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49-588: The Wolf Pack play their home games at Harry Jerome Arena in North Vancouver. The team was founded in 2008 in Squamish, British Columbia as the Squamish Wolf Pack until relocating to North Vancouver in 2011. In the 2013-14 the team earned the most points and had their highest placing (2nd, Tom Shaw) in their division and earned their first playoff series win. The 2014–2015 season marked

98-687: A sister city arrangement with the following city: The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Squamish. Indian Reserves In Canada, an Indian reserve ( French : réserve indienne ) or First Nations reserve ( French : réserve des premières nations ) is defined by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty , that has been set apart by Her Majesty for

147-625: A change of 22.2% from its 2016 population of 19,497. With a land area of 104.71 km (40.43 sq mi), it had a population density of 227.5/km (589.2/sq mi) in 2021. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Squamish included: Squamish has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) with warm summers and moderately cold winters. Squamish is one of the wettest inhabited locations in Canada, with over 2,200 millimetres (87 in) of rainfall per year, often falling in long stretches through

196-598: A collection of books, CDs, DVDs, and magazines. It has an art for loan collection and an online historical archive of various photographs, periodicals, and other items. Nearby museums include the Britannia Mine Museum and the West Coast Railway Association . In 1998, Squamish was briefly the home of the world's first unionized McDonald's franchise, although the union was decertified by the summer of 1999. From 2010 until 2016,

245-584: A colony in 1858, also worked to establish many reserves on the mainland during his tenure, though most of these were overturned by successor colonial governments and later royal commissions once the province joined Confederation in 1871. In 1867, legislative jurisdiction over "Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians" was assigned to the Parliament of Canada through the Constitution Act, 1867 ,

294-420: A fact which has led many to be abandoned, or used only seasonally (as a trapping territory , for example). Statistics Canada counts only those reserves which are populated (or potentially populated) as "subdivisions" for the purpose of the national census . For the 2011 census, of the more than 3,100 Indian reserves across Canada, there were only 961 Indian reserves classified as census subdivisions (including

343-659: A major part of Canada's Constitution (originally known as the British North America Act ), which acknowledged that First Nations had special status. Separate powers covered "status and civil rights on the one hand and Indian lands on the other." In 1870, the newly formed Dominion government acquired Rupert's Land , a vast territory in British North America consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin that had been controlled by

392-405: A single government is responsible for more than one reserve. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves. Of the 637,660 First Nations people who reported being Registered Indians, nearly one-half (49.3%) lived on an Indian reserve. This proportion varies across the country. Many reserves have no resident population; typically they are small, remote, non-contiguous pieces of land,

441-426: A trust agreement with CMHC, and lenders can receive loans to build or repair houses. In other programs, loans to residents of reserves are guaranteed by the federal government. Provinces and municipalities may expropriate reserve land if specifically authorized by a provincial or federal law. Few reserves have any economic advantages, such as resource revenues. The revenues of those reserves that do are held in trust by

490-845: A very important role in public policy stakeholder consultations, particularly when reserves are located in areas that have valuable natural resources with potential for economic development. Beginning in the 1970s, First Nations gained "recognition of their constitutionally protected rights." First Nations' rights are protected by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 . By 2002, (Valiente) First Nations had already "finalised 14 comprehensive land claims and self-government agreements, with numerous others, primarily in northern Canada and British Columbia, at different stages of negotiations." Land claims and self-government agreements are "modern treaties" and therefore hold constitutional status. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), "places aboriginal participation on par with federal ministers and

539-521: A year. These are "public water systems managed by the federal government". There were also 18 communities that had "water issues for between two and 12 months." According to statistics gathered by Health Canada and the First Nations Health Authority , in 2015, there were "162 drinking water advisories in 118 First Nation communities". In October 2015, Neskantaga First Nation reported that its "20-year boil-water advisory"

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588-454: Is Canada's first private, non-profit, secular university, though only has an enrolment of less than 5000 students. Squamish is home to a variety of faiths. There are eleven churches and religious organizations, including several Christian denominations, as well as the Baháʼí Faith , and a Sikh temple. The Squamish Public Library is located in the downtown area, on Second Avenue. It houses

637-637: Is a community and a district municipality in the Canadian province of British Columbia , located at the north end of Howe Sound on the Sea to Sky Highway . The population of the Squamish census agglomeration , which includes First Nation reserves of the Squamish Nation although they are not governed by the municipality, is 24,232. Indigenous Squamish people have lived in the area for thousands of years. The town of Squamish had its beginning during

686-621: Is also a popular destination among Greater Vancouver hikers, mountaineers and backcountry skiers , who visit the large provincial parks in the surrounding Coast Mountains . The current mayor of Squamish is Armand Hurford, who won the 2022 election, after having served as a council member. Previous mayors have included Karen Elliot (2018-2022) Patricia Heintzman (2014-2018); Rob Kirkham (2011-2014); Greg Gardner (2008-2011); Ian Sutherland (2002–2008) among others. Current council members are Lauren Greenlaw, Eric Andersen, John French, Andrew Hamilton, Chris Pettingill, and Jenna Stoner. The municipality

735-888: Is an example of a reserve created in modern times. Another multi-band reserve of the Sto:lo peoples is Grass Indian Reserve No. 15 , which is located in the City of Chilliwack and is shared by nine bands. After the Royal Proclamation of 1763 but before Confederation in 1867, the Upper Canada Treaties (1764–1862 Ontario) and the Douglas Treaties (1850–1854 British Columbia) were signed. "Some of these pre-confederation and post-confederation treaties addressed reserve lands, hunting, fishing, trapping rights, annuities and other benefits." Governor James Douglas of British Columbia, which formally became

784-709: Is part of the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District . On the provincial level, Squamish is in the West Vancouver-Sea to Sky electoral district. The current MLA is Jeremy Valeriote (BC Green Party). He was elected in the 2024 provincial election after running and loosing to Jordan Sturdy ( BC Liberal Party ) in the 2020 provincial election by 41 votes. Federally, Squamish is a part of the West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country electoral district. It

833-721: Is represented by Patrick Weiler of the Liberal Party of Canada , who took office after the 2019 Canadian federal election . Squamish has five English language public elementary schools: Brackendale Elementary, Garibaldi Highlands Elementary, Mamquam Elementary, Squamish Elementary, and Valleycliffe Elementary. Under the Sea to Sky Learning Connections, the public schools district also manages Sea to Sky Online, Sea to Sky Alternative, Cultural Journeys, and Learning Expeditions. The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one Francophone primary school in that city:

882-661: Is the name of an old village that was located on the Cheakamus River . St’á7mes is a community located near the south entrance to the town of Squamish, which lies below the Stawamus Chief , which gets its name from that village. Mámx̱wem is where the Mamquam River name comes from as well. Squamish territory comprises 6,732 km², though lands controlled by the Squamish Nation band government are relatively scarce, and on Indian reserves only, though

931-744: The Anishinaabe and the Swampy Cree tribes. Treaty 1 First Nations comprise the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation , Fort Alexander ( Sagkeeng First Nation ), Long Plain First Nation , Peguis First Nation , Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation , Sandy Bay First Nation and Swan Lake First Nation . The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the Indian Act since its enactment in 1876 by

980-688: The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs stated there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi). According to Statistics Canada in 2011, there are more than 600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada and 3,100 Indian reserves/First Nations reserves across Canada. Examples include the Driftpile First Nation , which like many bands, has only one reserve, Driftpile River 150 . The Bear River First Nation , who govern Bear River 6 , Bear River 6A and Bear River 6B , are one of many examples where

1029-555: The Hudson's Bay Company under its Charter with the British Crown from 1670 to 1870. Numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The Dominion of Canada promised Britain to honour the provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to "negotiate with its Amerindians for the extinguishment of their title and the setting aside of reserves for their exclusive use." This promise led to

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1078-543: The Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations the right to "determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used is for the use and benefit of the band." Title to land within the reserve may be transferred to only the band or to individual band members. Reserve lands may not be seized legally, nor is the personal property of a band or a band member living on a reserve subject to "charge, pledge, mortgage, attachment, levy, seizure distress or execution in favour or at

1127-829: The Numbered Treaties . Between 1871 and 1921, through Numbered Treaties with First Nations, the Canadian government gained large areas of land for settlers and for industry in Northwestern Ontario , Northern Canada and in the Prairies . The treaties were also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties. Treaty 1 is an agreement established August 3, 1871, between the Crown and various First Nations in southeastern Manitoba , including

1176-739: The école Les Aiglons . There are two public secondary schools – Howe Sound Secondary School and Don Ross Middle School – as well as the board office for School District 48 Howe Sound . Squamish hosts three private schools: Squamish Montessori Elementary School , Cedar Valley Waldorf School , and Coast Mountain Academy for grades seven through 12. Coast Mountain Academy is located in the campus of Quest University. Capilano University offers post-secondary education through its Squamish campus, including diploma programs and university transfer courses. Quest University , which opened in September 2007,

1225-629: The British Columbia Hockey League. Bayne Koen took over as Head Coach and Elias Godoy became General Manager and assistant coach. Jamie Creamore, a former Wolf Pack Player became Assistant Coach. Grant Amman is the Trainer. Dean Samson is CEO. 2017 Grant Amman was named PJHL Trainer of the Year. Tanner Versluis Rookie of the Year. The John Brodie Scholarship Award 2017 recipients Shane Kumar and Jack Tadey. 2017-18 Season

1274-663: The Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 near Muncey, Ontario , which was formerly shared between them and the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation as a single parcel of land. Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as Pekw'Xe:yles , a reserve on the Fraser River used by 21 Indian bands that was formerly St. Mary's Indian Residential School and

1323-482: The Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 , provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians". Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve on Manitoulin Island is subject to the Indian Act provisions governing reserves even though its lands were never ceded to the Crown by treaty. The Indian Act gives

1372-539: The Squamish Nation must be, like other native governments, consulted on developments within their people's territory. Residents of Indian Reserves are not governed by the District of Squamish but by the Squamish Nation. The Squamish Nation's population and Indian Reserves also include villages in North Vancouver and a number of other reserves at Gibsons and elsewhere in the general region. The name Keh Kait

1421-958: The Staff: Bayne Koen Head Coach & Assistant General Manager. Jamie Creamore Assistant Coach. Grant Amman Trainer. Dean Samson General Manager and CEO. 2018 the Wolfpack won their second Pacific Junior Hockey League playoff championships. In 2019-20 the Wolf Pack became the first team in PJHL history to reach 40 wins in a single season Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against British Columbia Jr B Provincial Championships Squamish, British Columbia Squamish ( IPA: [skwɔːmɪʃ] ; Squamish : Sḵwx̱wú7mesh , IPA: [ˈsqʷχʷuː.ʔməʃ] ; 2021 census population 23,819)

1470-493: The areas surrounding the tributaries entering Howe Sound, Burrard Inlet, and English Bay. The word Squamish derives from the name of the people which in their language is Sḵwx̱wú7mesh . The people reside primarily on a number of Indian Reserves owned and managed by the Squamish Nation in the Squamish Valley area. A few places and names in the Squamish area derive from Squamish language words and names. Ch’iyáḵmesh

1519-577: The back to access the three peaks that make up the massif, all giving views of Howe Sound and the surrounding Coast Mountains. In all, between Shannon Falls , Murrin Park , The Malamute, and the Smoke Bluffs, there are over 1500 rock-climbing routes in the Squamish area (and another 300 or so climbs north of Squamish on the road to Whistler). In recent years, Squamish has also become a major destination for bouldering , with over 2500 problems described in

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1568-729: The best season in franchise history winning the PJHL Division Championship beating Richmond Sockeyes by 1 point for 1st in league and in Harold Britain Conference. 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 marked two of the best seasons in North Vancouver Wolfpack history. From 2008 to 2015 Matt Samson was the team's president, general manager and coach . For the 2015-16 Season Matt Samson was hired by the Merritt Centennials of

1617-589: The campus of Quest University . "The Double" is an award offered annually to the participant with the fastest combined time for both the Test of Metal and Arc'teryx Squamish 50. Other tourist attractions in Squamish include Shannon Falls waterfall; river-rafting on the Elaho and Squamish rivers; snowmobiling on nearby Brohm Ridge; and bald eagle viewing in the community of Brackendale , which has one of North America's largest populations of bald eagles. Squamish

1666-545: The construction of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway in the 1910s. It was the first southern terminus of that railway (now a part of CN ). The town remains important in the operations of the line and also the port. Forestry has traditionally been the main industry in the area, and the town's largest employer was the pulp mill operated by Western Forest Products . However, Western's operations in Squamish permanently ceased on January 26, 2006. Before

1715-464: The instance of any person other than an Indian or a band". While the act was intended to protect the Indian holdings, the limitations make it difficult for the reserves and their residents to obtain financing for development and construction, or renovation. To answer this need, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has created an on-reserve housing loan program. Members of bands may enter into

1764-528: The local guidebook. Kiteboarding and windsurfing are popular water sports in Squamish during the summer. Predictable wind on warm sunny days makes the Squamish Spit a top kiteboarding location in western Canada. Squamish's extensive quality trail system is a key feature of an annual 50-mile ultra trail run, the Squamish 50. Solo runners and relay teams run on many of the same trails as the Test of Metal, and pass through Alice Lake Provincial Park and

1813-489: The minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada . Reserve lands and the personal property of bands and resident band members are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation. Corporations owned by members of First Nations are not exempt, however. This exemption has allowed band members operating in proprietorships or partnerships to sell heavily taxed goods, such as cigarettes, on their reserves at prices considerably lower than those at stores off

1862-764: The municipality hosted the Squamish Valley Music Festival . Usually taking place in August, the event has hosted artists such as Eminem , Bruno Mars , Macklemore , and Arcade Fire . Squamish has been a filming location for a number of media works and is a very popular place to film movies and TV shows. Examples include the films Free Willy 3: The Rescue (1997), Insomnia (2002), Before I Fall (2015), Walking Tall (2004), Chaos Theory (2008), The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 (2011), The 12 Disasters of Christmas (2012), Star Trek Beyond (2016), Woody Woodpecker (2018),

1911-605: The provinces in the National Advisory Committee." Among other things, CEPA clarified the term "aboriginal land" in 3 (1): "The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act. "aboriginal land" means (a) reserves, surrendered lands and any other lands that are set apart for the use and benefit of a band and that are subject to the Indian Act ." Under sections 46–50 of the CEPA, Environment and Climate Change Canada 's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)

1960-414: The pulp mill, the town's largest employer had been International Forest Products ( Interfor ) with its sawmill and logging operation, but it closed a few years prior to the pulp mill's closing. In recent years, Squamish has become popular with Vancouver and Whistler residents escaping the increased cost of living in those places, both less than one hour away by highway. Tourism is increasingly important in

2009-591: The reserves. Most reserves are self-governed, within the limits already described, under guidelines established by the Indian Act . Due to treaty settlements, some Indian reserves are now incorporated as villages, such as Gitlaxt'aamiks , British Columbia, which like other Nisga'a reserves was relieved of that status by the Nisga'a Treaty . Similarly, the Indian reserves of the Sechelt Indian Band are now Indian government districts. Indian reserves play

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2058-775: The six reserves added for 2011). Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with urban Indian reserves . One band Chief and Council commonly administer more than one reserve, such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two reserves or the Lenape people (in Canada incorporated as the Munsee-Delaware Nation ), who occupy Munsee-Delaware Nation Indian Reserve No. 1. This consists of three non-contiguous parcels of land totalling 1,054 ha (2,600 acres) within

2107-594: The television series Men in Trees , The Guard , A&E's U.S. adaptation of The Returned , the Hallmark Channel 's Aurora Teagarden mysteries, and Netflix's Lost in Space reboot. Sneaky Sasquatch , an Apple Arcade game, is also based there. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Squamish had a population of 23,819 living in 9,191 of its 9,906 total private dwellings,

2156-408: The town's economy, with an emphasis on outdoor recreation. The Squamish people are an indigenous people whose homeland includes the present day area of Squamish, British Columbia. Oral stories and archaeological evidence show that they have lived there for thousands of years. They have inhabited an area of southwestern British Columbia that includes North and West Vancouver, Howe Sound, Whistler,

2205-456: The use and benefit of a band ." Reserves are areas set aside for First Nations , one of the major groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada , after a contract with the Canadian state (" the Crown "), and are not to be confused with Indigenous peoples' claims to ancestral lands under Aboriginal title . A single "band" (First Nations government) may control one reserve or several, while other reserves are shared between multiple bands. In 2003,

2254-715: The winter. Carbon Engineering , a company focusing on the commercialization of direct air capture technology, is headquartered in Squamish. A $ 5.1 billion electric liquefied natural gas export facility is being built in the area. Public transportation is provided by the Squamish Transit System ; this service is free over the summer to students at school age (elementary and secondary). Regional flights are operated from Squamish Airport (YSE) with daily bus service to Vancouver International Airport (YVR) provided by YVR Skylynx for international departures. Neighbourhoods of Squamish include: Squamish has

2303-407: Was "the longest running drinking water advisory in Canada." Shoal Lake 40 First Nation was under an 18-year boil water advisory. By 2006, nearly 100 Indian reserves had boil-water advisories and many others had substandard water. Ḵwiḵwa̱sut'inux̱w Ha̱xwa'mis First Nation , on Vancouver Island , had a boil-water advisory beginning in 1997. In October 2005, "high E. coli levels were found in

2352-636: Was initiated. NPRI is the inventory of "pollutants released, disposed of and sent for recycling by facilities across the country". The NPRI is used by First Nation administrations on reserves, along with other research tools, to monitor pollution. For example, NPRI data showed the Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia, Ontario, was "ground zero for Ontario's heaviest load of air pollution." By December 21, 2017, there were 67 long-term boil-water advisories that had been in effect for longer than

2401-468: Was the traditional name for the site of downtown Squamish. Squamish is known for mountain biking , hiking , climbing , kiteboarding , and more. Attractions include the Stawamus Chief , a huge cliff-faced granite massif favoured by rock climbers. As well as over 300 climbing routes on the Chief proper, a majority of which require traditional climbing protection , there are steep hiking trails around

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