55-579: Norman Creek may refer to: Norman Creek (footballer) , an English footballer Norman Creek (Queensland) , a stream in Queensland, Australia Norman Creek (Missouri) , a stream in the Missouri, United States Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Norman Creek . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
110-672: A Territorial Force battalion of the Durham Light Infantry , until being seconded to the Royal Flying Corps on 8 December 1917 to serve as a flying officer (observer). He was subsequently awarded the Military Cross , which was gazetted on 10 May 1918. His citation read: On 1 August 1919 Creek was awarded a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force with the rank of lieutenant . However, he
165-460: A "platoon" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects. Students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes. Co-teaching has also become
220-518: A common understanding. For example, the European Union has identified three broad areas of competences that teachers require: Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings: It has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to invigorate their teaching of
275-409: A group that included priests , religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers. It is important to note, however, that this British study is the only one of its kind and consisted of "a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study" and that the questions referred to "sexual abuse with a professional," not necessarily a teacher. It
330-527: A heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout . A 2000 study found that 42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers. There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing
385-403: A new trend amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning. Throughout
440-615: A punishment essay, or sit quietly. A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline. Whilst this
495-409: A recognized body before they can teach in a school. In many countries, elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education specialty track, obtain the prerequisite "student-teaching" time, and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation. In addition to certification, many educational institutions especially within
550-523: A school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors . The objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning, including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills , knowledge or thinking skills. Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy . When deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by
605-491: A school or other place of initial formal education or training. A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy , craftsmanship or vocational training , the arts , religion , civics , community roles, or life skills. Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, and assessing pupil progress. A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of
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#1732780696793660-462: A teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has argued that it is necessary to develop a shared definition of the skills and knowledge required by teachers, in order to guide teachers' career-long education and professional development. Some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such
715-424: A teacher's enthusiasm has been shown to improve motivation and increase task engagement, it does not necessarily improve learning outcomes or memory for the material. There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning
770-492: A willingness to play. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college . These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy , the science of teaching. Teachers, like other professionals, may have to, or choose to, continue their education after they qualify, a process known as continuing professional development . The issue of teacher qualifications
825-456: Is a highly complex activity. This is partially because teaching is a social practice, that takes place in a specific context (time, place, culture, socioeconomic situation etc.) and therefore is shaped by the values of that specific context. Factors that influence what is expected (or required) of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, accepted theories about learning, etc. The competences required by
880-400: Is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office. Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. Currently detention is one of
935-553: Is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all. Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students. The result of this
990-485: Is linked to the status of the profession. In some societies, teachers enjoy a status on a par with physicians , lawyers , engineers , and accountants , in others, the status of the profession is low. In the twentieth century, many intelligent women were unable to get jobs in corporations or governments so many chose teaching as a default profession. As women become more welcomed into corporations and governments today, it may be more difficult to attract qualified teachers in
1045-464: Is not sufficient interests to enter the profession. An organisation in India called Centre for Teacher Accreditation (CENTA) is working to reduce this hazard, by trying to open opportunities for teachers in India. There are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by
1100-610: Is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in East Asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education. It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan , for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior
1155-447: Is that motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources. Given the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate. Sudbury-model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools
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#17327806967931210-423: Is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline (refer to Canter Model of Discipline ). Such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently. This viewpoint
1265-550: Is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the United Kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable. The AAUW study, however, posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers. "The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students". Its reliability
1320-460: The England team came on 10 May 1923, when he scored in a 4–1 victory over France although he also won five caps for the England amateur team, scoring four goals on his debut. Between 1923 and 1954, he worked as a schoolteacher at Dauntsey's School , Wiltshire teaching "games" and Geography, during which time he also played cricket for Wiltshire . While at the school, he helped organise
1375-761: The Local Defence Volunteers . He was also a cricket writer for the Daily Telegraph , and wrote various books including " A History of the Corinthian Football Club " (1933) and " Centre Half – Attack or Defence ?". Creek returned to military service during the Second World War, being granted a commission for the duration of hostilities as an acting pilot officer on probation in the Training Branch of
1430-754: The Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve on 9 March 1941. He was confirmed in his rank on 9 September. On 28 May 1943, by which time he was an acting flight lieutenant, Creek was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire . After retiring from playing he continued his association with the England amateur team as their manager. He also managed the Great Britain Olympic Football Team during
1485-405: The history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment . While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent , with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them. In past times, corporal punishment ( spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of
1540-588: The 1950s and 1960s, whilst working for the Football Association . Schoolteacher A teacher , also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator , is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge , competence, or virtue , via the practice of teaching . Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. when showing a colleague how to perform a specific task). In some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within
1595-401: The bench and into the game." Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during
1650-430: The classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls , help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities . They also have the legal duty to protect students from harm, such as that which may result from bullying, sexual harassment, racism or abuse. In some education systems, teachers may be responsible for student discipline . Teaching
1705-652: The college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college members. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education , the Superintendent of Public Instruction , the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies. In still other areas Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties. Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct , has been getting increased scrutiny from
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1760-465: The course materials every day. Teachers who cover the same curriculum repeatedly may find it challenging to maintain their enthusiasm, lest their boredom with the content bore their students in turn. Enthusiastic teachers are rated higher by their students than teachers who did not show much enthusiasm for the course materials. Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm are more likely to have engaged, interested and energetic students who are curious about learning
1815-545: The enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material. Finally, the concept of emotional contagion may also apply: students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher. Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on
1870-753: The entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws, is a school in which community discipline prevails, and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops, against other schools today, where rules are arbitrary, authority is absolute, punishment is capricious, and due process of law is unknown. Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress , which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with
1925-425: The family ( homeschooling ), rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching (e.g. youth worker, pastor). In most countries, formal teaching of students is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed , as their main role, to teach others in a formal education context, such as at
1980-434: The future. Teachers are often required to undergo a course of initial education at a College of Education to ensure that they possess the necessary knowledge, competences and adhere to relevant codes of ethics . There are a variety of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many teachers' colleges exist; they may be controlled by government or by
2035-1014: The kind of relationship they build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement. Here, personal success is a student's internal goal of improving themselves, whereas academic success includes the goals they receive from their superior. A teacher must guide their student in aligning their personal goals with their academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions. Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers. Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate
2090-561: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Creek&oldid=742308350 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Norman Creek (footballer) Frederick Norman Smith Creek MBE , MC (12 January 1898 – 26 July 1980)
2145-558: The media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career. A study in England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional,
2200-894: The most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world. Most Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution. 30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South ) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , Oklahoma , Tennessee and Texas . Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools
2255-458: The most common punishments in schools in the United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day (such as lunch, recess or after school); or even to attend school on a non-school day, e.g. "Saturday detention" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or
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2310-429: The needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many different ways, hence, using a pedagogy of teaching styles . Second, the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of their students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly. For example, an experienced teacher and parent described
2365-457: The place of a teacher in learning as follows: "The real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop. The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all. This function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off
2420-415: The preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else. Primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically passed by
2475-452: The relevant authority. Many times, teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips. The increasing use of technology , specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade, has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom . The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan , or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by
2530-425: The relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities . Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet
2585-450: The sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape "is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about." This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession. This has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers. Teachers facilitate student learning, often in
2640-431: The subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher's enthusiasm may contribute to the student's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning. Also, enthusiasm may act as a "motivational embellishment", increasing a student's interest by the variety, novelty, and surprise of
2695-503: The subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom. Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn. But even while
2750-662: The teaching profession itself. They are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying , governing, quality controlling, and enforcing standards of practice for the teaching profession. The functions of the teachers' colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs. In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with
2805-411: The week and may have ten or more different teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day. This is true throughout most of the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as
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#17327806967932860-430: The work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses, may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers. Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling, are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers. Apart from this, teachers are often not given sufficient opportunities for professional growth or promotions. This leads to some stagnancy, as there
2915-593: Was an English amateur footballer who was associated with the Corinthian amateur team for many years. He made one appearance as a centre forward for the full England team and five for the England amateur team . Creek was born in Darlington , County Durham , and first played representative football for Darlington Grammar School . During the First World War he served as a second lieutenant in
2970-498: Was gauged at 95% with a 4% margin of error. In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave , Pamela Rogers Turner , and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct. Chris Keates , the general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers , said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on
3025-531: Was transferred to the unemployed list on 12 September 1919, and his permanent commission cancelled on the 16th. He then went up to Cambridge University where he won his first " Blue " in 1920. Injury prevented him playing in 1921, but he earned his second blue the following year. He first began playing for Corinthian in 1919 and remained associated with the club until the 1930s. He signed amateur forms with Darlington and made two Football League appearances between 1922 and 1924. His solitary appearance for
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