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45-560: The scientists at the NC Research Campus are known for research that explores the health benefits of plant phytochemicals , nutrients such as choline and the impact of nutrition and exercise on human performance. Research also involves the study of nutrients and plant-based compounds to prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes. The North Carolina Research Campus is located in Kannapolis, NC, near Charlotte. As

90-417: A substance used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals , plants , fungi and protists . Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures such as hair , scales , feathers , or exoskeletons . Some nutrients can be metabolically converted into smaller molecules in

135-527: A 10,000-square-foot laboratory with office space on the third floor of the building. In 2017, Ideal Health Biotechnology opened its first office at the North Carolina Research Campus. R&S Chemicals and Klear Optix join the North Carolina Research Campus. Catawba College joined in partnership with the North Carolina Research Campus to assist with marketing and business development projects. The Standard Process Center for Excellence

180-560: A 60,000 square foot Class A medical office building opened with Carolinas Healthcare System as the main tenant. In November 2015, Mark Spitzer was chosen by Murdock to be the new Vice President of Operations for Castle & Cooke North Carolina. In December, Kannapolis dedicates the City Hall & Police Headquarters, a 100,000 square-foot facility standing opposite the David H. Murdock Core Laboratory, on land donated by Murdock. BioArmor,

225-462: A company that employs nanotechnology to produce hand sanitizers that do not use alcohol, leased space in the David H. Murdock Core Laboratory in 2016. Discovery MS, a non-profit research initiative housed in the David H. Murdock Research Institute, launches with an announcement of several ongoing multiple sclerosis research projects. Ei, A Pharmaceutical Solutionworks begins moving a 24-person research and development team, known as Endev Laboratories, into

270-510: A deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes such as the United States Dietary Reference Intake , are based on the amount required to prevent deficiency and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and upper limits of intake. In many countries, regulations require that food product labels display information about

315-593: A dietary inadequacy". In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for vitamin C , recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India to 155 mg/day for the European Union. The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for

360-597: A dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment. Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from air and soil as carbon dioxide and water. Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants: these are macronutrients; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and

405-622: A lady specialized in poisons, and Livia , who is rumored to have used it to kill her husband Emperor Augustus . Other uses include perfumes , such as the sequiterpene santolols , from sandalwood . The English yew tree was long known to be extremely and immediately toxic to animals that grazed on its leaves or children who ate its berries; however, in 1971, paclitaxel was isolated from it, subsequently becoming an important cancer drug . The biological activities for most phytochemicals are unknown or poorly understood, in isolation or as part of foods. Phytochemicals with established roles in

450-624: A nutrient does harm to an organism. In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of

495-401: A scientific community of eight universities, the David H. Murdock Research Institute, global companies and entrepreneurs, the shared mission is to improve human health through nutrition. Research and development focuses on safer, more nutritious crops, healthier foods and precision nutrition. The textile mill then known as Cannon Mills , the largest manufacturer of home textiles in the world,

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540-522: A significant impact on health. Dietary fiber is not absorbed in the human digestive tract. Soluble fiber is metabolized to butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids by bacteria residing in the large intestine. Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a prebiotic function with claims for promoting "healthy" intestinal bacteria. Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) is not an essential nutrient, but it does supply approximately 29 kilojoules (7 kilocalories) of food energy per gram. For spirits (vodka, gin, rum, etc.)

585-726: A standard serving in the United States is 44 millilitres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 US fluid ounces), which at 40%   ethanol (80   proof) would be 14 grams and 410 kJ (98 kcal). At 50%   alcohol, 17.5 g and 513 kJ (122.5 kcal). Wine and beer contain a similar amount of ethanol in servings of 150 and 350 mL (5 and 12 US fl oz), respectively, but these beverages also contribute to food energy intake from components other than ethanol. A 150 mL (5 US fl oz) serving of wine contains 420 to 540 kJ (100 to 130 kcal). A 350 mL (12 US fl oz) serving of beer contains 400 to 840 kJ (95 to 200 kcal). According to

630-655: A term, phytochemicals is generally used to describe plant compounds that are under research with unestablished effects on health, and are not essential nutrients . Regulatory agencies governing food labeling in Europe and the United States have provided guidance for industry to limit or prevent health claims about phytochemicals on food product or nutrition labels . Phytochemicals are chemicals of plant origin. Phytochemicals (from Greek phyto , meaning "plant") are chemicals produced by plants through primary or secondary metabolism . They generally have biological activity in

675-437: Is thermal decomposition . A converse exists in the case of carotenoids , such as lycopene present in tomatoes , which may remain stable or increase in content from cooking due to liberation from cellular membranes in the cooked food. Food processing techniques like mechanical processing can also free carotenoids and other phytochemicals from the food matrix, increasing dietary intake. In some cases, processing of food

720-445: Is a component of Vitamin B 12 which is essential. There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as boron and silicon . Choline is an essential nutrient. The cholines are a family of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds . Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to

765-559: Is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to several causes, including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any of several conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism. Some of the conditions that can interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater-than-normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion. Nutrient toxicity occurs when excess consumption of

810-795: Is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a dietary source. Apart from water , which is universally required for the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals, essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular metabolic processes and for the maintenance and function of tissues and organs. The nutrients considered essential for humans comprise nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen vitamins , fifteen minerals and choline . In addition, there are several molecules that are considered conditionally essential nutrients since they are indispensable in certain developmental and pathological states. An essential amino acid

855-597: Is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids. Sulfur is essential, but again does not have a recommended intake. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine . The essential nutrient trace elements for humans, listed in order of Recommended Dietary Allowance (expressed as a mass), are potassium , chloride , sodium , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , iron , zinc , manganese , copper , iodine , chromium , molybdenum , and selenium . Additionally, cobalt

900-469: Is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized de novo by it, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. Out of the twenty standard protein-producing amino acids, nine cannot be endogenously synthesized by humans: phenylalanine , valine , threonine , tryptophan , methionine , leucine , isoleucine , lysine , and histidine . Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because

945-759: Is announced and will open in 2019 on the first floor of the laboratory building. The North Carolina Food Processing & Innovation Center, a partnership with the NC State and the NC Department of Agriculture, was announced as another tenant in the building. Phytochemical Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants , generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals. The name comes from Greek φυτόν (phyton)  'plant'. Some phytochemicals have been used as poisons and others as traditional medicine . As

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990-500: Is conditional, as people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, synthesize vitamin D in the skin. Minerals are the exogenous chemical elements indispensable for life. Although the four elements: carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen ( CHON ) are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen

1035-1045: Is essential to humans and some animal species but most other animals and many plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be organic or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as iron , selenium , and zinc , while organic nutrients include, protein, fats, sugars and vitamins. A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into macronutrients and micronutrients . Consumed in relatively large amounts ( grams or ounces ), macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats , proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts ( milligrams or micrograms ); they have subtle biochemical and physiological roles in cellular processes, like vascular functions or nerve conduction . Inadequate amounts of essential nutrients or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in

1080-625: Is limited or absent. For example, systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses indicate weak or no evidence for phytochemicals from plant food consumption having an effect on breast , lung , or bladder cancers. Further, in the United States, regulations exist to limit the language on product labels for how plant food consumption may affect cancers, excluding mention of any phytochemical except for those with established health benefits against cancer, such as dietary fiber , vitamin A , and vitamin C . Phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, have been specifically discouraged from food labeling in Europe and

1125-399: Is necessary to remove phytotoxins or antinutrients; for example societies that use cassava as a staple have traditional practices that involve some processing (soaking, cooking, fermentation, etc.), which are necessary to avoid getting sick from cyanogenic glycosides present in unprocessed cassava. Essential nutrients This is an accepted version of this page A nutrient is

1170-532: Is no evidence that taking dietary supplements of non-nutrient phytochemicals extracted from plants similarly benefits health. Phytochemical supplements are neither recommended by health authorities for improving health nor approved by regulatory agencies for health claims on product labels. While health authorities encourage consumers to eat diets rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains , legumes , and nuts to improve and maintain health, evidence that such effects result from specific, non-nutrient phytochemicals

1215-643: Is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. PRI Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed. Upper Limit Tolerable upper intake levels. ND ULs have not been determined. NE EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient). Plant nutrients consist of more than

1260-501: The European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher-than-average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is insufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Countries establish tolerable upper intake levels , also referred to as upper limits (ULs), based on amounts that cause adverse effects. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For

1305-970: The U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on NHANES 2013–2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8   grams of alcohol per day and men consume on average 15.5 grams per day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol contributions to daily food energy intake are 200 and 450 kJ (48 and 108 kcal), respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered empty calorie foods because, while providing energy, they contribute no essential nutrients. By definition, phytochemicals include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants. Included as nutritional constituents are provitamin A carotenoids , whereas those without nutrient status are diverse polyphenols , flavonoids , resveratrol , and lignans that are present in numerous plant foods. Some phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health. However,

1350-546: The U.S. values, except calcium and vitamin D, all data date from 1997 to 2004. * The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above

1395-459: The UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs may differ based on source. EAR U.S. Estimated Average Requirements. RDA U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. AI U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there

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1440-654: The United States because there is no evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between dietary polyphenols and inhibition or prevention of any disease. Among carotenoids such as the tomato phytochemical, lycopene , the US Food and Drug Administration found insufficient evidence for its effects on any of several cancer types, resulting in limited language for how products containing lycopene can be described on labels. Phytochemicals in freshly harvested plant foods may be degraded by processing techniques, including cooking. The main cause of phytochemical loss from cooking

1485-506: The absorption of nutrients. Others, such as some polyphenols and flavonoids, may be pro-oxidants in high ingested amounts. Non- digestible dietary fibers from plant foods, often considered as a phytochemical, are now generally regarded as a nutrient group having approved health claims for reducing the risk of some types of cancer and coronary heart disease . Eating a diet high in fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes and plant-based beverages has long-term health benefits, but there

1530-836: The amino function. Healthy humans fed artificially composed diets that are deficient in choline develop fatty liver, liver damage, and muscle damage. Choline was not initially classified as essential because the human body can produce choline in small amounts through phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include premature birth , limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states. Inositol , taurine , arginine , glutamine and nucleotides are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism. Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have

1575-679: The amount of any macronutrients and micronutrients present in the food in significant quantities. Nutrients in larger quantities than the body needs may have harmful effects. Edible plants also contain thousands of compounds generally called phytochemicals which have unknown effects on disease or health including a diverse class with non-nutrient status called polyphenols which remain poorly understood as of 2024. Macronutrients are defined in several ways. Macronutrients provide energy: Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve metabolic and physiological functions . An essential nutrient

1620-475: The body are classified as essential nutrients . The phytochemical category includes compounds recognized as essential nutrients, which are naturally contained in plants and are required for normal physiological functions , so must be obtained from the diet in humans. Some phytochemicals are known phytotoxins that are toxic to humans; for example aristolochic acid is carcinogenic at low doses. Some phytochemicals are antinutrients that interfere with

1665-1006: The body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid ) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid ). Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as vitamers . The vitamers of a given vitamin perform the functions of that vitamin and prevent symptoms of deficiency of that vitamin. Vitamins are those essential organic molecules that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as enzymatic cofactors , metabolic regulators or antioxidants . Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g. vitamin E includes tocopherols and tocotrienols ): vitamins A, C, D, E, K, thiamine (B 1 ), riboflavin (B 2 ), niacin (B 3 ), pantothenic acid (B 5 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), biotin (B 7 ), folate (B 9 ), and cobalamin (B 12 ). The requirement for vitamin D

1710-667: The mill closed. This resulted in the largest mass layoff in North Carolina history, affecting 4,800 workers. Along with support from the State of North Carolina and the University of North Carolina System, Murdock announced the establishment of the North Carolina Research Campus. Murdock acquired the Pillowtex site and demolished the mill. Construction started quickly on the campus after the six-million-square-foot textile mill

1755-649: The origin plant, followed by defining their structure or testing in laboratory model systems, such as in vitro studies using cell lines or in vivo studies using laboratory animals . Challenges in that field include isolating specific compounds and determining their structures, which are often complex, and identifying what specific phytochemical is primarily responsible for any given biological activity. Without specific knowledge of their cellular actions or mechanisms, phytochemicals have been used as poison and in traditional medicine . For example, salicin , having anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties,

1800-896: The plant host and play a role in plant growth or defense against competitors, pathogens, or predators. Phytochemicals are generally regarded as research compounds rather than essential nutrients because proof of their possible health effects has not been established yet. Phytochemicals under research can be classified into major categories, such as carotenoids and polyphenols , which include phenolic acids , flavonoids , stilbenes or lignans . Flavonoids can be further divided into groups based on their similar chemical structure, such as anthocyanins , flavones , flavanones , isoflavones , and flavanols . Flavanols are further classified as catechins , epicatechins , and proanthocyanidins . In total, between 50,000 and 130,000 phytochemicals have been discovered. Phytochemists study phytochemicals by first extracting and isolating compounds from

1845-701: The process of releasing energy such as for carbohydrates , lipids , proteins and fermentation products ( ethanol or vinegar ) leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide . All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins , a subset of fatty acids , vitamins and certain minerals . Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host. Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C )

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1890-405: The qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties in vivo is that they must first be defined with a Dietary Reference Intake level to enable accurate food labeling, a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to provide antioxidant benefits. See Vitamin , Mineral (nutrient) , Protein (nutrient) An inadequate amount of a nutrient

1935-684: Was demolished in 2004. The first building, the 311,000 square-foot David H. Murdock Research Core Laboratory, opened in 2008 along with the North Carolina State University Plants for Human Health Institute building and the UNC Chapel Hill Nutrition Research Institute building. The headquarters of the Cabarrus Health Alliance, the regional public health authority, opened in 2012. The following year,

1980-461: Was originally extracted from the bark of the white willow tree and later synthetically produced to become the common, over-the-counter drug aspirin . The tropane alkaloids of Atropa belladonna were used as poisons, and early humans made poisonous arrows from the plant. In Ancient Rome , it was used as a poison by Agrippina the Younger , wife of Emperor Claudius on advice of Locusta ,

2025-407: Was purchased by David H. Murdock , chairman and owner of Dole Food Company , in 1982. Murdock's firm Pacific Holding Company sold the mill to Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. in 1986, and it became known as Fieldcrest Cannon. It was later sold to Pillowtex Corporation in 1997. Murdock retained substantial property holdings in Kannapolis after the sale. Pillowtex Corporation filed for bankruptcy in 2003, and

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