The Halmahera rain forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in Indonesia . The ecoregion includes the island of Halmahera and neighboring islands, including Bacan , Morotai , the Obi Islands , Ternate , Tidore , Gebe , and many smaller islands.
7-467: Halmahera is the largest island in the ecoregion, with an area of 17,780 km². The islands are mountainous, and portions are volcanic in origin. Several volcanoes are still active, including Mount Gamkonora (1,560 m) the highest peak on Halmahera. The islands that make up the ecoregion are part of Wallacea , a group of islands that are part of the Australasian realm , but were never joined to either
14-459: A tropical rain forest climate. The main plant communities tropical lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forest. Syzygium aromaticum is native to the ecoregion, and its aromatic flower buds are the source of the spice clove . Myristica fragrans , another native, is the source of nutmeg and mace, which are derived from its seeds. Both trees are widely cultivated on the islands. The recently discovered palm tree Jailoloa halmaherensis
21-475: Is also home to the world's largest bee, Wallace's giant bee ( Megachile pluto ). A 2017 assessment found that 2,052 km², or 8%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Almost two-thirds of the unprotected area is still forested. Protected areas include Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park on Halmahera (1,673 km²). Mount Gamkonora Mount Gamkonora is a stratovolcano on Halmahera island, Indonesia . With an elevation of 1,560 metres (5,118 ft), it
28-567: Is endemic to Halmahera. The ecoregion is home to 38 mammal species. Seven species are endemic – the ornate cuscus ( Phalanger ornatus ), Rothschild's cuscus ( Phalanger rothschildi ), Gebe cuscus ( Phalanger alexandrae ), blue-eyed cuscus ( Phalanger matabiru ), masked flying fox ( Pteropus personatus ), Obi mosaic-tailed rat ( Melomys obiensis ), and Molaccan prehensile-tailed rat ( Rattus morotaiensis ). Cuscuses are arboreal marsupials with origins in Australasia. The ecoregion
35-609: Is home to 223 bird species. It corresponds to the Northern Maluku endemic bird area. 23 species are endemic to the ecoregion. The endemics include four birds which are the only species in their genera , including the elusive invisible rail ( Habroptila wallacii ), the white-streaked friarbird ( Melitograis gilolensis ), and two birds of paradise, the Halmahera paradise-crow ( Lycocorax pyrrhopterus ) and standardwing bird-of-paradise ( Semioptera wallacii ). The ecoregion
42-624: Is the highest peak on the island. It has produced an elongated series of craters along the north–south rift. Mount Gamkonora is an active volcano that produced 13 eruptions with indices from 1 to 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). The largest eruption occurred on 20 May 1673 ( VEI-5 ) and was accompanied by a tsunami which inundated the nearby villages. Between 1564 and 1989 the volcano erupted twelve times. The volcano erupted again on 10 July 2007, with over 8,000 people reported to have fled their homes in
49-581: The Australian or Asian continents. The islands of Wallacea are home to a mix of plants and animals from both terrestrial realms, and have many unique species that evolved in isolation. The eastern boundary of the ecoregion follows Lydekker's Line , which demarcates the islands of Wallacea from the islands on the Australia-New Guinea continental shelf which were joined together during the ice ages when sea levels were lower. The ecoregion has
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