41-671: The North Fork Flathead River ( Ktunaxa : kqaskanmituk ) is a 153-mile (246 km) river flowing through British Columbia , Canada , south into the U.S. state of Montana . It is one of the three primary forks of the Flathead River , the main inflow of Flathead Lake and a tributary of the Columbia River via the Clark Fork River and the Pend Oreille River . The river is sometimes considered
82-539: A language isolate , unrelated to the Salishan family of languages spoken by neighboring tribes on the coast and in the interior Plateau. The Kutenai also speak ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam , Ktunaxa Sign Language. Kutenai is typically considered a language isolate . There have been attempts to place Kutenai in either a Macro- Algonquian or Macro- Salishan language family, most recently with Salish, but they have not been generally accepted as proven. Like other languages in
123-465: A broad glacial valley. The river then crosses the Canada–US border into the state of Montana, where it begins to delineate the western boundary of Glacier National Park . Roughly following the "inner" and "outer" North Fork Roads and Montana Secondary Highway 486 , the river winds southwest past Kintla Lake , Bowman Lake , Quartz Lake , Logging Lake , and Lake McDonald , then turns west and south into
164-413: A given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context, with such allophones being called positional variants , but some allophones occur in free variation . Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme usually does not change the meaning of a word, but the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language perceive one phoneme in the language as
205-485: A language learning app available, and First Voices tutor. The FirstVoices Tutor provides lessons and practices in the given language. The Ktunaxa Language app, accessible for iOS and Android devices, is a Ktunaxa dictionary which uses the audio recordings of words and phrases, and provides flashcards with audio, of the vocabulary found on the FirstVoices website. The Ktunaxa nation aims to target younger generations with
246-888: A narrower valley before joining the Middle Fork Flathead River near the southwestern entrance of the national park, several miles northeast of Columbia Falls . Less than 6 miles (9.7 km) below this confluence, the combined river joins the South Fork Flathead River , forming the main Flathead River. Although the North Fork is designated as a National Wild and Scenic River (1975) in the United States, its greater length in BC (31 miles (50 km), not including headwaters forks)
287-497: A phoneme must be pronounced using a specific allophone in a specific situation or whether the speaker has the unconscious freedom to choose the allophone that is used. If a specific allophone from a set of allophones that correspond to a phoneme must be selected in a given context, and using a different allophone for a phoneme would cause confusion or make the speaker sound non-native, the allophones are said to be complementary . The allophones then complement each other, and one of them
328-814: A program called Headstart, which helps adults of children up to the age of six learn about teaching the Ktunaxa culture and language to their children. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation have founded the Salish Kootenai College , a tribal college on the Flathead reservation in Pablo, Montana. The college offers a certificate program in Native American studies, which requires that students have knowledge of
369-525: A single distinctive sound and are "both unaware of and even shocked by" the allophone variations that are used to pronounce single phonemes. The term "allophone" was coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf circa 1929. In doing so, he is thought to have placed a cornerstone in consolidating early phoneme theory. The term was popularized by George L. Trager and Bernard Bloch in a 1941 paper on English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within
410-452: A single phoneme. These descriptions are more sequentially broken down in the next section. Peter Ladefoged , a renowned phonetician , clearly explains the consonant allophones of English in a precise list of statements to illustrate the language behavior. Some of these rules apply to all the consonants of English; the first item on the list deals with consonant length, items 2 through 18 apply to only selected groups of consonants, and
451-762: A way to track which entities and concepts are particularly central/salient to a story being told and as a grammatical way of clarifying the roles of each entity in sentences with two third-person arguments: "Pronouns, nouns, verbs, and adverbs all take obviative markers", making it particularly different from some more well-known obviation systems (like the Algonquian one, which allows for obviation only on third-person animate nouns). Kutenai also makes use of an inverse system." The language has an overt copula , ʔin ' to be ' . Word order in Kutenai can be flexible in response to discourse and pragmatic concerns. As
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#1732793318293492-747: Is assimilation , in which a phoneme is to sound more like another phoneme. One example of assimilation is consonant voicing and devoicing , in which voiceless consonants are voiced before and after voiced consonants, and voiced consonants are devoiced before and after voiceless consonants. An allotone is a tonic allophone, such as the neutral tone in Standard Mandarin . There are many allophonic processes in English: lack of plosion, nasal plosion, partial devoicing of sonorants, complete devoicing of sonorants, partial devoicing of obstruents, lengthening and shortening vowels, and retraction. Because
533-438: Is also contrastive, so two words can be differentiated just by lengthening or shortening a vowel. Some such minimal pairs are the verbal stem 'to dig something up' [ʔakaːkʼuː] and the noun '(steel animal) trap' [ʔaːkaːkʼuː] and the verbal stem for 'to fall out in this direction/to fall out from somewhere' [ʔakmuːxuː] and 'the place where (someone is) sitting, one's place at a table' [ʔaːkmuːxuː] . Both pairs differ only in
574-449: Is not used in a situation in which the usage of another is standard. For complementary allophones, each allophone is used in a specific phonetic context and may be involved in a phonological process. In other cases, the speaker can freely select from free-variant allophones on personal habit or preference, but free-variant allophones are still selected in the specific context, not the other way around. Another example of an allophone
615-728: Is not. Water in the BC section remains relatively pure as there are no permanent residents or livestock in this drainage north of the border. In the 1940s the Glacier View Dam was proposed, which would have flooded much of the river's valley between Glacier View Mountain and the Canada–US border. Supported by Flathead Valley interests, the dam and reservoir were opposed by the National Park Service , as between 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) and 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) of park lands would have been flooded. The proposed dam
656-940: Is the case with many head-marking languages , it is rare to have both an overt subject and an overt object in a sentence since the morphology of the verb makes it clear who is acting on whom. Morgan states that if it is appropriate to express both arguments of a verb in a "neutral" context, VOS word order is preferred; however, it also alternates with VSO order. The pre-verbal position can be occupied by adverbs, as seen in these three examples: qa·kiⱡ ADV hiȼ'kiⱡ search -ni - IND hukiʔ louse/lice -s - OBV tiⱡna old woman qa·kiⱡ hiȼ'kiⱡ -ni hukiʔ -s tiⱡna ADV search -IND louse/lice -OBV {old woman} The old lady started looking for lice. pikʔak long ago -s OBV naqaʔi exist -ni - IND titkat' man qakⱡik called xaxa crow Allophone In phonology , an allophone ( / ˈ æ l ə f oʊ n / ; from
697-519: The Greek ἄλλος , állos , 'other' and φωνή , phōnē , 'voice, sound') is one of multiple possible spoken sounds – or phones – used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, the voiceless plosive [ t ] (as in stop [ˈstɒp] ) and the aspirated form [ tʰ ] (as in top [ˈtʰɒp] ) are allophones for
738-543: The Sahaptian languages , which have had a similar loss of laterals. Nez Perce has /ts/ , believed to be the lateral affricate in the proto-language. Nez Perce, like Kutenai, lies in the eastern periphery of the Northwest Linguistic area. Another typological analysis investigates the lexical category of preverbs in Kutenai. This lexical category distinguishes neighboring Algonquian languages , found to
779-485: The American structuralist tradition. Whenever a user's speech is vocalized for a given phoneme, it is slightly different from other utterances, even for the same speaker. That has led to some debate over how real and how universal phonemes really are (see phoneme for details). Only some of the variation is significant, by being detectable or perceivable, to speakers. There are two types of allophones, based on whether
820-572: The FirstVoices materials to teach fluency in the Kutenai language. One such example is the ʔAq̓am community of the Ktunaxa Nation, also known as St. Mary's band in Cranbrook, British Columbia, which has a private elementary school called the ʔaq̓amnikSchool. This school, as well as providing standard BC curriculum, teaches the Ktunaxa language and cultural traditions of the people to younger generations. It also has an after school program and
861-612: The Ktunaxa language, culture, history, territory, and worldview of who we are as Ktunaxanin̓tik”. While originally intended for the Ktunaxa community, the page has also inspired other Indigenous communities as well as non-Indigenous people to learn about Indigenous culture and language. The wupnik' natanik site is an online social networking site designed to create a space to connect Ktunaxa community members with their language, culture, and history. Community engagement on this platform has resulted in improved access to Ktunaxa font resources for web publishing, and collaboration on identifying
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#1732793318293902-406: The Ktunaxa people including Andrew Pierre, Numan Pierre, Joe Mission, Andrew Felix, and the major contributor from the community, a man referred to as Barnaby. Paul L. Garvin did various descriptive work describing the phonemics , morphology , and syllabification in Ktunaxa. He also has two sources of transcriptions of speakers talking. In 1991, Lawrence Richard Morgan wrote a description of
943-659: The Ktunaxa people. Through the use of social media, another example of Indigenous language revitalization efforts is the Instagram page KtunaxaPride created by Aiyana Twigg in the fall of 2020. Twigg, a Ktunaxa and Blackfoot student who recently graduated with a double major from her studies in First Nations and Endangered Languages and Anthropology from the University of British Columbia, stated that "this page will be dedicated to teaching, learning, and talking about
984-598: The Kutenai Language as his PhD dissertation through the University of California, Berkeley . This description is focused on how the language works and specifically defining the working parts of the language. Morgan's work is an exhaustive list of each grammatical particle , morpheme , and affix , with their respective environments and their varying forms. Kutenai has no phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. Vowel length in Ktunaxa
1025-609: The Rockies main campus is in Cranbrook B.C on the territory of the Ktunaxa people. As such, the college has collaborated with the Ktunaxa people for 40 years as of 2015 . As well as offering indigenous studies classes, the College of the Rockies offers basic Ktunaxa classes online, KTUN-101 and KTUN-102, using the FirstVoices website as the primary learning resource. They also offer a Ktunaxa Workshop for beginner learners providing basic phrases and pronunciation, and cultural information of
1066-581: The age of 65. As of 2012 , the Ktunaxa people in Canada are working on a language revitalization effort. Tribal councils from the separate communities of the Ktunaxa nation have contributed a selection of audio recordings of Kutenai words and phrases to the FirstVoices website, an online catalogue of the indigenous languages of North America. As of November 2017 , the Ktunaxa webpage had 2500 words and 1114 phrases archived, stories and songs recorded,
1107-419: The allophones is simple to transcribe, in the sense of not requiring diacritics, that representation is chosen for the phoneme. However, there may be several such allophones, or the linguist may prefer greater precision than that allows. In such cases, a common convention is to use the "elsewhere condition" to decide the allophone that stands for the phoneme. The "elsewhere" allophone is the one that remains once
1148-497: The area, Kutenai has a rich inventory of consonants and a small inventory of vowels, though there are allophones of the three basic phonemic vowels. The lack of a phonemic distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants is much as in other languages of the area. Because Kutenai is on the periphery of this linguistic area, the loss of a rich lateral inventory is consistent with other nearby languages, which now have only one or two lateral consonants. One such language group contains
1189-452: The choice among allophones is seldom under conscious control, few people realize their existence. English-speakers may be unaware of differences between a number of (dialect-dependent) allophones of the phoneme /t/ : In addition, the following allophones of /t/ are found in (at least) some dialects of American(ised) English; However, speakers may become aware of the differences if – for example – they contrast
1230-497: The conditions for the others are described by phonological rules. For example, English has both oral and nasal allophones of its vowels. The pattern is that vowels are nasal only before a nasal consonant in the same syllable; elsewhere, they are oral. Therefore, by the "elsewhere" convention, the oral allophones are considered basic, and nasal vowels in English are considered to be allophones of oral phonemes. In other cases, an allophone may be chosen to represent its phoneme because it
1271-426: The distinction. One may notice the (dialect-dependent) allophones of English /l/ such as the (palatal) alveolar "light" [l] of leaf [ˈliːf] as opposed to the velar alveolar "dark" [ɫ] in feel [ˈfiːɫ] found in the U.S. and Southern England. The difference is much more obvious to a Turkish -speaker, for whom /l/ and /ɫ/ are separate phonemes, than to an English speaker, for whom they are allophones of
North Fork Flathead River - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-667: The east of the Kootenay Rocky Mountains and near the Kutenai linguistic area. Another typological relationship Kutenai could have is the presence of its obviation system. In 1969, the Kutenai language was spoken by 446 registered Indians in Canada. As of 2021 , Statistics Canada reported 210 Ktunaxa speakers. Referring to the Ktunaxa Nation Council (KNC) Traditional Knowledge and Language program findings, Ktunaxa scholar Christopher Horsethief stated that 24 fluent speakers remain and all are over
1353-531: The history and culture of the Salish and Ktunaxa people. The curriculum also offers classes in basic Kutenai language pronunciation and grammar. Some sources suggest that the knowledge and preservation of the native communities' culture will contribute to the preservation of the communities language, but there is no evidence yet from the Salish Kootenai College to support this claim. College of
1394-401: The last item deals with the quality of a consonant. These descriptive rules are as follows: There are many examples for allophones in languages other than English. Typically, languages with a small phoneme inventory allow for quite a lot of allophonic variation: examples are Hawaiian and Pirahã . Here are some examples (the links of language names go to the specific article or subsection on
1435-485: The length of the first vowel, [a] vs [a:] . Kutenai is written in the Kutenai alphabet, which is derived from the Latin alphabet. In general terms, Kutenai is an agglutinative language, with many grammatical functions being served by both prefixes and suffixes , primarily on the verb, though some affixes select nouns as well. As mentioned above, a distinctive feature of Kutenai is its use of an obviation system as
1476-399: The phenomenon): Since phonemes are abstractions of speech sounds, not the sounds themselves, they have no direct phonetic transcription . When they are realized without much allophonic variation, a simple broad transcription is used. However, when there are complementary allophones of a phoneme, the allophony becomes significant and things then become more complicated. Often, if only one of
1517-497: The phoneme /t/ , while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some languages such as Central Thai . Similarly, in Spanish , [ d ] (as in dolor [doˈloɾ] ) and [ ð ] (as in nada [ˈnaða] ) are allophones for the phoneme /d/ , while these two are considered to be different phonemes in English (as in the difference between dare and there ). The specific allophone selected in
1558-450: The place and subjects of Ktunaxa historical photos. The first grammar of Kutenai was compiled by Roman Catholic missionary Philippo Canestrelli, and was published in 1894 in Latin . In 1918, Franz Boas published The Kutenai Tales, a transcription and translation of multiple Ktunaxa stories. The stories were gathered by Alexander F. Pierce in 1891 and Boas in 1914, and told by members of
1599-461: The pronunciations of the following words: A flame that is held in front of the lips while those words are spoken flickers more for the aspirated nitrate than for the unaspirated night rate. The difference can also be felt by holding the hand in front of the lips. For a Mandarin -speaker, for whom /t/ and /tʰ/ are separate phonemes, the English distinction is much more obvious than for an English-speaker, who has learned since childhood to ignore
1640-552: The upper headwaters of the Flathead River, although the North Fork is its official name in the U.S. Other naming conventions for the river include Flathead River - North Fork , North Fork of Flathead River , and North Fork of the Flathead River . The river originates in a valley northeast of Lake Koocanusa in the Clark Range , and flows west. It then meets the Continental Divide and turns south, winding through
1681-467: Was cancelled by 1950. [REDACTED] Media related to North Fork Flathead River at Wikimedia Commons Kutenai language The Kutenai language ( / ˈ k uː t ən eɪ , - i / ), also Kootenai , Kootenay , Ktunaxa , and Ksanka , is the native language of the Kutenai people of Montana and Idaho in the United States and British Columbia in Canada. It is typically considered