broad-rimmed feather hats have been depicted that are carrying offerings. They are seated in a row with rain deity impersonators (perhaps rainmakers) directly behind them, and have been interpreted as Itzá priests. In dictionaries concerning the 16th-century Pokom Mayas of the Verapaz , one finds terms like ah mai and ah zi 'those who make offerings'; ah zacumvach , 'white countenance' and ah quih for diviner; and ihcamcavil , 'carrier of

5424-519: The Day of Ashura , the commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, with a ritual of self-flagellation , using chains and swords. Dueling scars such as those acquired through academic fencing at certain traditional German universities are an early example of scarification in European society. Sometimes, students who did not fence would scar themselves with razors in imitation. Constance Lytton ,

5537-479: The Maya priesthood and their preoccupations had been a main scholarly concern. In the course of the 1960s and over the following decades, however, dynastic research came to dominate interest in the subject. A concept of royal ʼ shamanism ʼ, chiefly propounded by Linda Schele and Freidel, came to occupy the forefront instead. Yet, Classic Maya civilization , being highly ritualistic, would have been unthinkable without

5650-431: The brain and spinal cord . In the peripheral nervous system, neural tissues form the cranial nerves and spinal nerves , inclusive of the motor neurons . Mineralized tissues are biological tissues that incorporate minerals into soft matrices. Such tissues may be found in both plants and animals. Xavier Bichat introduced the word tissue into the study of anatomy by 1801. He was "the first to propose that tissue

5763-463: The ectoderm and endoderm (or their precursor in sponges ), with a small contribution from the mesoderm , forming the endothelium , a specialized type of epithelium that composes the vasculature . By contrast, a true epithelial tissue is present only in a single layer of cells held together via occluding junctions called tight junctions , to create a selectively permeable barrier. This tissue covers all organismal surfaces that come in contact with

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5876-646: The idol ', a function like that fulfilled by the first ancestors of the Kʼicheʼ and probably referring to priests serving in processions. Black sorcerers ( ah itz , ah var , ah kakzik ) were consulted by lords and princes for witchcraft against enemies and for defensive magic . At least seven centuries separate the early Spanish missionary descriptions of the Maya priesthood from Classic Maya society. Although archaic religions tend to be very conservative, it can not be assumed beforehand that these descriptions are valid for

5989-751: The sympathetic nervous system controls arousal and physical activation (e.g., the fight-or-flight response ) and the parasympathetic nervous system controls physical processes that are automatic (e.g., saliva production). The sympathetic nervous system innervates (e.g., is physically connected to and regulates) many parts of the body involved in stress responses. Studies of adolescents have shown that adolescents who self-injure have greater physiological reactivity (e.g., skin conductance) to stress than adolescents who do not self-injure. Several forms of psychosocial treatments can be used in self-harm including dialectical behavior therapy . Psychiatric and personality disorders are common in individuals who self-harm and as

6102-472: The 1950s as a symbol of defiance, in the context of the campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya . The movement came to be known as Ngaitana ("I will circumcise myself"), because to avoid naming their friends, the girls said they had cut themselves. Historian Lynn Thomas described the episode as significant in the history of FGM because it made clear that its victims were also its perpetrators. Karl Menninger considered self-mutilation as

6215-572: The 1970s the focus of self-harm shifted from Freudian psycho-sexual drives of the patients. Walsh and Rosen (1988) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I–IV, defining Self-mutilation as rows II, III and IV. Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) reviewed hundreds of studies and divided self-mutilation into two categories: culturally sanctioned self-mutilation and deviant self-mutilation . Favazza also created two subcategories of sanctioned self-mutilations; rituals and practices . The rituals are mutilations repeated generationally and "reflect

6328-508: The 20th-century psychiatrist Karl Menninger is often credited with the initial clinical characterization of self-harm, self-harm is not a new phenomenon. There is frequent reference in 19th-century clinical literature and asylum records which make a clear clinical distinction between self-harm with and without suicidal intent. This differentiation may have been important to both safeguard the reputations of asylums against accusations of medical neglect and to protect patients and their families from

6441-498: The Classic period, the king should probably be considered a sacred, priestly king , perhaps subsuming in his person the priesthood as a whole. The latter idea has been used as an explanation for the seeming lack of references to priests in Classic period texts. The idea of the king representing the priesthood should not be pushed to its limits, however, since due to our lack of knowledge of priestly titles and imperfect understanding of

6554-428: The Classic priesthood as well. It has been suggested that the priestly function of the king completely overshadowed that of the priests (see above). Nonetheless, Classic iconography appears to show various sorts of priests, and some hieroglyphic titles have been suggested to be priestly ones. Amongst these are ajkʼuhuun ('worshipper'), yajaw kʼahk ('master of fire'), ti'sakhuun ('prophet'), and yajaw te' ('master of

6667-703: The Late Postclassic, with additional data stemming from the contemporaneous Guatemalan Highlands . The Maya class of the priests is sometimes thought to have emerged from a pre-existing network of shamans as social complexity grew. The classic Siberian shaman is characterised by his intimate relationship with one or several helper spirits, 'ecstatic' voyages into non-human realms, and often operates individually, on behalf of his clients. In 20th-century Maya communities, diviners , and also curers , may show some features of true shamans, particularly vocation through illness or dreams , trance , and communication with

6780-452: The Maya nobility who could not obtain political office. They were trained through an apprentice system, with young adults being selected according to their descent and individual abilities. The high priest of the kingdom ('province') was called ahau can mai or ah kin mai , with mai being either a family name or a functional designation. The position was hereditary, usually passed on to sons or close relatives . The high priest lived from

6893-479: The United Kingdom, define deliberate self-harm or self-harm in general to include suicidal acts. (This article principally discusses non-suicidal acts of self-inflicted skin damage or self-poisoning.) The inconsistent definitions used for self-harm have made research more difficult. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been listed in section 2 of the DSM-5-TR under the category "other conditions that may be

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7006-466: The United States up to 4% of adults self-harm with approximately 1% of the population engaging in chronic or severe self-harm. The onset of self-harm tends to occur around puberty , although scholarship is divided as to whether this is usually before puberty or later in adolescence. Meta-analyses have not supported some studies' conclusion that self-harm rates are increasing among adolescents. It

7119-439: The act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage. Self-harm tends to begin in adolescence . Self-harm in childhood is relatively rare, but the rate has been increasing since the 1980s. Self-harm can also occur in the elderly population. The risk of serious injury and suicide is higher in older people who self-harm. Captive animals , such as birds and monkeys, are also known to harm themselves. Although

7232-420: The active contractile tissue of the body. Muscle tissue functions to produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Muscle is formed of contractile filaments and is separated into three main types; smooth muscle , skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle . Smooth muscle has no striations when examined microscopically. It contracts slowly but maintains contractibility over

7345-457: The attributes of Late-Postclassic priesthood mentioned in Yucatec sources. Among these Postclassic attributes are long, heavy vestments and 'chasubles'; feather jackets; 'miters'; aspergillums ; and tail-like ribbons hanging down from the jacket. Chief among the patron deities of the Classic priests was the upper god, Itzamna , first priest and first writer, still shown officiating in one of

7458-456: The colourless substance that covers the sieve plate. Callose stays in solution as long as the cell contents are under pressure. Phloem transports food and materials in plants upwards and downwards as required. Animal tissues are grouped into four basic types: connective , muscle , nervous , and epithelial . Collections of tissues joined in units to serve a common function compose organs. While most animals can generally be considered to contain

7571-407: The contributions of his town priests and the gifts of the lords . The responsibilities of the ahau can mai included the writing of books ; the teaching of the Maya script and the Maya calendar to the novices; examining and appointing new priests and providing them with books; performing the more important rituals; and advising the other lords. The town priest was called ah kʼin , a word with

7684-531: The detail that can be observed in tissues. With these tools, the classical appearances of tissues can be examined in health and disease , enabling considerable refinement of medical diagnosis and prognosis . In plant anatomy , tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis , the ground tissue , and the vascular tissue . Plant tissues can also be divided differently into two types: Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and leads to increase in length and thickness of

7797-589: The earliest colonial dictionaries, yet only with the restricted meaning of 'craftsman'. Originally only a maker of all sorts of poultices, the curer- ahmen gradually appears to have become a maker of prayers and sacrifices as well. Naturally, then, priestly ahmenob are not yet mentioned in Landa's account. The literate aspects of the Prehispanic priesthood were partly assumed by local school masters and church singers ( maestros cantores ), who may also have been among

7910-517: The effects of pharmacotherapy on adolescents who self-harm. Emergency departments are often the first point of contact with healthcare for people who self-harm. As such they are crucial in supporting them and can play a role in preventing suicide. At the same time, according to a study conducted in England, people who self-harm often experience that they do not receive meaningful care at the emergency department. Both people who self-harm and staff in

8023-433: The ends. They do not have end openings such as the vessels. The end overlap with each other, with pairs of pits present. The pit pairs allow water to pass from cell to cell. Though most conduction in xylem tissue is vertical, lateral conduction along the diameter of a stem is facilitated via rays. Rays are horizontal rows of long-living parenchyma cells that arise out of the vascular cambium. Phloem consists of: Phloem

8136-618: The extent of this association, which is significant both at the cross-sectional ( odds ratio = 1.569, 95% confidence interval [1.167-2.108]) and longitudinal (odds ratio = 2.569, 95% confidence interval [2.207-3.256]) levels, and highlighting the role of the chronic use of the substance, and the presence of depressive symptoms or of mental disorders as factors that might increase the risk of self-injury among cannabis users. Self-injury may result in serious injury and scarring. While non-suicidal self-injury by definition lacks suicidal intent, it may nonetheless result in accidental death. While

8249-414: The external environment such as the skin , the airways, and the digestive tract. It serves functions of protection, secretion , and absorption, and is separated from other tissues below by a basal lamina . The connective tissue and the muscular are derived from the mesoderm. The nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm. The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover the organ surfaces, such as

8362-399: The fact that their cytoplasm is actively involved in the conduction of food materials, sieve-tube members do not have nuclei at maturity. It is the companion cells that are nestled between sieve-tube members that function in some manner bringing about the conduction of food. Sieve-tube members that are alive contain a polymer called callose, a carbohydrate polymer, forming the callus pad/callus,

8475-443: The female rate of self-harm exceeded that of the males, with the highest rate among females in the 13–24 age group and the highest rate among males in the 12–34 age group. However, this discrepancy has been known to vary significantly depending upon population and methodological criteria, consistent with wide-ranging uncertainties in gathering and interpreting data regarding rates of self-harm in general. Such problems have sometimes been

8588-461: The fingernails, hitting , or burning . The exact bounds of self-harm are imprecise, but generally exclude tissue damage that occurs as an unintended side-effect of eating disorders or substance abuse , as well as more societally acceptable body modification such as tattoos and piercings . Although self-harm is by definition non-suicidal, it may still be life-threatening. People who do self-harm are more likely to die by suicide, and self-harm

8701-481: The first ancestors as "bloodletters and sacrificers" and as the carriers of their deities , a priestly function. To the Kʼicheʼ kings and highest dignitaries coming after them, the kingship was a sacred institution and the temple service a duty: during certain intervals, they abstained from intercourse , fasted , prayed, and burnt offerings , "pleading for the light and the life of their vassals and servants." Although

8814-480: The focus of criticism in the context of broader psychosocial interpretation. For example, feminist author Barbara Brickman has speculated that reported gender differences in rates of self-harm are due to deliberate socially biased methodological and sampling errors, directly blaming medical discourse for pathologising the female. This gender discrepancy is often distorted in specific populations where rates of self-harm are inordinately high, which may have implications on

8927-400: The four tissue types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. For example, the origin of the cells comprising a particular tissue type may differ developmentally for different classifications of animals. Tissue appeared for the first time in the diploblasts , but modern forms only appeared in triploblasts . The epithelium in all animals is derived from

9040-400: The girth and length of the plant, with no intercellular spaces. Permanent tissues may be defined as a group of living or dead cells formed by meristematic tissue and have lost their ability to divide and have permanently placed at fixed positions in the plant body. Meristematic tissues that take up a specific role lose the ability to divide. This process of taking up a permanent shape, size and

9153-535: The hall of the dwelling of the petty king, Ajau Kan Ekʼ, was a stone table with twelve seats for the priests. This priestly college is reminiscent of the twelve head priests of the kingdom of Mayapan. The Itzá high priest should perhaps be counted its 13th member. Thirteen priests are also mentioned as part of a classificatory system shared by the Yucatec and the Itzá states, and further comprising 13 katuns , 13 provinces and 13 ambassadors. In Chichen Itza ( Temple of

9266-515: The hierarchies of 'Prayermakers' offer examples of such priests. The Pre-Hispanic religious functionaries described by men like Diego de Landa , Tomás de Torquemada and Bartolomé de las Casas were also priests, not shamans. Among the Mayas, priestly functions were often fulfilled by dignitaries who were not professional priests, but this fact cannot be used to argue the nonexistence of a separate priesthood. The Popol Vuh stereotypically describes

9379-603: The legal or religious consequences of a suicide attempt. In 1896, the American ophthalmologists George Gould and Walter Pyle categorized self-mutilation cases into three groups: those resulting from "temporary insanity from hallucinations or melancholia; with suicidal intent; and in a religious frenzy or emotion". Self-harm was, and in some cases continues to be, a ritual practice in many cultures and religions. The Maya priesthood performed auto- sacrifice by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood. A reference to

9492-486: The life-time risk of self-injury is ~1:7 for women and ~1:25 for men. Aggregated research has found no difference in the prevalence of self-harm between men and women. This contrasts with previous studies, which suggested that up to four times as many females as males have direct experience of self-harm, which many had argued was rather the result of data collection biases. The WHO /EURO Multicentre Study of Suicide, established in 1989, demonstrated that, for each age group,

9605-471: The main axes of stems and roots. It consists of a combination of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells. Longer tubes made up of individual cellssels tracheids, while vessel members are open at each end. Internally, there may be bars of wall material extending across the open space. These cells are joined end to end to form long tubes. Vessel members and tracheids are dead at maturity. Tracheids have thick secondary cell walls and are tapered at

9718-449: The mind from feelings that are causing anguish. This may be achieved by tricking the mind into believing that the present suffering being felt is caused by the self-harm instead of the issues they were facing previously: the physical pain therefore acts as a distraction from the original emotional pain. To complement this theory, one can consider the need to "stop" feeling emotional pain and mental agitation. Alternatively, self-harm may be

9831-621: The motivations for self harm vary, the most commonly endorsed reason for self harm given by adolescents is "to get relief from a terrible state of mind". Young people with a history of repeated episodes of self harm are more likely to self-harm into adulthood, and are at higher risk of suicide. In older adults, influenced by a combination of interconnected individual, societal, and healthcare factors, including financial and interpersonal problems and comorbid physical conditions and pain, with increased loneliness, perceived burdensomeness of ageing, and loss of control reported as particular motivations. There

9944-480: The need of patients that self-harm in mental healthcare. Studies have shown that staff found the care for people who self-harm emotionally challenging and they experienced an overwhelming responsibility in preventing the patients from self-harming and the care focuses mainly on maintaining the safety for the patients, for example by removing dangerous items or physical restraint, even if it is believed to be ineffective. Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A)

10057-463: The past. When the definition of self-harm was expanded to include head-banging, scratching oneself, and hitting oneself along with cutting and burning, 32% of the sample said they had done this. In Ireland, a study found that instances of hospital-treated self-harm were much higher in city and urban districts, than in rural settings. The CASE (Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe) study suggests that

10170-705: The patient. However, limited studies show that professional assessments tend to suggest more manipulative or punitive motives than personal assessments. A UK Office for National Statistics study reported only two motives: "to draw attention" and "because of anger". For some people, harming themselves can be a means of drawing attention to the need for help and to ask for assistance in an indirect way. It may also be an attempt to affect others and to manipulate them in some way emotionally. However, those with chronic, repetitive self-harm often do not want attention and hide their scars carefully. Many people who self-harm state that it allows them to "go away" or dissociate , separating

10283-570: The pictures of the Late-Postclassic Madrid Codex . Patron deities of writing and calendrical reckoning were of obvious importance to the priesthood, especially the writers among them, and included a Maya maize god and the Howler Monkey Gods . The Howler Monkey God also personified the day sign, suggesting that he may more specifically have been a patron of diviners. The priestly hierarchy disappeared in

10396-411: The plant consists of a single layer of cells called epidermis or surface tissue. The entire surface of the plant has this outer layer of the epidermis. Hence it is also called surface tissue. Most of the epidermal cells are relatively flat. The outer and lateral walls of the cell are often thicker than the inner walls. The cells form a continuous sheet without intercellular spaces. It protects all parts of

10509-464: The plant. The outer epidermis is coated with a waxy thick layer called cutin which prevents loss of water. The epidermis also consists of stomata (singular:stoma) which helps in transpiration . The complex permanent tissue consists of more than one type of cells having a common origin which work together as a unit. Complex tissues are mainly concerned with the transportation of mineral nutrients, organic solutes (food materials), and water. That's why it

10622-689: The plant. The primary growth of a plant occurs only in certain specific regions, such as in the tips of stems or roots. It is in these regions that meristematic tissue is present. Cells of this type of tissue are roughly spherical or polyhedral to rectangular in shape, with thin cell walls . New cells produced by meristem are initially those of meristem itself, but as the new cells grow and mature, their characteristics slowly change and they become differentiated as components of meristematic tissue, being classified as: There are two types of meristematic Tissue 1.Primary meristem. 2.Secondary meristem. The cells of meristematic tissue are similar in structure and have

10735-665: The priests of Baal "cutting themselves with blades until blood flowed" can be found in the Hebrew Bible. However, in Judaism, such self-harm is forbidden under Mosaic law . It occurred in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals, as described in the Ras Shamra tablets. Self-harm is practised in Hinduism by the ascetics known as sadhu s. In Catholicism , it is known as mortification of the flesh . Some branches of Islam mark

10848-430: The rare genetic condition Lesch–Nyhan syndrome is uncontrollable self-harm and self-mutilation, and may include biting (particularly of the skin , nails , and lips) and head-banging. Genetics may contribute to the risk of developing other psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which could in turn lead to self-harming behavior. However, the link between genetics and self-harm in otherwise healthy patients

10961-527: The relation between cannabis use and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Norway and England found that, in general, cannabis use may not be a specific risk factor for DSH in young adolescents. Smoking has also been associated with both non-suicidal self injury and suicide attempts in adolescents, although the nature of the relationship is unclear. A 2021 meta-analysis on literature concerning the association between cannabis use and self-injurious behaviors has defined

11074-625: The relief that will follow. For some self-harmers this relief is primarily psychological while for others this feeling of relief comes from the beta endorphins released in the brain. Endorphins are endogenous opioids that are released in response to physical injury, acting as natural painkillers and inducing pleasant feelings, and in response to self-harm would act to reduce tension and emotional distress. Many people do not feel physical pain when self-harming. Studies of clinical and non-clinical populations suggest that people who engage in self-harm have higher pain thresholds and tolerance in general, although

11187-655: The script, textual references to priests may easily pass unnoticed. The existence of a separate Classic priesthood, at the kingdom 's court as well as in its towns and villages, is hardly doubtful; its absence would constitute an anomaly among early civilizations. The main description of a priestly hierarchy as it functioned in the first decades of the 16th century stems from Landa's account of Yucatec society, but isolated terms for priestly offices have also been transmitted from other Maya groups . In Yucatán, priests were sons of priests or second sons of nobles . The priesthood provided high status positions for those children of

11300-971: The sight of others. Neither the DSM-IV-TR nor the ICD-10 provide diagnostic criteria for self-harm. It is often seen as only a symptom of an underlying disorder, though many people who self-harm would like this to be addressed. Although some people who self-harm do not have any form of recognized mental disorder, self-harm often co-occurs with psychiatric conditions. Self-harm is for example associated with eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders , borderline personality disorder , dissociative disorders , bipolar disorder , depression , phobias , and conduct disorders . As many as 70% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in self-harm. An estimated 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking, skin-picking , hand-biting, and head-banging. According to

11413-508: The significance and interpretation of psychosocial factors other than gender. A study in 2003 found an extremely high prevalence of self-harm among 428 homeless and runaway youths (aged 16–19) with 72% of males and 66% of females reporting a history of self-harm. However, in 2008, a study of young people and self-harm saw the gender gap widen in the opposite direction, with 32% of young females, and 22% of young males admitting to self-harm. Studies also indicate that males who self-harm may also be at

11526-429: The study highlighted the failure of the healthcare system to support, the lack of specialist care. People who self-harm in the study often felt shame or being judged due to their condition, and said that being listened to and validated gave them hope. At the same time staff experienced frustration from being powerless to help and were afraid of being blamed if someone died by suicide. There are also difficulties in meeting

11639-639: The surface of skin , the airways , surfaces of soft organs, the reproductive tract , and the inner lining of the digestive tract . The cells comprising an epithelial layer are linked via semi-permeable, tight junctions ; hence, this tissue provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers. In addition to this protective function, epithelial tissue may also be specialized to function in secretion , excretion and absorption . Epithelial tissue helps to protect organs from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss. Functions of epithelial tissue: There are many kinds of epithelium, and nomenclature

11752-407: The temples; for the early Choles, no regular priesthood is mentioned, so that one might assume that the chiefs performed the priestly functions themselves. The Yucatec king (or "head chief of a province "), known as the halach uinic ('true man'), is defined both as a ' governor ' and a ' bishop '. Without a grounding in esoteric and ritual knowledge, a ruler could apparently not function. For

11865-501: The text describes the three temples dedicated to the first ancestors' patron deities and names what appear to be the two high priests of the main deities (the Lords Ah Tohil and Ah Cucumatz), it does not discuss, or even mention, local priests. According to some Yucatec sources, too, the rulers and the high nobility carried out priestly tasks. The highest Mayapan nobility, for example, is stated to have served continually in

11978-415: The traditions, symbolism, and beliefs of a society" (p. 226). Practices are historically transient and cosmetic such as piercing of earlobes, nose, eyebrows as well as male circumcision while deviant self-mutilation is equivalent to self-harm. Self-harm (SH), self-injury (SI), nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and self-injurious behavior (SIB) are different terms to describe tissue damage that

12091-728: The tree/woods'). Priestly duties included sacrifice and the propitiation of deities, inauguration of kings, writing and interpretation of codices, and of course maintenance of ritual spaces and paraphernalia. Without being permanent ministers, the kings of the Classic Period ( kʼuhul ajaw or "holy lord") regularly officiated ex officio as high priests. Classic art, particularly scenes on vases, depicts characters writing and reading books, aspersing and inaugurating kings, overseeing or performing human sacrifice , and presiding over burial rites, all activities suggestive of priests. These characters, sometimes aged and ascetic, can show some of

12204-406: The urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. Some providers may recommend harm-reduction techniques such as snapping of a rubber band on

12317-654: The vacuole is of much smaller size than of normal animal cells. This tissue provides support to plants and also stores food. Chlorenchyma is a special type of parenchyma that contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis. In aquatic plants, aerenchyma tissues, or large air cavities, give support to float on water by making them buoyant. Parenchyma cells called idioblasts have metabolic waste. Spindle shaped fibers are also present in this cell to support them and known as prosenchyma, succulent parenchyma also noted. In xerophytes , parenchyma tissues store water. Collenchyma (Greek, 'Colla' means gum and 'enchyma' means infusion)

12430-544: The wake of the Spanish Conquest . Following the disastrous epidemics of the first colonial decades, the Mesoamerican priestly functions were restructured to fit within the incipient new order. In Yucatán, the village herbalists and curers seem to have become responsible for the rituals of the forest and the fields as well, and thus to have become a sort of village priests. Their name, ahmen , already occurs in

12543-529: The wrist, but there is no consensus as to the efficacy of this approach. It is difficult to gain an accurate picture of incidence and prevalence of self-harm. Even with sufficient monitoring resources, self-harm is usually unreported, with instances taking place in private and wounds being treated by the self-harming individual. Recorded figures can be based on three sources: psychiatric samples, hospital admissions and general population surveys. A 2015 meta-analysis of reported self-harm among 600,000 adolescents found

12656-550: The writers and compilers of the Chilam Balam books. In the Guatemalan Highlands, the colonial and modern development was different and eventually resulted in thoroughly organized, indigenous priestly hierarchies, such as that of Momostenango . In this town, a hierarchy of 'mother-fathers' is charged with the priestly tasks of prayer and sacrifice : two of them on behalf of the town as a whole, fourteen for

12769-466: Was relatively low. Priests giving oracles were known as chilan or chilam , 'oracular priest' (often translated as ' prophet '; an influential role, with the Chilam Balam as a prime example). The chilan may have used mind -altering substances. The last independent Maya state, the 17th-century Itzá kingdom of Nojpetén , was ruled by the king, Kan Ekʼ and the high priest, Ajkʼín Kan Ekʼ. Their priesthood seems to have consisted of 12 priests: In

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