Misplaced Pages

#455544

55-528: The National Synchrotron Light Source ( NSLS ) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York was a national user research facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Built from 1978 through 1984, and officially shut down on September 30, 2014, the NSLS was considered a second-generation synchrotron . The NSLS experimental floor consisted of two electron storage rings: an X-ray ring and

110-563: A mass spectrometer , a high-power laser , or a gas chromatography mass spectrometer . These techniques helped supplement and better quantify the experiments carried out at the endstation. In 2003, Roderick MacKinnon won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for deciphering the structure of the neuronal ion channel . His work was in part conducted at the NSLS. In 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz , and Ada E. Yonath won

165-639: A tritium leak into the groundwater of the Long Island Central Pine Barrens on which the facility sits. Following World War II , the US Atomic Energy Commission was created to support government-sponsored peacetime research on atomic energy. The effort to build a nuclear reactor in the American northeast was fostered largely by physicists Isidor Isaac Rabi and Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. , who during

220-510: A Department of Energy Protective Force, has a full service fire department, and has its own ZIP code (11973). In total, the lab spans a 5,265-acre (21 km ) area that is mostly coterminous with the hamlet of Upton, New York . BNL is served by a rail spur operated as-needed by the New York and Atlantic Railway . Co-located with the laboratory is the New York, NY, weather forecast office of

275-464: A VUV ( vacuum ultraviolet ) ring which provided intense, focused light spanning the electromagnetic spectrum from the infrared through X-rays. The properties of this light and the specially designed experimental stations, called beamlines , allowed scientists in many fields of research to perform experiments not otherwise possible at their own laboratories. Ground was broken for the NSLS on September 28, 1978. The VUV ring began operations in late 1982 and

330-401: A few. It is imperative to have all beamline sections, magnets, etc., aligned (often by a survey and an alignment crew by using a laser tracker ), beamlines must be within micrometre tolerance. Good alignment helps to prevent beam loss, and beam from colliding with the pipe walls, which creates secondary emissions and/or radiation . Regarding synchrotrons , beamline may also refer to

385-562: A hamlet of the Town of Brookhaven . It was formally established in 1947 at the site of Camp Upton , a former U.S. Army base on Long Island . Located approximately 60 miles east of New York City , it is managed by Stony Brook University and Battelle Memorial Institute . Research at BNL includes nuclear and high energy physics, energy science and technology, environmental and bioscience, nanoscience, and national security. The 5,300 acre campus contains several large research facilities, including

440-427: A particular field of research. The differences will depend on the type of insertion device (which, in turn, determines the intensity and spectral distribution of the radiation); the beam conditioning equipment; and the experimental end station. A typical beamline at a modern synchrotron facility will be 25 to 100 m long from the storage ring to the end station, and may cost up to millions of US dollars. For this reason,

495-707: A recurring problem for DOE management. Since 1993, DOE has spent more than US$ 580 million on remediating soil and groundwater contamination at the lab site and completed several high-profile projects. These include the decommissioning and decontamination of the Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor, removal of mercury-contaminated sediment from the Peconic River, and installation and operation of 16 on- and off-site groundwater treatment systems that have cleaned more than 25 billion gallons of groundwater since 1996. Shortly after winning

550-455: A single and fixed wavelength. During normal operations, the electrons in the storage rings lost energy and as such, the rings were re-injected every 12 (X-ray ring) and 4 (VUV ring) hours. The difference in time arose from the fact that VUV light has a larger wavelength and thus has lower energy which leads to faster decay, while the X-rays have a very small wavelength and are high energy. This

605-481: A special periodic arrangement of magnetic elements (a magnetic lattice ) to provide optimized bending and focusing of electrons. The design was called the Chasman–Green lattice , and it became the basis of design for every synchrotron storage ring. Storage rings are characterized by the number of straight sections and bend sections in their design. The bend sections produce more light than the straight sections due to

SECTION 10

#1732779784456

660-441: A synchrotron facility is often built in stages, with the first few beamlines opening on day one of operation, and other beamlines being added later as the funding permits. The beamline elements are located in radiation shielding enclosures, called hutches , which are the size of a small room (cabin). A typical beamline consists of two hutches, an optical hutch for the beam conditioning elements and an experimental hutch, which houses

715-403: Is currently operated by Brookhaven Science Associates LLC, which is an equal partnership of Stony Brook University and Battelle Memorial Institute . From 1947 to 1998, it was operated by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), but AUI lost its contract in the wake of two incidents: a 1994 fire at the facility's high-flux beam reactor that exposed several workers to radiation and reports in 1997 of

770-519: Is ideal for UHV isolation windows in X-ray beamlines. Windows can be supplied embedded in UHV flanges and with efficient water cooling. 3- Exit Windows: Vacuum exit windows come in a variety of materials including Beryllium and CVD diamond detailed above. The combination of beam conditioning devices controls the thermal load (heating caused by the beam) at the end station; the spectrum of radiation incident at

825-601: The ISABELLE project to develop and build two proton intersecting storage rings. The groundbreaking for the project was in October 1978. In 1981, with the tunnel for the accelerator already excavated, problems with the superconducting magnets needed for the ISABELLE accelerator brought the project to a halt, and the project was eventually cancelled in 1983. The National Synchrotron Light Source operated from 1982 to 2014 and

880-656: The National Weather Service . Although originally conceived as a nuclear research facility, Brookhaven Lab's mission has greatly expanded. Its foci are now: Brookhaven National Lab was originally owned by the Atomic Energy Commission and is now owned by that agency's successor, the United States Department of Energy (DOE). DOE subcontracts the research and operation to universities and research organizations. It

935-485: The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and National Synchrotron Light Source II . Seven Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work conducted at Brookhaven Lab. BNL operations are overseen by a Department of Energy Site office, is staffed by approximately 2,750 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support personnel, and hosts 4,000 guest investigators every year. The laboratory is guarded by

990-528: The Boston-Washington corridor, Camp Upton on Long Island was eventually chosen as the most suitable in consideration of space, transportation, and availability. The camp had been a training center for the US Army during both World War I and World War II , and a Japanese internment camp during the latter. Following the war, Camp Upton was no longer needed, and a plan was conceived to convert

1045-563: The Laboratory is closed to the general public. The lab is open to the public on several Sundays during the summer for tours and special programs. The public access program is referred to as 'Summer Sundays' and takes place in July, and features a science show and a tour of the lab's major facilities. The laboratory also hosts science fairs, science bowls, and robotics competitions for local schools, and lectures, concerts, and scientific talks for

1100-415: The NSLS staff and reserved a minimum of 50 percent of their beamtime for users, and Participating Research Team (PRT) beamlines, which were operated and staffed by external groups and reserved at least 25 percent of their beamtime for users. Each X-ray beamline had an endstation called a hutch . These are large enclosures made of radiation shielding materials, such as steel and leaded glass , to protect

1155-505: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for imaging the ribosome with atomic resolution through their use of x-ray crystallography at the NSLS and other synchrotron light sources. The National Synchrotron Light Source hosted more than 2,200 users from 41 U.S. states and 30 other countries in 2009. In 2009, there were 658 journal publications and 764 total publications including journal publications, books, patents, thesis, and reports. The NSLS

SECTION 20

#1732779784456

1210-470: The X-ray ring was commissioned in 1984. In 1986, a second phase of construction expanded the NSLS by 52,000 square feet (4,800 m), which added offices, laboratories and room for new experimental equipment. After 32 years of producing synchrotron light, the final stored beam was dumped at 16.00 EDT on 30 September 2014, and NSLS was officially shut down. During the construction of the NSLS, two scientists, Renate Chasman and George Kenneth Green , invented

1265-444: The X-ray ring were ramped to 2.8 GeV . Once in the ring, VUV or X-ray, the electrons orbit and lose energy as a result of changes in their angular momentum , which cause the expulsion of photons. These photons are deemed white light, i.e. polychromatic , and are the source of synchrotron radiation. Before being used in a beamline endstation, the light is collimated before reaching a monochromator or series of monochromators to get

1320-462: The beamline is usually housed in a tunnel and/or underground, cased inside a concrete housing for shielding purposes. The beamline is usually a cylindrical metal pipe, typically called a beam pipe , and/or a drift tube , evacuated to a high vacuum so there are few gas molecules in the path for the beam of accelerated particles to hit, which otherwise could scatter them before they reach their destination. There are specialized devices and equipment on

1375-490: The beamline that are used for producing, maintaining, monitoring, and accelerating the particle beam. These devices may be in proximity of or attached directly to the beamline. These devices include sophisticated transducers , diagnostics (position monitors and wire scanners ), lenses , collimators , thermocouples , ion pumps , ion gauges , ion chambers (for diagnostic purposes; usually called "beam monitors"), vacuum valves ("isolation valves"), and gate valves , to mention

1430-508: The change in angular momentum of the electrons. Chasman and Green accounted for this in their design by adding insertion devices, known as wigglers and undulators , in the straight sections of the storage ring. These insertion devices produce the brightest light among the sections of the ring and thus, beamlines are typically built downstream from them. The VUV ring at the National Synchrotron Light Source

1485-530: The community, and works to provide consensus recommendations to Laboratory management. Beamline Beamlines usually end in experimental stations that utilize particle beams or synchrotron light obtained from a synchrotron , or neutrons from a spallation source or research reactor . Beamlines are used in experiments in particle physics , materials science , life science , chemistry , and molecular biology , but can also be used for irradiation tests or to produce isotopes. In particle accelerators

1540-535: The contract to operate the lab in 1997, BSA formed a Community Advisory Council (CAC) to advise the laboratory director on cleanup projects and other items of interest to the community. The CAC represents a diverse range of interests and values of individuals and groups who are interested in or affected by the actions of the Laboratory. It consists of representatives from 26 local business, civic, education, environment, employee, government, and health organizations. The CAC sets its own agenda, brings forth issues important to

1595-543: The door to the hutch is accidentally opened when the beam is on. In this case, the beam is dumped , meaning the stored beam is diverted into a target designed to absorb and contain its energy. Elements that are used in beamlines by experimenters for conditioning the radiation beam between the storage ring and the end station include the following: 1- Beryllium Windows: Beryllium windows can be supplied cooled, or uncooled, with various sizes (and numbers) of window apertures. Windows are sized to suit specific requirements, however

1650-424: The end station; and the focus or collimation of the beam. Devices along the beamline which absorb significant power from the beam may need to be actively cooled by water, or liquid nitrogen . The entire length of a beamline is normally kept under ultra high vacuum conditions. Although the design of a synchrotron radiation beamline may be seen as an application of X-ray optics, there are dedicated tools for modeling

1705-410: The experiment. Between hutches, the beam travels in a transport tube. Entrance to the hutches is forbidden when the beam shutter is open and radiation can enter the hutch. This is enforced by the use of elaborate safety systems with redundant interlocking functions , which make sure that no one is inside the hutch when the radiation is turned on. The safety system will also shut down the radiation beam if

National Synchrotron Light Source - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-579: The future Electron–ion collider (EIC) in the United States. In addition to the site selection, it was announced that the BNL EIC had acquired CD-0 (mission need) from the Department of Energy. BNL's eRHIC design proposes upgrading the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, which collides beams light to heavy ions including polarized protons, with a polarized electron facility, to be housed in

1815-464: The instrumentation that carries beams of synchrotron radiation to an experimental end station, which uses the radiation produced by the bending magnets and insertion devices in the storage ring of a synchrotron radiation facility . A typical application for this kind of beamline is crystallography , although many other techniques utilising synchrotron light exist. At a large synchrotron facility there will be many beamlines, each optimised for

1870-411: The local community. The Lab estimates that each year it enhances the science education of roughly 35,000 K-12 students on Long Island, more than 200 undergraduates, and 550 teachers from across the United States. In January 1997, ground water samples taken by BNL staff revealed concentrations of tritium that were twice the allowable federal drinking water standards—some samples taken later were 32 times

1925-495: The maximum size of a window is determined by the foil thickness and pressure differential to be withstood. Windows can be supplied fitted with a range of beam entry/exit flange sizes to suite specific requirements. 2- CVD Diamond Windows: Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Diamond offer extreme hardness, high thermal conductivity, chemical inertness, and high transparency over a very wide spectral range. Stronger and stiffer than Beryllium, with lower thermal expansion and lower toxicity, it

1980-551: The military camp into a research facility. On March 21, 1947, the Camp Upton site was officially transferred from the U.S. War Department to the new U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), predecessor to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In 1947 construction began on the first nuclear reactor at Brookhaven, the Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor . This reactor, which opened in 1950,

2035-854: The need for installing monitoring wells that would have detected the tritium leak as a low priority despite public concern and the laboratory's agreement to follow local environmental regulations. DOE's on-site oversight office, the Brookhaven Group, was directly responsible for Brookhaven's performance, but it failed to hold the laboratory accountable for meeting all of its regulatory commitments, especially its agreement to install monitoring wells. Senior DOE leadership also shared responsibility because they failed to put in place an effective system that encourages all parts of DOE to work together to ensure that contractors meet their responsibilities on environmental, safety and health issues. Unclear responsibilities for environment, safety and health matters has been

2090-512: The same tunnel. In 1958, Brookhaven scientists created one of the world's first video games , Tennis for Two . In 1968 Brookhaven scientists patented Maglev , a transportation technology that utilizes magnetic levitation . It is a contributing partner to ATLAS experiment , one of the four detectors located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is currently operating at CERN near Geneva , Switzerland. Brookhaven

2145-406: The south and west of New York City such that this city would be at their geographic center. In March 1946 a nonprofit corporation was established that consisted of representatives from nine major research universities — Columbia , Cornell , Harvard , Johns Hopkins , MIT , Princeton , University of Pennsylvania , University of Rochester , and Yale University . Out of 17 considered sites in

2200-447: The standard. The tritium was found to be leaking from the laboratory's High Flux Beam Reactor's spent-fuel pool into the aquifer that provides drinking water for nearby Suffolk County residents. DOE's and BNL's investigation of this incident concluded that the tritium had been leaking for as long as 12 years without DOE's or BNL's knowledge. Installing wells that could have detected the leak was first discussed by BNL engineers in 1993, but

2255-411: The synchrotron radiation, the wave properties need to be taken into account. The codes SRW , Spectra and xrt include this possibility, the latter code supports "hybryd" regime allowing to switch from geometric to wave approach on a given optical segment. Superficially, neutron beamlines differ from synchrotron radiation beamlines mostly by the fact that they use neutrons from a research reactor or

National Synchrotron Light Source - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-616: The users from the ionizing radiation of the beam. On the X-ray floor, many of the experiments conducted used techniques such as X-ray diffraction , high-resolution powder diffraction (PXRD), XAFS , DAFS (X-ray diffraction anomalous fine structure), WAXS , and SAXS . On the VUV ring, the endstations were usually UHV ( ultra-high vacuum ) chambers that were used to conduct experiments using methods such as XPS , UPS , LEEM , and NEXAFS . In some beamlines , there were other analytical tools used in conjunction with synchrotron radiation, such as

2365-570: The war witnessed many of their colleagues at Columbia University leave for new remote research sites following the departure of the Manhattan Project from its campus. Their effort to house this reactor near New York City was rivalled by a similar effort at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to have a facility near Boston . Involvement was quickly solicited from representatives of northeastern universities to

2420-595: The wells were not completed until 1996. The resulting controversy about both BNL's handling of the tritium leak and perceived lapses in DOE's oversight led to the termination of AUI as the BNL contractor in May 1997. The responsibility for failing to discover Brookhaven's tritium leak has been acknowledged by laboratory managers, and DOE admits it failed to properly oversee the laboratory's operations. Brookhaven officials repeatedly treated

2475-545: The world's only two operating heavy-ion colliders, RHIC is as of 2010 the second-highest-energy collider after the Large Hadron Collider . RHIC is housed in a tunnel 2.4 miles (3.9 km) long and is visible from space. On January 9, 2020, It was announced by Paul Dabbar, undersecretary of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, that the BNL eRHIC design has been selected over the conceptual design put forward by Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility as

2530-406: The x-ray propagation down the beamline and their interaction with various components. There are ray-tracing codes such as Shadow and McXTrace that treat the x-ray beam in the geometric optics limit, and then there are wave propagation software that takes into account diffraction, and the intrinsic wavelike properties of the radiation. For the purposes of understanding full or partial coherence of

2585-758: Was also responsible for the design of the SNS accumulator ring in partnership with Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge, Tennessee . Brookhaven plays a role in a range of neutrino research projects around the world, including the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment in China and the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory . For other than approved Public Events,

2640-578: Was involved with two Nobel Prize-winning discoveries. It has since been replaced by the National Synchrotron Light Source II . After ISABELLE'S cancellation, physicist at BNL proposed that the excavated tunnel and parts of the magnet assembly be used in another accelerator. In 1984 the first proposal for the accelerator now known as the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) was put forward. The construction got funded in 1991 and RHIC has been operational since 2000. One of

2695-477: Was one of the first of the 2nd generation light sources to operate in the world. It was initially designed in 1976 and commissioned in 1983. During the Phase II upgrade in 1986, two insertion wigglers/undulators were added to the VUV ring, providing the highest brightness source in the vacuum ultraviolet region until the advent of 3rd generation light sources. The X-ray ring at the National Synchrotron Light Source

2750-476: Was one of the first storage rings designed as a dedicated source of synchrotron radiation . The final lattice design was completed in 1978 and the first stored beam was obtained in September 1982. By 1985, the experimental program was in a rapid state of development, and by the end of 1990, the Phase II beamlines and insertion devices were brought into operation. Electrons generate the synchrotron radiation that

2805-532: Was permanently shutdown on September 30, 2014, after more than 30 years of service. It was replaced by the NSLS-II , which was designed to be 10,000 times brighter. 40°52′05″N 72°52′35″W  /  40.86806°N 72.87639°W  / 40.86806; -72.87639  ( NSLS ) Brookhaven National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory ( BNL ) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, New York ,

SECTION 50

#1732779784456

2860-612: Was the first reactor to be constructed in the United States after World War II. The High Flux Beam Reactor operated from 1965 to 1999. In 1959 Brookhaven built the first US reactor specifically tailored to medical research, the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor , which operated until 2000. In 1952 Brookhaven began using its first particle accelerator , the Cosmotron . At the time the Cosmotron

2915-496: Was the first synchrotron to be controlled using microprocessors. The UV ring had 19 beamlines, while the X-ray ring had 58 beamlines. The beamlines were operated and funded in numerous ways. However, since the NSLS was a user facility, any scientist that submitted a proposal could be granted beamtime after peer-review. There were two types of beamlines at the NSLS: Facility Beamlines (FBs), which were operated by

2970-409: Was the world's highest energy accelerator, being the first to impart more than 1 GeV of energy to a particle. The Cosmotron was retired in 1966, after it was superseded in 1960 by the new Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). The AGS was used in research that resulted in 3 Nobel prizes , including the discovery of the muon neutrino , the charm quark , and CP violation . In 1970 in BNL started

3025-450: Was used at the end stations of beamlines. The electrons are first produced by a 100 KeV triode electron gun. These electrons then proceeded through a linear accelerator (linac), which got them up to 120 MeV . Next, the electrons entered a booster ring, where their energy was increased to 750 MeV, and were then injected into either the VUV ring or the X-ray ring. In the VUV ring, the electrons were further ramped up to 825 MeV and electrons in

#455544