84-748: Nadakhali is a village within the jurisdiction of the Nadakhali police station in the Budge Budge II CD block in the Alipore Sadar subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal . Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In
168-414: A community health centre, 3 villages had primary health centres, 19 villages had primary health subcentres, 2 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village had a veterinary hospital, 16 villages had medicine shops and out of the 61 inhabited villages 10 villages had no medical facilities. Lakshmibala Dutta Rural Hospital at Bakrahat with 30 beds is the major government medical facility in
252-677: A day were similar, but at springs the tides rose 7 feet (2.1 m) in the morning but 9 feet (2.7 m) in the evening. Pierre-Simon Laplace formulated a system of partial differential equations relating the ocean's horizontal flow to its surface height, the first major dynamic theory for water tides. The Laplace tidal equations are still in use today. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin , rewrote Laplace's equations in terms of vorticity which allowed for solutions describing tidally driven coastally trapped waves, known as Kelvin waves . Others including Kelvin and Henri Poincaré further developed Laplace's theory. Based on these developments and
336-523: A few days after (or before) new and full moon and are highest around the equinoxes, though Pliny noted many relationships now regarded as fanciful. In his Geography , Strabo described tides in the Persian Gulf having their greatest range when the moon was furthest from the plane of the Equator. All this despite the relatively small amplitude of Mediterranean basin tides. (The strong currents through
420-505: A given day are typically not the same height (the daily inequality); these are the higher high water and the lower high water in tide tables . Similarly, the two low waters each day are the higher low water and the lower low water . The daily inequality is not consistent and is generally small when the Moon is over the Equator . The following reference tide levels can be defined, from
504-417: A large low-lying plain got exposed. Both tidal inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural levees and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing brackish water wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture
588-587: A significant role in the Tebhaga movement launched by the Communist Party of India in 1946. Subsequently, Operation Barga was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Budge Budge II CD block 61.97 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 55.83 acres or 90.09% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 548. According to
672-516: A smooth sphere covered by a sufficiently deep ocean under the tidal force of a single deforming body is a prolate spheroid (essentially a three-dimensional oval) with major axis directed toward the deforming body. Maclaurin was the first to write about the Earth's rotational effects on motion. Euler realized that the tidal force's horizontal component (more than the vertical) drives the tide. In 1744 Jean le Rond d'Alembert studied tidal equations for
756-526: A system of pulleys to add together six harmonic time functions. It was "programmed" by resetting gears and chains to adjust phasing and amplitudes. Similar machines were used until the 1960s. The first known sea-level record of an entire spring–neap cycle was made in 1831 on the Navy Dock in the Thames Estuary . Many large ports had automatic tide gauge stations by 1850. John Lubbock was one of
840-519: Is monsoon dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish. The Budge Budge II CD block has an area of 78.00 km . It has 1 panchayat samity , 11 gram panchayats , 150 gram sansads (village councils), 64 mouzas and 61 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook for South Twenty-four Parganas . Nodakhali police station serves this CD Block. The headquarters of this CD block
924-455: Is a useful concept. Tidal stage is also measured in degrees, with 360° per tidal cycle. Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines , which are analogous to contour lines of constant altitude on topographical maps , and when plotted form a cotidal map or cotidal chart . High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean, and cotidal lines (and hence tidal phases) advance along
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#17327904722071008-590: Is affected by Arsenic Contamination . High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the World Health Organization ). The affected CD blocks are Baruipur , Bhangar I , Bhangar II , Bishnupur I , Bishnupur II , Basanti , Budge Budge II, Canning I , Canning II , Sonarpur , Magrahat II and Jaynagar I . In 2014,
1092-472: Is at Dongaria . Gram panchayats of the Budge Budge II CD block/ panchayat samiti are: Burul, Chakmanik, Dongaria Raipur, Gaja Poyali, Kamrabad, Kasipur Alampur, Naskarpur, North Bawali, Rania, Satgachhia and South Bawali. According to the 2011 Census of India , the Budge Budge II CD block had a total population of 192,134, of which 135,254 were rural and 56,880 were urban. There were 98,570 (51%) males and 93,564 (49%) females. There were 20,985 persons in
1176-422: Is at once cotidal with high and low waters, which is satisfied by zero tidal motion. (The rare exception occurs when the tide encircles an island, as it does around New Zealand, Iceland and Madagascar .) Tidal motion generally lessens moving away from continental coasts, so that crossing the cotidal lines are contours of constant amplitude (half the distance between high and low water) which decrease to zero at
1260-457: Is called the spring tide . It is not named after the season , but, like that word, derives from the meaning "jump, burst forth, rise", as in a natural spring . Spring tides are sometimes referred to as syzygy tides . When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the Sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth (in quadrature ), and the solar tidal force partially cancels
1344-446: Is never time for the fluid to "catch up" to the state it would eventually reach if the tidal force were constant—the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height. When there are two high tides each day with different heights (and two low tides also of different heights), the pattern is called a mixed semi-diurnal tide . The changing distance separating the Moon and Earth also affects tide heights. When
1428-408: Is not necessarily when the Moon is nearest to zenith or nadir , but the period of the forcing still determines the time between high tides. Because the gravitational field created by the Moon weakens with distance from the Moon, it exerts a slightly stronger than average force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon, and a slightly weaker force on the opposite side. The Moon thus tends to "stretch"
1512-461: Is not the case due to the free fall of the whole Earth, not only the oceans, towards these bodies) a different pattern of tidal forces would be observed, e.g. with a much stronger influence from the Sun than from the Moon: The solar gravitational force on the Earth is on average 179 times stronger than the lunar, but because the Sun is on average 389 times farther from the Earth, its field gradient
1596-639: Is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act . Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on. There are 61 inhabited villages in
1680-402: Is shorter than average, and stronger tidal currents than average. Neaps result in less extreme tidal conditions. There is about a seven-day interval between springs and neaps. Tidal constituents are the net result of multiple influences impacting tidal changes over certain periods of time. Primary constituents include the Earth's rotation, the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth,
1764-409: Is the major government medical facility in the Budge Budge II CD block. This article about a location in the South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Budge Budge II Budge Budge II is a community development block that forms an administrative division in the Alipore Sadar subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in
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#17327904722071848-419: Is the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the Moon. Simple tide clocks track this constituent. The lunar day is longer than the Earth day because the Moon orbits in the same direction the Earth spins. This is analogous to the minute hand on a watch crossing the hour hand at 12:00 and then again at about 1: 05 + 1 ⁄ 2 (not at 1:00). The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as
1932-618: The 2011 Census of India , Hindus numbered 129,778 and formed 67.55% of the population in Budge Budge II CD block. Muslims numbered 61,934 and formed 32.23% of the population. Others numbered 422 and formed 0.22% of the population. In 2001, Hindus and Muslims were 70.38% and 29.57% of the population respectively. The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during
2016-606: The Coriolis effect , is generally clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. The difference of cotidal phase from the phase of a reference tide is the epoch . The reference tide is the hypothetical constituent "equilibrium tide" on a landless Earth measured at 0° longitude, the Greenwich meridian. In the North Atlantic, because the cotidal lines circulate counterclockwise around
2100-652: The District Human Development Report , agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity. According to the District Census Handbook ,
2184-722: The Euripus Strait and the Strait of Messina puzzled Aristotle .) Philostratus discussed tides in Book Five of The Life of Apollonius of Tyana . Philostratus mentions the moon, but attributes tides to "spirits". In Europe around 730 AD, the Venerable Bede described how the rising tide on one coast of the British Isles coincided with the fall on the other and described the time progression of high water along
2268-634: The Indian state of West Bengal . The Budge Budge II CD block is located at 22°28′58″N 88°10′54″E / 22.4827548°N 88.1817594°E / 22.4827548; 88.1817594 . It has an average elevation of 9 metres (30 ft). The Budge Budge II CD block is bounded by the Budge Budge I CD block and the Sankrail CD block in the Howrah district , across the Hooghly , in
2352-530: The North Sea . Much later, in the late 20th century, geologists noticed tidal rhythmites , which document the occurrence of ancient tides in the geological record, notably in the Carboniferous . The tidal force produced by a massive object (Moon, hereafter) on a small particle located on or in an extensive body (Earth, hereafter) is the vector difference between the gravitational force exerted by
2436-674: The South 24 Parganas district was 77.51 Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011. Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%. According to the 2001 Census of India , the Budge Budge II CD block had a total literacy of 72.46 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 80.24 per cent female literacy was 64.01 per cent. South 24 Parganas district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate In
2520-662: The Sundarbans settlements with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. Livelihood in Budge Budge II CD block In Budge Budge II CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,896 and formed 5.60%, agricultural labourers numbered 16,068 and formed 23.11%, household industry workers numbered 9,136 and formed 13.14% and other workers numbered 40,442 and formed 58.15%. Total workers numbered 69,542 and formed 36.19% of
2604-440: The lunar theory of E W Brown describing the motions of the Moon, Arthur Thomas Doodson developed and published in 1921 the first modern development of the tide-generating potential in harmonic form: Doodson distinguished 388 tidal frequencies. Some of his methods remain in use. From ancient times, tidal observation and discussion has increased in sophistication, first marking the daily recurrence, then tides' relationship to
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2688-578: The lunitidal interval . To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time. Gauges ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes. These data are compared to the reference (or datum) level usually called mean sea level . While tides are usually the largest source of short-term sea-level fluctuations, sea levels are also subject to change from thermal expansion , wind, and barometric pressure changes, resulting in storm surges , especially in shallow seas and near coasts. Tidal phenomena are not limited to
2772-448: The 2011 census, in the Budge Budge II CD block, among the 61 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 28 villages had two or more primary schools, 23 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 17 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. Saheed Anurup Chandra Mahavidyalaya was established at Burul in 1991. Certain areas of the South 24 Parganas district have been identified where ground water
2856-414: The Budge Budge II CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Chandipur (9,066), Muchisha (4,023), Dongaria (7,425), Baratala (4,595), Telari (4,937) and Burul (7,014). Other villages in the Budge Budge II CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Chakmanik (2903), Gaja (3,924), Rania Gobindpur (1,366), Kamra (1,500), Laskarpur (2,495) and Satgachhia (2,129). According to the 2011 census,
2940-470: The Budge Budge II CD block had 1 rural hospital, 2 primary health centres and 4 private nursing homes with total 61 beds and 11 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 24 family welfare subcentres. 2,666 patients were treated indoor and 108,199 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block. According to the 2011 census, in the Budge Budge II CD block, 1 village had
3024-561: The Budge Budge II CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011 . 100% villages have power supply. 53 villages (86.89%) have drinking water supply. 17 villages (27.87%) have post offices. 58 villages (95.08%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 28 villages (45.90%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 28 villages (45.90%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (6.56%) have banks. The South 24 Parganas had played
3108-466: The Budge Budge II CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 1,161 hectares, engaging 11,964 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 57,832 quintals. Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in
3192-593: The Budge Budge II CD block. There are primary health centres at Burul (with 6 beds) and Gajapoali (PO Poali ) (with 6 beds). Tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon (and to a much lesser extent, the Sun ) and are also caused by the Earth and Moon orbiting one another. Tide tables can be used for any given locale to find
3276-426: The Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead ( culmination ) once and underfoot once (at an hour angle of 00:00 and 12:00 respectively), so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above-mentioned, about 12 hours and 25 minutes. The moment of highest tide
3360-419: The Earth slightly along the line connecting the two bodies. The solid Earth deforms a bit, but ocean water, being fluid, is free to move much more in response to the tidal force, particularly horizontally (see equilibrium tide ). As the Earth rotates, the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth's surface change constantly; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium—there
3444-586: The Earth's accumulated dynamic tidal response to the applied forces, which response is influenced by ocean depth, the Earth's rotation, and other factors. In 1740, the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris offered a prize for the best theoretical essay on tides. Daniel Bernoulli , Leonhard Euler , Colin Maclaurin and Antoine Cavalleri shared the prize. Maclaurin used Newton's theory to show that
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3528-427: The Moon and its phases. Bede starts by noting that the tides rise and fall 4/5 of an hour later each day, just as the Moon rises and sets 4/5 of an hour later. He goes on to emphasise that in two lunar months (59 days) the Moon circles the Earth 57 times and there are 114 tides. Bede then observes that the height of tides varies over the month. Increasing tides are called malinae and decreasing tides ledones and that
3612-459: The Moon is closest, at perigee , the range increases, and when it is at apogee , the range shrinks. Six or eight times a year perigee coincides with either a new or full moon causing perigean spring tides with the largest tidal range . The difference between the height of a tide at perigean spring tide and the spring tide when the moon is at apogee depends on location but can be large as a foot higher. These include solar gravitational effects,
3696-462: The Moon on the particle, and the gravitational force that would be exerted on the particle if it were located at the Earth's center of mass. Whereas the gravitational force subjected by a celestial body on Earth varies inversely as the square of its distance to the Earth, the maximal tidal force varies inversely as, approximately, the cube of this distance. If the tidal force caused by each body were instead equal to its full gravitational force (which
3780-457: The Moon's altitude (elevation) above the Earth's Equator, and bathymetry . Variations with periods of less than half a day are called harmonic constituents . Conversely, cycles of days, months, or years are referred to as long period constituents. Tidal forces affect the entire earth , but the movement of solid Earth occurs by mere centimeters. In contrast, the atmosphere is much more fluid and compressible so its surface moves by kilometers, in
3864-449: The Moon's tidal force. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum; this is called the neap tide , or neaps . "Neap" is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "without the power", as in forðganges nip (forth-going without-the-power). Neap tides are sometimes referred to as quadrature tides . Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average, low waters that are lower than average, " slack water " time that
3948-449: The Moon. Abu Ma'shar discussed the effects of wind and Moon's phases relative to the Sun on the tides. In the 12th century, al-Bitruji (d. circa 1204) contributed the notion that the tides were caused by the general circulation of the heavens. Simon Stevin , in his 1608 De spiegheling der Ebbenvloet ( The theory of ebb and flood ), dismissed a large number of misconceptions that still existed about ebb and flood. Stevin pleaded for
4032-684: The Northumbrian coast. The first tide table in China was recorded in 1056 AD primarily for visitors wishing to see the famous tidal bore in the Qiantang River . The first known British tide table is thought to be that of John Wallingford, who died Abbot of St. Albans in 1213, based on high water occurring 48 minutes later each day, and three hours earlier at the Thames mouth than upriver at London . In 1614 Claude d'Abbeville published
4116-531: The Sun and moon. Pytheas travelled to the British Isles about 325 BC and seems to be the first to have related spring tides to the phase of the moon. In the 2nd century BC, the Hellenistic astronomer Seleucus of Seleucia correctly described the phenomenon of tides in order to support his heliocentric theory. He correctly theorized that tides were caused by the moon , although he believed that
4200-598: The Sundarbans settlements. In 2013-14, the Budge Budge II CD block had offices of 8 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks . The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund . The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across
4284-531: The Two Chief World Systems , whose working title was Dialogue on the Tides , gave an explanation of the tides. The resulting theory, however, was incorrect as he attributed the tides to the sloshing of water caused by the Earth's movement around the Sun. He hoped to provide mechanical proof of the Earth's movement. The value of his tidal theory is disputed. Galileo rejected Kepler's explanation of
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#17327904722074368-506: The age range of 0 to 6 years. The Scheduled Castes numbered 38,495 (20.04%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 262 (0.14%). According to the 2001 Census of India , Budge Budge II CD block had a total population of 173,467, out of which 90,001 were males and 83,466 were females. The Budge Budge II CD block registered a population growth of 15.23 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for South 24 Parganas district
4452-423: The amphidromic point, the high tide passes New York Harbor approximately an hour ahead of Norfolk Harbor. South of Cape Hatteras the tidal forces are more complex, and cannot be predicted reliably based on the North Atlantic cotidal lines. Investigation into tidal physics was important in the early development of celestial mechanics , with the existence of two daily tides being explained by the Moon's gravity. Later
4536-429: The amphidromic point. For a semi-diurnal tide the amphidromic point can be thought of roughly like the center of a clock face, with the hour hand pointing in the direction of the high water cotidal line, which is directly opposite the low water cotidal line. High water rotates about the amphidromic point once every 12 hours in the direction of rising cotidal lines, and away from ebbing cotidal lines. This rotation, caused by
4620-547: The atmosphere which did not include rotation. In 1770 James Cook 's barque HMS Endeavour grounded on the Great Barrier Reef . Attempts were made to refloat her on the following tide which failed, but the tide after that lifted her clear with ease. Whilst she was being repaired in the mouth of the Endeavour River Cook observed the tides over a period of seven weeks. At neap tides both tides in
4704-410: The coast. Semi-diurnal and long phase constituents are measured from high water, diurnal from maximum flood tide. This and the discussion that follows is precisely true only for a single tidal constituent. For an ocean in the shape of a circular basin enclosed by a coastline, the cotidal lines point radially inward and must eventually meet at a common point, the amphidromic point . The amphidromic point
4788-735: The country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal. The Budge Budge II CD block has 4 ferry services and 7 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 14 km from the block headquarters. In 2013-14, the Budge Budge II CD block had 93 primary schools with 7,945 students, 7 middle schools with 767 students, 10 high schools with 3,196 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 9,329 students. Budge Budge II CD block had 1 general degree college with 1,429 students and 250 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,785 students. See also – Education in India According to
4872-480: The daily tides were explained more precisely by the interaction of the Moon's and the Sun's gravity. Seleucus of Seleucia theorized around 150 BC that tides were caused by the Moon. The influence of the Moon on bodies of water was also mentioned in Ptolemy 's Tetrabiblos . In De temporum ratione ( The Reckoning of Time ) of 725 Bede linked semidurnal tides and the phenomenon of varying tidal heights to
4956-538: The first to map co-tidal lines, for Great Britain, Ireland and adjacent coasts, in 1840. William Whewell expanded this work ending with a nearly global chart in 1836. In order to make these maps consistent, he hypothesized the existence of a region with no tidal rise or fall where co-tidal lines meet in the mid-ocean. The existence of such an amphidromic point , as they are now known, was confirmed in 1840 by Captain William Hewett, RN , from careful soundings in
5040-420: The highest level to the lowest: The semi-diurnal range (the difference in height between high and low waters over about half a day) varies in a two-week cycle. Approximately twice a month, around new moon and full moon when the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a line (a configuration known as a syzygy ), the tidal force due to the Sun reinforces that due to the Moon. The tide's range is then at its maximum; this
5124-415: The idea that the attraction of the Moon was responsible for the tides and spoke in clear terms about ebb, flood, spring tide and neap tide , stressing that further research needed to be made. In 1609 Johannes Kepler also correctly suggested that the gravitation of the Moon caused the tides, which he based upon ancient observations and correlations. Galileo Galilei in his 1632 Dialogue Concerning
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#17327904722075208-468: The interaction was mediated by the pneuma . He noted that tides varied in time and strength in different parts of the world. According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to link tides to the lunar attraction, and that the height of the tides depends on the moon's position relative to the Sun. The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder collates many tidal observations, e.g., the spring tides are
5292-477: The intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place. Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share,
5376-466: The larger full screen map. Nadakhali is located at 22°24′07″N 88°10′42″E / 22.4020°N 88.1782°E / 22.4020; 88.1782 . It has an average elevation of 9 metres (30 ft). According to the 2011 Census of India , Nadakhali had a total population of 1,132, of which 561 (50%) were males and 571 (50%) were females. There are 571 people in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Nadakhali
5460-412: The month is divided into four parts of seven or eight days with alternating malinae and ledones . In the same passage he also notes the effect of winds to hold back tides. Bede also records that the time of tides varies from place to place. To the north of Bede's location ( Monkwearmouth ) the tides are earlier, to the south later. He explains that the tide "deserts these shores in order to be able all
5544-514: The more to be able to flood other [shores] when it arrives there" noting that "the Moon which signals the rise of tide here, signals its retreat in other regions far from this quarter of the heavens". Later medieval understanding of the tides was primarily based on works of Muslim astronomers , which became available through Latin translation starting from the 12th century. Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. circa 886), in his Introductorium in astronomiam , taught that ebb and flood tides were caused by
5628-590: The north, the Bishnupur I CD block in the east, the Falta CD block in the south, the Sankrail and Uluberia I CD blocks in the Howrah district , across the Hooghly , in the west. The South 24 Parganas district is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent geological period ,
5712-463: The north-west portion of the district, the Sonarpur CD block followed Budge Budge II CD block with a poverty ratio of 23.36, all other CD blocks had poverty ratio below 20%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in
5796-521: The northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 census towns . The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta and the subdivision, on the east bank of the Hooghly River , is an alluvial stretch, with industrial development. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in
5880-420: The obliquity (tilt) of the Earth's Equator and rotational axis, the inclination of the plane of the lunar orbit and the elliptical shape of the Earth's orbit of the Sun. A compound tide (or overtide) results from the shallow-water interaction of its two parent waves. Because the M 2 tidal constituent dominates in most locations, the stage or phase of a tide, denoted by the time in hours after high water,
5964-426: The oceans, but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present. For example, the shape of the solid part of the Earth is affected slightly by Earth tide , though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements. Four stages in the tidal cycle are named: Oscillating currents produced by tides are known as tidal streams or tidal currents . The moment that
6048-411: The predicted times and amplitude (or " tidal range "). The predictions are influenced by many factors including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, the phase and amplitude of the tide (pattern of tides in the deep ocean), the amphidromic systems of the oceans, and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry (see Timing ). They are however only predictions, the actual time and height of
6132-408: The problem from the perspective of a static system (equilibrium theory), that provided an approximation that described the tides that would occur in a non-inertial ocean evenly covering the whole Earth. The tide-generating force (or its corresponding potential ) is still relevant to tidal theory, but as an intermediate quantity (forcing function) rather than as a final result; theory must also consider
6216-474: The saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop. In 2013-14, there were 29 fertiliser depots, 24 seed stores and 44 fair price shops in the Budge Budge II CD block. In 2013-14, the Budge Budge II CD block produced 7,312 tonnes of Aman paddy , the main winter crop from 3,984 hectares, 6,514 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2,167 hectares. In
6300-486: The same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011. Languages of Budge Budge II block (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 98.18% of the population spoke Bengali and 1.79% Hindi as their first language. According to the Human Development Report for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Budge Budge II CD block the percentage of households below poverty line was 34.04%. In
6384-448: The sense of the contour level of a particular low pressure in the outer atmosphere. In most locations, the largest constituent is the principal lunar semi-diurnal , also known as the M2 tidal constituent or M 2 tidal constituent . Its period is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a tidal lunar day , which is the average time separating one lunar zenith from the next, and thus
6468-443: The tidal current ceases is called slack water or slack tide . The tide then reverses direction and is said to be turning. Slack water usually occurs near high water and low water, but there are locations where the moments of slack tide differ significantly from those of high and low water. Tides are commonly semi-diurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or diurnal (one tidal cycle per day). The two high waters on
6552-399: The tide is affected by wind and atmospheric pressure . Many shorelines experience semi-diurnal tides—two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations have a diurnal tide—one high and low tide each day. A "mixed tide"—two uneven magnitude tides a day—is a third regular category. Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors, which determine
6636-494: The tides. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was the first person to explain tides as the product of the gravitational attraction of astronomical masses. His explanation of the tides (and many other phenomena) was published in the Principia (1687) and used his theory of universal gravitation to explain the lunar and solar attractions as the origin of the tide-generating forces. Newton and others before Pierre-Simon Laplace worked
6720-421: The total number of literate persons in the Budge Budge II CD block was 135,428 (79.13% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 73,573 (83.75% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 61,855 (74.26% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 9.49%. According to the 2011 Census of India , literacy in
6804-481: The total population, and non-workers numbered 122,592 and formed 63.81% of the population. The District Human Development Report points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarbans settlements, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In
6888-480: The work " Histoire de la mission de pères capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines ", where he exposed that the Tupinambá people already had an understanding of the relation between the Moon and the tides before Europe. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) led the first systematic harmonic analysis of tidal records starting in 1867. The main result was the building of a tide-predicting machine using
6972-482: Was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. Scheduled Castes at 38,059 formed around one-fourth the population. The Scheduled Tribes numbered 1,423. Census Towns in the Budge Budge II CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Chak Kashipur (12,035), Chak Alampur (11,144), Bowali (10,968), Dakshin Raypur (14,076) and Poali (8,657). Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in
7056-636: Was 705 (69.87% of the population over 6 years). Nadakhali police station serves a population of 192,118, spread over parts of the Budge Budge I and the Budge Budge II CD blocks. A short stretch of local roads link Nadakhali to the Budge Budge Trunk Road. Budge Budge railway station is located nearby. Howri Dinanath School, located nearby, in a Bengali-medium high school with facilities from class V to class X. Lakshmibala Dutta Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at Bakrahat ,
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