65-589: The Northern Rockies Regional Municipality ( NRRM ), formerly the Northern Rockies Regional District ( NRRD ), and before that the Fort Nelson–Liard Regional District , is a single-tier municipality in northeastern British Columbia , Canada . Although portrayed as a regional municipality in its official name, and existing on the same administrative level as a regional district , it is actually classified as
130-690: A census division in the 2021 census, Northern Rockies had a population of 4,478 living in 1,918 of its 2,523 total private dwellings, a change of -17% from its 2016 population of 5,393 . With a land area of 84,858.88 km (32,764.20 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.1/km (0.1/sq mi) in 2021. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality included: 59°00′00″N 123°45′00″W / 59.00000°N 123.75000°W / 59.00000; -123.75000 Municipality A municipality
195-849: A district municipality . The NRRM's offices are located in Fort Nelson , formerly an incorporated town that amalgamated with the NRRD on February 6, 2009, to form the NRRM. With the Peace River Regional District as the southern part, it was the northern part of the Peace River-Liard Regional District , which was split into two on October 31, 1987. The NRRM lies on the east slope of the Rocky Mountains , and comprises approximately 10% of
260-522: A few thousand people in Yukon. In 1929, the British Columbia government proposed a highway to Alaska to encourage economic development and tourism. American President Herbert Hoover appointed a board with American and three Canadian members to evaluate the idea. Its 1931 report supported the idea for economic reasons, but both American and Canadian members recognized that a highway would benefit
325-594: A larger Canadian military presence on the Pacific coast. Roosevelt remained a supporter of the highway, telling Cordell Hull in August 1937 that he wanted a road built as soon as possible. By 1938, Duff Pattullo , the BC premier, favored a route through Prince George. The U.S. offered either a $ 15 million interest-free loan, or to cover half the construction costs. The December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor and beginning of
390-471: A road connecting the United States. The Canadians also worried about the military implications, fearing that in a war between Japan and North America, the United States would use the road to prevent Canadian neutrality. During a June 1936 visit to Canada, President Franklin D. Roosevelt told Prime Minister W. L. M. King that a highway to Alaska through Canada could be important in quickly reinforcing
455-508: A series of highways to Highway 97 between the U.S. border at Osoyoos , US 97's northern terminus, and Dawson Creek. The Alaska International Rail and Highway Commission lobbied for the designation of Highway 97 from Fairbanks to Mexico City in the late 1950s. Certain prior editions of United States Geological Survey topographic maps, mostly published during the 1950s, bore the US ;97 highway shield along or near portions of
520-510: A small community based on the Alaska Highway that is known for its eco-tourism and camping. Fishing , rafting , hunting , and other eco-tourism related activities are commonly practiced recreational attractants to the region. Tetsa River offers a popular fishing derby every August, in which residents from all over the region compete. Toad River is the largest regional community north of Fort Nelson in terms of population. The community
585-524: A sovereign state such as the Principality of Monaco , to a small village such as West Hampton Dunes, New York . The territory over which a municipality has jurisdiction may encompass: Powers of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state . Municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax , property tax , and corporate income tax , but may also receive substantial funding from
650-529: A turn-off parking area. The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is designated Alaska Route 2 . In Yukon, it is Highway 1 (designated in 1968 ) and in British Columbia, Highway 97 . The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is also unsigned Interstate A-1 and unsigned Interstate A-2 . The Canadian section of the road was delineated with mileposts, based on the road as it was in 1947, but over
715-551: Is an aboriginal band situated directly outside of the town of Fort Nelson and a signatory nation of Treaty 8 . The reserve is home to about 700 residents, making Fort Nelson First Nation one of the largest reservations in northern British Columbia . Dene and Cree are the most prevalent Aboriginal Canadian backgrounds found on the Fort Nelson First Nation reserve. The nation works closely with oil and gas producers to ensure safe and sustainable development in
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#1732772331890780-657: Is derived from French municipalité , which in turn derives from the Latin municipalis , based on the word for social contract ( municipium ), referring originally to the Latin communities that supplied Rome with troops in exchange for their own incorporation into the Roman state (granting Roman citizenship to the inhabitants) while permitting the communities to retain their own local governments (a limited autonomy). A municipality can be any political jurisdiction , from
845-521: Is home to a highway maintenance camp, a small school accredited by the region's school district (School District 81), a community hall, two campgrounds, and two lodges. Toad River's economy relies primarily on tourism, and is a popular destination for travellers on the Alaska Highway. Muncho Lake is a community that is situated on the Muncho Lake Provincial Park. The park is known for its blue-coloured lake which attracts tourists to
910-515: Is still a problem as the new highway built there in the late 1990s continues to experience frost heave. Pincers on Japan and Look to the North , both 1944 productions, were National Film Board of Canada documentaries that depicted the construction of the Alaska Highway. The original agreement between Canada and the United States regarding construction of the highway stipulated that its Canadian portion be turned over to Canada six months after
975-456: Is the first of its kind in British Columbia in which an entire former regional district is governed and headed by a single municipal government. Its council comprises a mayor and six councillors. Bill Streeper was the NRRM's first mayor. With a 2016 population of 3,366, Fort Nelson is the largest community in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality. All of the NRRM's offices and officials are based out of Fort Nelson. Fort Nelson First Nation
1040-505: Is used in preference to "west". Since 1949 The Milepost , an exhaustive guide to the Alaska Highway and all other routes through the region, has been published each year. The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska was planned to become part of the United States Numbered Highway System and to be signed as part of U.S. Route 97 (US 97). In 1953, the British Columbia government renumbered
1105-404: Is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term municipality may also mean the governing body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district . The English word
1170-554: The Alaskan Highway , Alaska-Canadian Highway , or ALCAN Highway ) was constructed during World War II to connect the contiguous United States to Alaska across Canada. It begins at the junction with a few Canadian highways in Dawson Creek, British Columbia , and runs to Delta Junction, Alaska , via Whitehorse, Yukon . When it was completed in 1942, it was about 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) long, but in 2012, it
1235-801: The Horn River Basin based on the fact that much of the new development in the Horn River Basin is occurring on traditional Fort Nelson First Nation land. The band operates Echo-Dene and the Liard Hot Springs lodge, as well as Chalo School, a kindergarten to grade twelve accredited educational institution. Liz Logan is the Chief Councillor of the Fort Nelson First Nation, reelected in August 2014. The FNFN Band Council consists of seven councillors, an increase from six. The chosen councillors then decided amongst themselves
1300-600: The Northern Alberta Railways to the northeastern part of British Columbia near Mile 0 at Dawson Creek. Construction accelerated through the spring as the winter weather faded away and crews were able to work from both the northern and southern ends; they were spurred on after reports of the Japanese invasion of Kiska Island and Attu Island in the Aleutians. During construction the road was nicknamed
1365-672: The Northwest Staging Route that conveyed lend-lease aircraft from the United States to the Soviet Union. This option encountered more level terrain, not ascending a pass over 4,250 feet (1,300 m). There was also a railhead at Dawson Creek, British Columbia , and a winter trail from there to Fort Nelson , 300 miles (480 km) to the northwest. It followed the Rocky Mountain Trench toward Dawson City before turning west to Fairbanks. The road
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#17327723318901430-687: The Pacific Theater in World War II , coupled with Japanese threats to the west coast of North America and the Aleutian Islands , changed the priorities for both nations. On February 6, 1942, the construction of the Alaska Highway was approved by the United States Army and the project received the authorization from the U.S. Congress and Roosevelt to proceed five days later. Canada agreed to allow construction as long as
1495-601: The Stikine River , by Atlin , Teslin and Tagish Lakes, and from Whitehorse, Yukon , to Fairbanks, Alaska , via the Tanana Valley . However, the route was vulnerable to possible enemy attack from the sea, experienced steep grades and heavy snowfall, and had no airbases along the way. The Canadians favored Route B. This also started at Prince George, but followed the Rocky Mountain Trench up
1560-399: The "oil can highway" by the work crews due to the large number of discarded oil cans and fuel drums that marked the road's progress. The construction crew had also passed through an Indigenous village known as Champagne (Shadhala-ra) which they used to set up camp. Unfortunately, disease spread and nearly wiped out the indigenous population of the village. After the war, the survivors left
1625-747: The 1980s between Haines Junction and the Alaska Panhandle , then funding was stalled by Congress for several years. The Milepost shows the Canadian section of the highway now to be about 1,187 miles (1,910 km), but the first milepost inside Alaska is 1222. The actual length of the highway inside Alaska is no longer clear because rerouting, as in Canada, has shortened the route, but unlike Canada, mileposts in Alaska are not recalibrated. The BC and Yukon governments and Public Works Canada have recalibrated kilometre posts . The latest BC recalibration
1690-513: The Alaska border. The B.C. and Yukon sections also have a small number of historic mileposts, printed on oval-shaped signs, at locations of historic significance; these special signs were erected in 1992 on the occasion of the highway's 50th anniversary. The Alaska portion of the highway is still marked by mileposts at 1-mile (1.6 km) intervals, although they no longer represent accurate driving distance, due to reconstruction. The historic mileposts are still used by residents and businesses along
1755-552: The American military in Alaska. In 1933, the joint commission proposed the U.S. government contribute $ 2 million of the capital cost, with the $ 12 million balance borne by the Canadian and BC governments. The Great Depression and the Canadian government's lack of support caused the project to not proceed. When the United States approached Canada again in February 1936, the Canadian government refused to commit to spending money on
1820-567: The American territory during a foreign crisis. Roosevelt became the first American to publicly discuss the military benefits of a highway in an August speech in Chautauqua, New York . He again mentioned the idea during King's visit to Washington in March 1937, suggesting that a $ 30 million highway would be helpful as part of a larger defense against Japan that would include, the Americans hoped,
1885-405: The B.C. border and the west end of the new bypass around Champagne, Yukon ; in 2005, additional recalibrated posts continued from there to the east shore of Kluane Lake near Silver City; and in fall 2008, from Silver City to the boundary with Alaska. Old kilometre posts, based on the historic miles, remained on the highway, after the first two recalibrations, from those points around Kluane Lake to
1950-684: The Canyon Creek bridge, can be seen at the Aishihik River crossing; the bridge was rebuilt in 1987 and refurbished in 2005 by the Yukon government where it functions as a popular tourist attraction. The easing of the Japanese invasion threat resulted in no more contracts being given to private contractors for upgrading of specific sections. Some 100 miles (160 km) of route between Burwash Landing and Koidern, Yukon, became nearly impassable in May and June 1943 due to permafrost thawing under
2015-452: The Chief Councillor. The Prophet River First Nation is the southernmost community in the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality. Prophet River's main industries revolve around commercial services and provisions to the local and nearby oil and gas industry. Lynette Tsakoza is currently the chief of Prophet River First Nation which is a member of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. Tetsa River is
Northern Rockies Regional Municipality - Misplaced Pages Continue
2080-582: The Northern Alberta Railways); both east and west from Whitehorse after being ferried in via the White Pass and Yukon Route railway. The Army commandeered equipment of all kinds, including local riverboats, railway locomotives, and housing originally meant for use in southern California . The official start of construction took place on March 9, 1942, after hundreds of pieces of construction equipment were moved on priority trains by
2145-571: The Spanish term ayuntamiento , referring to a municipality's administration building, is extended via synecdoche to denote the municipality itself. In Moldova and Romania , both municipalities ( municipiu ; urban administrative units) and communes ( comună ; rural units) exist, and a commune may be part of a municipality. In many countries, comparable entities may exist with various names. Alaska Highway The Alaska Highway ( French : Route de l'Alaska ; also known as
2210-409: The United States and Canada. In order to promote the highway, in 1933 Slim Williams originally traveled the proposed route by dogsled. Since much of the route would pass through Canada, support from the Canadian government was crucial. However, the Canadian government perceived no value in putting up the required funds to build the road, since the only part of Canada that would benefit was not more than
2275-423: The United States bore the full cost, and that the road and other facilities in Canada be turned over to Canadian authority after the war ended. It proved unimportant for the military because 99 percent of the supplies to Alaska during the war were sent by sea from San Francisco , Seattle , and Prince Rupert . The Americans preferred Route A which, starting at Prince George , went northwest to Hazelton , along
2340-609: The Yukon through 2009 , with the Haines Junction- Beaver Creek section covered by the Canada-U.S. Shakwak Agreement . The new Donjek River bridge was opened September 26, 2007, replacing a 1952 bridge. Under Shakwak, U.S. federal highway money is spent for work done by Canadian contractors who win tenders issued by the Yukon government. The Shakwak Project completed the Haines Highway upgrades in
2405-429: The area every year. Muncho Lake is situated on the Alaska Highway . In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Northern Rockies had a population of 3,947 living in 1,692 of its 2,268 total private dwellings, a change of -18.8% from its 2016 population of 4,862. With a land area of 84,759.31 km (32,725.75 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.0/km (0.1/sq mi) in 2021. As
2470-531: The bypassing of respective airbases, and Whitehorse, the principal town in the Yukon. Optional variations in the southern portion of this route were via Vanderhoof to the west or Monkman Pass to the east. Route C, the Prairie option, advocated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers , was the only practical one. It was far enough inland from enemy planes and it linked the airfields of
2535-534: The community living in the area and the common interest. These include terms: The same terms "Gemeente" (Dutch) or "Gemeinde" (German) may be used for church congregations or parishes, for example, in the German and Dutch Protestant churches. In Greece, the word Δήμος ( demos ) is used, also meaning 'community'; the word is known in English from the compound democracy (rule of the people). In some countries,
2600-479: The current AK-2 . In 1964, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved an extension of US 97 from the Yukon border to Fairbanks along AK-2, conditional to Yukon renumbering its portion of the Alaska Highway; the Yukon government declined to renumber its portion of the highway and approval was withdrawn in 1968. The pioneer road completed in 1942
2665-516: The end of the war. This took place on April 1, 1946, when the U.S. Army transferred control of the road through Yukon and British Columbia to the Canadian Army, Northwest Highway System. The Alaskan section was completely paved during the 1960s. The lower 50 miles of the Canadian portion were paved in 1959, but the remainder was largely gravel. While the entire route is now completely paved (mostly with bituminous surface treatment ), as late as
Northern Rockies Regional Municipality - Misplaced Pages Continue
2730-420: The first 82.6 miles (132.9 km) of the highway, the only portion paved during the late 1960s and 1970s. Public Works Canada manages the highway from Mile 82.6 (km 133) to Historic Mile 630. The Yukon government owns the highway from Historic Mile 630 to Historic Mile 1016 (from near Watson Lake to Haines Junction ), and manages the remainder to the U.S. border at Historic Mile 1221. The State of Alaska owns
2795-514: The highway are in use as local roads, while others are left to deteriorate and still others are plowed up. Four sections form local residential streets in Whitehorse and Fort Nelson, and others form country residential roadways outside of Whitehorse. Although Champagne, Yukon was bypassed in 2002, the old highway is still completely in service for that community until a new direct access road is built. Rerouting continues, expected to continue in
2860-405: The highway to refer to their location, and in some cases are also used as postal addresses. The community Wonowon, British Columbia , is named by its location at mile 101, spoken "one-oh-one". Residents and travelers, and the government of the Yukon, do not use "east" and "west" to refer to direction of travel on the Yukon section, even though this is the predominant bearing of the Yukon portion of
2925-494: The highway within that state (Mile 1221 to Mile 1422). The Alaska Highway was built for military purposes and its route was not ideal for postwar development of northern Canada. Rerouting in Canada has shortened the highway by about 35 miles (56 km) since 1947, mostly by eliminating winding sections and sometimes by bypassing residential areas. The historic milepost markings are therefore no longer accurate but are still important as local location references. Some old sections of
2990-470: The highway; "north" and "south" are used, referring to the south (Dawson Creek) and north (Delta Junction) termini of the highway. This is an important consideration for travelers who may otherwise be confused, particularly when a westbound travel routes southwestward or even due south to circumvent a natural obstacle such as Kluane Lake. Some B.C. sections west of Fort Nelson also route more east-to-west, with southwest bearings in some section; again, "north"
3055-434: The kilometre posts, at 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) intervals, were recalibrated along the B.C. section of road to reflect the driving distances in 1990. The section of highway covered by the 1990 recalibration has since been rendered shorter by further realignments, such as near Summit Pass and between Muncho Lake and Iron Creek . Based on where those values left off, new Yukon kilometre posts were erected in fall 2002 between
3120-408: The mid-1980s the highway still included sections of winding dusty road sandwiched between high quality reconstructed paved segments. The Milepost , an extensive guide book to the Alaska Highway and other highways in Alaska and Northwest Canada, was first published in 1949 and continues to be published annually as the foremost guide to travelling the highway. The British Columbia government owns
3185-549: The port of Valdez on Prince William Sound , rather than the Alaska Highway. The Alaska Highway is popularly (but unofficially) considered part of the Pan-American Highway , which extends south (despite its discontinuity in Panama ) to Argentina. Proposals for a highway to Alaska originated in the 1920s. Thomas MacDonald , director of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads , dreamed of an international highway spanning
3250-400: The posts no longer represent accurate driving distance. There are 80 mileposts in B.C., 70 in Yukon and 16 in Alaska with a simple number marker of the original mile distance. There are 31 "historic signs" in B.C., 22 in Yukon and 5 in Alaska, identifying the significance of the location. There are 18 interpretive panels in B.C., 14 in Yukon and 5 in Alaska which give detailed text information at
3315-410: The road and destroying the layer of delicate vegetation that held the road together. A corduroy road was built to restore the route, and corduroy still underlies old sections of highway in the area. Modern construction methods do not allow the permafrost to thaw, either by building a gravel berm on top or replacing the vegetation and soil immediately with gravel. The Burwash-Koidern section, however,
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#17327723318903380-478: The state. In some European countries, such as Germany, municipalities have the constitutional right to supply public services through municipally-owned public utility companies . Terms cognate with "municipality", mostly referring to territory or political structure, are Spanish municipio (Spain) and municipalidad (Chile), Catalan municipi , Portuguese município . In many countries, terms cognate with "commune" are used, referring to
3445-632: The telephone line along the PRA-approved route alignment. When the Japanese invasion threat eased, the PRA stopped putting out new contracts. Upon hand-off to Canada in 1946, the route was 1,422 miles (2,288 km) from Dawson Creek to Delta Junction. The route follows a northwest then northward course from Dawson Creek to Fort Nelson. On October 16, 1957, a suspension bridge crossing the Peace River just south of Fort St. John collapsed. A new bridge
3510-600: The terminus at Delta Junction. Postwar rebuilding has not shifted the highway more than 10 miles (16 km) from the original alignment, and in most cases, by less than 3 miles (4.8 km). It is not clear if it still crosses the Yukon-BC border six times from Mile 590 to Mile 596. The Alaska portion of the Alaska Highway is an unsigned part of the Interstate Highway System east of Fairbanks. The entire length of Interstate A-2 follows Route 2 from
3575-415: The total area of the province of British Columbia, encompassing 85,014.52 square kilometres (32,824.29 sq mi). Its southern boundary is the 58th parallel of latitude and is bisected by the Alaska Highway from its southeast to its northwest. The Northern Rockies Regional Municipality is primarily made up of heavily forested areas and mountainous terrain. The Northern Rockies Regional Municipality
3640-714: The valleys of the Parsnip and Finlay Rivers to Finlay Forks and Sifton Pass , then north to Frances Lake and the Pelly River in the Yukon. From there it went to Dawson City and down the Yukon Valley to connect the Richardson Highway to Fairbanks. The advantages of this inland route was the safe distance from enemy planes, and 209 miles (336 km) shorter with lower elevations enabling lower construction and maintenance costs. The disadvantages were
3705-492: The village to find work, leaving the location a ghost town. On September 24, 1942, crews from both directions met at Mile 588 at what became named Contact Creek, at the British Columbia-Yukon border at the 60th parallel ; the entire route was completed October 28, 1942, with the northern linkup at Mile 1202, Beaver Creek, and the highway was dedicated on November 20, 1942, at Soldier's Summit. Although it
3770-486: The years to denote major stopping points. Delta Junction, at the end of the highway, makes reference to its location at "Historic Milepost 1422". It is at this point that the Alaska Highway meets the Richardson Highway , which continues 155 km (96 mi) to the city of Fairbanks . This is often regarded, though unofficially, as the northwestern portion of the Alaska Highway, with Fairbanks at Historic Milepost 1520. Mileposts on this stretch of highway are measured from
3835-399: The years, reconstruction steadily shortened the distance between some of those mileposts. In 1978, metric signs were placed on the highway, and the mileposts were replaced with kilometre posts at the approximate locations of a historic mileage of equal value, e.g. km post 1000 was posted about where historical Mile 621 would have been posted. As reconstruction continues to shorten the highway,
3900-488: Was about 1,680 miles (2,700 km) from Dawson Creek to Delta Junction. The Army then turned the road over to the Public Roads Administration (PRA), which then began putting out section contracts to private road contractors to upgrade selected sections of the road. These sections were upgraded, with removal of excess bends and steep grades; often, a traveler could identify upgraded sections by seeing
3965-473: Was built a few years later. At Fort Nelson, the road turns west and crosses the Rocky Mountains, before resuming a westward course at Coal River. The highway crossed the Yukon-BC border nine times from Mile 590 to Mile 773, six of those crossings were from Mile 590 to Mile 596. After passing the south end of Kluane Lake, the highway follows a north-northwest course to the Alaska border, then northwest to
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#17327723318904030-513: Was carried out in 1990; using its end-point at the border at Historic Mile 630, the Yukon government has recalibrated in three stages: in 2002, from Mile 630 to the west end of the Champagne revision; in fall 2005, to a point just at the southeast shore of Kluane Lake, and in fall 2008, to the border with Alaska. There are historical mileposts along the B.C. and Yukon sections of the highway, installed in 1992, that note specific locations, although
4095-530: Was completed on October 28, 1942, and its completion was celebrated at Soldier's Summit on November 21 (and broadcast by radio, the exact outdoor temperature censored due to wartime concerns), the "highway" was not usable by general vehicles until 1943. Even then there were many steep grades, a poor surface, switchbacks to gain and descend hills, and few guardrails. Bridges, which progressed during 1942 from pontoon bridges to temporary log bridges , were replaced with steel bridges where necessary. A replica log bridge,
4160-458: Was only 2,232 km (1,387 mi). This is due to the realignments of the highway over the years, which has rerouted and straightened many sections. The highway opened to the public in 1948. Once legendary for being a rough, challenging drive, the highway is now paved over its entire length. Its component highways are British Columbia Highway 97 , Yukon Highway 1, and Alaska Route 2 . An informal system of historic mileposts developed over
4225-654: Was originally built mostly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a supply route during World War II. In 1942, the Army Corps of Engineers assigned more than 10,000 men, about a third of whom were black soldiers, members of three newly formed African-American segregated regiments. There were four main thrusts in building the route: southeast from Delta Junction, Alaska , toward a linkup at Beaver Creek, Yukon ; north then west from Dawson Creek (an advance group started from Fort Nelson, British Columbia , after traveling on winter roads on frozen marshland from railway stations on
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