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43-722: Prior to 2018, the Exit-Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security (known as the Sixth Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security), was in charge of public security entry-exit management. The public security departments and bureaus of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government had set up entry-exit administrations (divisions) responsible for

86-564: A PSB assigned to deal with local security needs. Each province, municipality and autonomous region (excluding the special administrative regions of Macau and Hong Kong , which have their own police forces, the Hong Kong Police Force and the Public Security Police Force of Macau ) has a provincial-level public security department or municipal PSB to deal with provincial security issues. In 2016,

129-463: A PSB/PSD handles policing, public security , and social order . Other duties include residence registration (" hukou ") and internal and external migration matters, such as the registration of temporary residents (including both foreign and domestic visitors). The system of public security bureaus is administered by the Ministry of Public Security (MPS), which co-ordinates the work of provincial public security departments that are also answerable to

172-555: A classified serial publication for internal purposes. During the disastrous Great Leap Forward between 1958 and 1961, the circular Public Security Work Bulletin ( Chinese : 公安工作简报 ; pinyin : Gōng'ān gōngzuò jiǎnbào ) was a top-secret serial which often described China's serious food shortages, social unrest and famine directly contradicting Mao Zedong 's claims of "bountiful economic fruit". MPS also produces another journal, People's Public Security News ( Chinese : 人民公安报 ; pinyin : Rénmín gōng'ān Bào ), and

215-910: A law-enforcement police body, separate from intelligence agencies." According to analyst Alex Joske , "the MPS lost much of its foreign intelligence remit after the MSS's creation, but has established new units for cross-border clandestine operations since then." The MPS remains a commonly used cover by MSS officers. Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre , the MPS worked to counter Operation Yellowbird . The MPS and its officers have been active abroad in Operation Fox Hunt and Operation Sky Net . The MPS under Sun Lijun had reporters from The Wall Street Journal in Hong Kong under "full operational surveillance" for their reporting of

258-522: A province or autonomous region, in the People's Republic of China refers to a government office essentially acting as a police station or a local or provincial police ; the smallest police stations are called police posts ( Chinese : 派出所 ; pinyin : pàichūsuǒ ). The PSB/PSD system is similar in concept to the Japanese kōban system, and is present in each province and municipality. Typically,

301-428: A role similar to larger police stations. The lowest level outposts are police posts, which perform duties similar to of small local police stations. The network of public security bureaus and the Ministry of Public Security should not be confused with the separate but parallel network of state security bureaus/state security departments, administered at the national level by the Ministry of State Security (MSS), which

344-483: A system of public security bureaus throughout the provinces, cities, municipalities and townships of China. The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau maintain nominally separate police forces. The ministry is headed by the minister of public security . Wang Xiaohong has been the minister in charge since June 2022. The ministry's functions include intelligence gathering, counterintelligence and maintaining public and political security . It has

387-576: A website, China Police Daily ( Chinese : 中国警察网 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Jǐngchá Wǎng ), for both internal communication and external publicity. The MPS' First Bureau operates a united front organization called the China Association for Friendship . Public security bureau (China) A public security bureau (PSB; Chinese : 公安局 ; pinyin : gōng'ānjú ) of a city or county, or public security department (PSD; Chinese : 公安厅 ; pinyin : Gōng'āntīng ) of

430-573: Is a government ministry of the People's Republic of China responsible for public and political security. It oversees more than 1.9 million of the country's law enforcement officers and as such the vast majority of the People's Police . While the MPS is a nationwide police force, conducting counterintelligence and maintaining the political security of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) remain its core functions. The ministry

473-619: Is responsible for external and internal intelligence, and performing a " secret police " or security police role responsible for preemptive response to ' mass incidents ' (Chinese terminology for protests or social disturbances) and internal security. The two systems are administratively separate, although at local levels they co-operate to a large extent and often share resources and internal security bureaus are structured as units or departments within public security bureaus (PSBs) to allow for closer and more effective integrated operations and cooperation as needed. Most major Chinese cities will have

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516-601: The 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal . In 2017, Europol signed a "strategic cooperation agreement" with the MPS. Starting in 2019, the MPS began replacing "domestic security" with "political security" in the names of its units. In 2020, the United States Department of Commerce added the MPS Institute of Forensic Science to the Entity List over human rights issues related to

559-599: The Uyghur genocide . The institute was removed from the list in 2023 as part of an agreement during the APEC United States 2023 to combat fentanyl trafficking. MPS has at times been involved in security diplomacy between China and other countries. For example, between 1997 and 2020, it organized 11 bilateral police diplomacy meetings with African countries. Under Xi Jinping, MPS has increased its training of police officers from other countries. In 2022, it

602-637: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Public Security Department signed a partnership agreement with Huawei . In 2019, the same PSD and its subordinate municipal PSBs were sanctioned by the U.S. Department of State for their role in human rights abuses against the Uyghurs . In 2020, the United States Department of the Treasury 's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) imposed sanctions on

645-1101: The Border Defense Administration of the Ministry of Public Security, the first team of the National Immigration Administration Standing Force (Party School of the National Immigration Administration) was established. Road; Based on the establishment of the Non-commissioned Officer School of the Public Security Border Forces, the second corps of the Standing Force of the National Immigration Administration (National Immigration Administration Education and Training Network College)

688-661: The MPS include the General Office, Supervision, Personnel & Training, Public Relations, Economic Crime Investigation, Public Order Administration, Border Control, Criminal Investigation, Exit & Entry Administration, Special Services, Cyber Security, Detention Center Management, Traffic Control, Legal Affairs, International Cooperation, Equipment & Finance, Drug Control, Counter Terrorism, Science & Technology, Information Technology, Political Security , and others. The journal Public Security Construction （ Chinese : 公安建设 ; pinyin : Gōng'ān jiànshè ）was

731-450: The MPS. In the run-up to the 2024 United States elections , Spamouflage was identified as having used fake social media accounts in an attempt to amplify divisions in US society. The MPS is organized into functional departments (see below). Subordinate to the MPS are the provincial- and municipal-level PSB's ( Public Security Bureau ) and sub-bureaus at the county and urban district levels. At

774-471: The Ministry of Public Security and implemented an active-duty armed police system. The border defense force was responsible for public security frontier defense corps in provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, public security frontier defense detachments in borders and coastal areas (cities, prefectures, leagues), public security frontier defense squads in counties (cities, banners), and border defenses in towns along

817-459: The NIA offices anywhere in the country, instead of requiring citizens to go to their Hukou city/province to apply. Also, exit and entry permits to Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan can be applied to, received, and delivered within a few minutes on automatic machines. Ministry of Public Security (China) The Ministry of Public Security ( MPS , Chinese : 公安部 ; pinyin : Gōng'ānbù )

860-978: The National Immigration Administration Repatriation Center, and announced the establishment of the National Immigration Administration repatriation (deportation) Centers in Langfang , Jiutai , Huangpi , Huadu , Dongxing , Ruili , and Xinshi . On April 1, 2021, with the approval of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , the National Immigration Management Agency will use its own flag and logo from April 2, 2021, onwards. From 1 April 2019 onwards, all mainland citizens can apply and receive passports and exit and entry permits from

903-416: The National Immigration Administration in the name of the Exit-Entry Administration of the People's Republic of China instructed 31 provinces including municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous regions public security bureaus (bureaus) to subordinate to the exit and entry administrations (divisions) of their areas respectively. On June 1, 2019, in accordance with institutional reform,

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946-499: The National Immigration Administration was officially established. On December 25, 2018, the officers and soldiers of the active public security forces officially retired from active service. On January 1, 2019, the public security frontier guards held a collective renewal ceremony and were officially transferred to the people's police. In this institutional reform, the former public security frontier guards’ provincial corps were transferred and collectively retired from active service, and

989-424: The National Immigration Administration, and included in the central fiscal budget unit sequence. The original border police stations in coastal provinces were changed to local police stations, which were managed by the local public security sub-bureaus, belonged to the local public security systems, and were included in the sequence of local fiscal budget units. In addition, on the basis of training management forces of

1032-517: The border and coastal areas. The administration was also responsible for police stations set up on border security checkpoints on the main arterial roads leading to the border management areas in the inland, maritime police detachments and brigades in coastal areas and border checkpoints at open ports. As of 2018, there were 1845 border police stations nationwide. In July 1998, 9 cities including Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , Guangzhou , Shenzhen , Zhuhai , Xiamen , Haikou , and Shantou established

1075-534: The central government. The ministry is also closely associated with the development of surveillance technologies used by police in China through the Third Research Institute ( Chinese : 第三研究所 ; pinyin : Dì-sān Yánjiūsuǒ ; lit. 'No. 3 Research Institute') focused on the development of AI based “smart surveillance,” and censorship technologies. The internal departments of

1118-670: The deputy department level to the main department level with the institutional affiliation and staffing remaining unchanged. On March 17, 2018, the first meeting of the 13th National People's Congress passed the "Decision on the State Council Institutional Reform Program at the First Meeting of the Thirteenth National People's Congress" and approved the "State Council Institutional Reform Program." The plan stipulated

1161-505: The end of a two-week-long National Conference of Senior Public Security Cadres. Most of its initial staff of less than 500 cadres came from the (former) regional CCP North China Department of Social Affairs. At the national level, its creation signaled the formal abolition of the SAD. The ministry moved to its present location, in the heart of the one-time foreign legation quarters in Beijing , in

1204-410: The entry and exit administration of public security in their respective regions; most prefectures and cities and county-level public security agencies had heavy workloads and tasks. A special agency for entry and exit management was required to specifically perform various tasks for entry and exit management. The entry-exit administrative departments of the local public security organs at all levels accept

1247-413: The entry and exit administration of the People's Republic of China Issued under the name of public security bureaus . All types of entry-exit documents issued by the Exit-Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security can continue to be used during the validity period of the documents. On September 3, 2019, the National Immigration Administration held a working meeting of the preparatory group for

1290-483: The entry-exit border checkpoints, which were vertically led by the Ministry of Public Security. In 2011, according to the Central Office document on the "approval on the adjustment of Beijing in seven vocational institutions specifications preparing Frontier Guard Inspection Station" (Central Office Document No. 54), Shenzhen FGIS and seven other professional Frontier Inspection Station Specifications adjusted from

1333-422: The establish a National Immigration Administration (NIA) and integrating the immigration management and border inspection duties of the Ministry of Public Security, establishing a sound visa management coordination mechanism and the setting up of a National Immigration Administration under the sign of the Exit-Entry Administration of the People's Republic of China of the Ministry of Public Security On April 2, 2018,

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1376-590: The grassroots level, finally, there are police stations ( Chinese : 派出所 ; pinyin : Pàichūsuǒ ) which serve as the direct point of contact between police and ordinary citizens. While public security considerations have weighed heavily at all levels of administration since the founding of the PRC, the police are perceived by some outside observers to wield progressively greater influence at lower levels of government. Provincial public security bureaus are subject to dual supervision by both local provincial governments and

1419-404: The guidance of the entry-exit administrative departments of the higher-level public security organs, and at the same time accept the leadership of the public security organs at the same level. The former border defense force of the public security was an important armed law enforcement force deployed by the state in coastal areas and ports. It was subordinate to the Border Defense Administration of

1462-424: The local governments and provincial party secretaries. PSB's located in each province are jointly supervised by the central government as well as provincial governments, an arrangement that is intended to prevent corruption and unchecked influence by provincial general secretaries. Provincial public security bureaus in turn administer county or district level public security sub-bureaus and branch bureaus, which perform

1505-528: The names of the issuing authorities for the current entry and exit documents issued within the territory of the People's Republic of China have were changed. Among them, the entry and exit documents of mainland Chinese residents and the entry, stay, residence, permanent residence and other documents of foreigners will be issued under the name of the National Immigration Administration of the People's Republic of China; entry and exit documents for Chinese citizens to and from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan will be subject to

1548-648: The primary authority for preventing cyberattacks and it operates the Golden Shield Project . The Ministry of Public Security was among the first government organs established in the PRC. It superseded the Ministry of Public Security of the CCP's Central Military Commission (CMC), a transitional body created in July 1949 by removing the security service remit from the CCP's Central Social Affairs Department (SAD). The MPS began operations on 1 November 1949, at

1591-475: The provinces (regions) entry-exit border inspection stations were adjusted and established. Among them, Inner Mongolia , Liaoning , Jilin , Heilongjiang , Guangxi , Yunnan , Tibet and nine border provinces (regions) including Gansu , Xinjiang , etc. border entry-exit and border inspection stations were merged with the border management team of the public security department. The border management team has several front-level border management detachments under

1634-399: The spring of 1950. The MPS's Guangzhou office historically handled foreign spies such as Larry Wu-tai Chin . With the creation of the Ministry of State Security (MSS) in July 1983, MPS lost much of its counterintelligence personnel and remit. Scholars Jichang Lulu and Filip Jirouš have argued that the establishment of the MSS "may have contributed to the illusion that the MPS is simply

1677-539: The vertical management of the national immigration administration. The Shantou General Border Inspection Station was abolished, and the subordinate units were included in the Shenzhen General Border Inspection Station. In this reform, the original nine border police stations in border provinces and autonomous regions were changed to border police stations, led by the territorial border management detachment (or brigade), belonging to

1720-629: Was established in 1949 after the CCP's victory in the Chinese Civil War as the successor to the Central Social Affairs Department and was known as Ministry of Public Security of the Central People's Government until 1954. Grand General Luo Ruiqing of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) served as its first minister. As the ministry's organization was based on Soviet and Eastern Bloc models, it

1763-400: Was established. The team is located at No. 705 Yunda West Road, Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province. After the reform, the National Immigration Administration led the management of 33 entry-exit border inspection stations and 2 standing force teams. The national immigration management system has 285 entry-exit border checkpoints and 46 border management detachments. At the same time,

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1806-487: Was reported that the MPS had established numerous overseas police service stations , which sparked investigations by law enforcement organs in multiple countries. In 2023, the United States Department of Justice stated that the MPS engages in covert "intelligence and national security operations far beyond China's borders," including "illicit, transnational repression schemes". The same year, disinformation operations known as Spamouflage or "Dragonbridge" were linked to

1849-548: Was responsible for all aspects of national security ; ranging from regular police work to intelligence , counterintelligence and the suppression of anti-CCP political and social sentiments. Military intelligence affairs remained with the General Staff Department , while the CCP's International Department was active in fomenting revolutionary tendencies worldwide by funneling weapons, money and resources into various pro-CCP movements. The ministry employs

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