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115-408: [REDACTED] The National Regeneration Movement ( Spanish : Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional ), commonly referred to by its syllabic abbreviation Morena ( Spanish pronunciation: [moˈɾena] ), is a major left-wing populist political party in Mexico . As of 2023, it is the largest political party in Mexico by number of members; it has been the ruling party since 2018 , and won
230-547: A linguistic substrate . Particularly significant has been the influence of Nahuatl , especially in the lexicon . However, while in the vocabulary its influence is undeniable, it is hardly felt in the grammar field. In the lexicon, in addition to the words that originated from Mexico with which the Spanish language has been enriched, such as tomate "tomato", hule "rubber", tiza "chalk", chocolate "chocolate", coyote "coyote", petaca "flask", et cetera;
345-578: A "divorce of convenience" to avoid further polarization in the country, others, like Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas , criticized him for forming a new political party, claiming it further splintered the Mexican left. On 7 January 2014, Batres submitted documents to the National Electoral Institute (INE) for registration as a political party. The INE officially approved MORENA on 10 July, allowing it to receive federal funds and participate in
460-736: A Mexican Spanish "macro-dialect". The small amount of Philippine Spanish has traditionally been influenced by Mexican Spanish, as the colony was initially administered from Mexico City before being administered directly from Madrid . Chavacano , a Spanish-based creole language in the Philippines, is based on Mexican Spanish. To outsiders, the accents of nearby Spanish-speaking countries in northern Central America, such as El Salvador and Guatemala , might sound similar to those spoken in Mexico, especially in central and southern Mexico. The Spanish of Mexico has had various indigenous languages as
575-525: A candidate for the party's nomination, and was succeeded by Yeidckol Polevnsky . For the 2018 general election , it formed the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia (Together We Will Make History) with the left-wing Labor Party and the Christian conservative Social Encounter Party . It won the presidency with 53% of the popular vote and won a majority in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies . MORENA
690-666: A civil association to a political party. During the congress, attendees approved the statutes and action plan for the party, elected 300 councillors to form the Morena National Council, and selected Martí Batres as president of the National Executive Committee . A 2012 poll indicated that the majority of the Mexican public held a negative view of MORENA's establishment as a political party. While some PRD politicians, such as Ricardo Monreal , supported López Obrador's decision, describing it as
805-460: A female with large feet ( patas ). It is common to replace /s/ with /tʃ/ to form diminutives, e.g. I sabel → Chabela , Jo sé Ma ría → Chema , Ce r ve za ("beer") → Chela / Cheve , Conc epción → Conchita , Sin Muela s ("without molars") → Chimuela ("toothless"). This is common in, but not exclusive to, Mexican Spanish. Typical of Mexican Spanish
920-588: A law director of the Secretary of the Interior , Carlos Abascal, during Fox's presidency and worked in the Calderón administration against abortion and same-sex civil unions. He called the latter as "anti-natural." He has publicly asked voters not to cast votes for "abortionist" parties and those who are in favor of homosexual relationships. 1.- Resigned to run for president Note: Only elections where
1035-435: A mere 12% approval rating, the lowest since they started to survey for presidential approval. The PAN has been linked to a conservative stance in Mexican politics since its inception, but the party does not consider itself a fundamentally conservative party. The party ideology, at least in principle, is that of "National Action" which rejects a fundamental adherence to left- or right-wing politics or policies, instead requiring
1150-537: A merger of -ir and -er verb conjugations such that 'we live' is vivemos instead of vivimos , verb roots other than haiga (instead of haya ) with non-standard /g/ such as creigo 'I believe' for creo , an accent shift in the first person plural subjunctive forms váyamos instead of vayamos 'we go', and a shift from -mos to -nos in proparoxytonic third person singular verb forms ( cantaríanos instead of cantaríamos 'we sing'). These same verb forms are also found in
1265-472: A second term in the 2024 general election . The party's name alludes to Mexico's Catholic national patroness: the Virgin of Guadalupe , known as 'La Morena'. Established as a non-profit organization in 2011 and registered as a political party in 2014, it was led by three-time presidential candidate and former President of Mexico , Andrés Manuel López Obrador , until 12 December 2017, when he registered as
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#17327720297081380-654: A significant number of UNEC's leadership came together to found the PAN. The PAN's first executive committee and committees on political action and doctrine also had former Catholic student activists, including Luis Calderón Vega , the father of Felipe Calderón , who became President of Mexico in 2006. The PAN's "Doctrine of National Action" was strongly influenced by Catholic social doctrine articulated in Rerum novarum (1891) and Quadragesimo anno (1931) and rejected Marxist models of class warfare . The PAN's newspaper, La Nación
1495-419: A simple majority but failed to secure the two-thirds congressional supermajority. MORENA describes itself as a democratic left-wing party that supports ethnic , religious , cultural , and sexual diversity , respect for human rights , and environmental care. It describes itself as an opponent of the neoliberal economic policies that Mexico began adopting in the 1980s. MORENA states that a new economic model
1610-476: A single segment, it would have been pronounced quicker than the other clusters. In addition to the usual voiceless fricatives of other American Spanish dialects ( /f/ , /s/ , /x/ ), Mexican Spanish also has the palatal sibilant /ʃ/ , mostly in words from indigenous languages—especially place names. The /ʃ/ , represented orthographically as ⟨x⟩ , is commonly found in words of Nahuatl or Mayan origin, such as Xola [ˈʃola] (a station in
1725-405: Is a conservative political party in Mexico founded in 1939. It is one of the main political parties in the country, and since the 1980s has had success winning local, state, and national elections. In the historic 2000 Mexican general election , PAN candidate Vicente Fox was elected president, the first time in 71 years that the Mexican presidency was not held by the traditional ruling party,
1840-401: Is a defective dative clitic; instead of working as an indirect object pronoun, it modifies the verb. An effect of the modification is the intransitive of the transitive verbs that appear with this -le defective (ex. moverle "to move" it is not mover algo para alguien "to move something for someone" but hacer la acción de mover "to make the action of moving"). This intensifier use
1955-601: Is a member of the Christian Democrat Organization of America . In general, PAN claims to support free enterprise and thus free trade agreements . Carlos Abascal , secretary of the interior in the latter part of the Fox administration, called emergency contraception a " weapon of mass destruction " in July 2005. It was during Fox's term, however, that the "morning-after" pill was legalized, even though
2070-535: Is a particular grammatical feature of the Mexican Spanish variant. In any case, it should not be confused the use of -le as verbal modifier, with the different uses of the pronouns of indirect object (dative) in the classical Spanish, as these are thoroughly used to indicate in particular the case genitive and the ethical dative. In what is considered one of the founding documents of the Spanish language,
2185-732: Is also used, as in other Spanish-speaking countries); papalote "kite" < Nahuatl pāpālōtl [paːˈpaːloːt͡ɬ] "butterfly"; and jitomate "tomato" < Nahuatl xītomatl [ʃiːˈtomat͡ɬ] . For a more complete list see List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin . Other expressions that are common in colloquial Mexican Spanish include: Most of the words above are considered informal (e.g. chavo(a) , padre , güero , etc.), rude ( güey , naco , ¿cómo (la) ves? , etc.) or vulgar (e.g. chingadera , pinche , pedo ) and are limited to slang use among friends or in informal settings; foreigners need to exercise caution in their use. In 2009, at an audience for
2300-427: Is an ellipsis of the negative particle no in a main clause introduced by an adverbial clause with hasta que : In this kind of construction, the main verb is implicitly understood as being negated. Mexico shares with many other areas of Spanish America the use of interrogative qué in conjunction with the quantifier tan(to) : It has been suggested that there is influence of indigenous languages on
2415-537: Is great variation in intonation patterns from region to region within Mexico. For instance, the Spanish of northern Mexico, including the traditional Spanish of New Mexico, is characterized by its own distinct set of intonation patterns. Regarding the evolution of the Spanish spoken in Mexico, the Swedish linguist Bertil Malmberg points out that in Central Mexican Spanish—unlike most varieties in
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#17327720297082530-499: Is needed after the failures of neoliberalism in Mexico, which has resulted in increased corruption and inequality. The party supports "development through private and social business, promoting market competition, but exercising State responsibility in the strategic activities which the Constitution states" and proposes "a model that strengthens the inner market, fair wages; a model that promotes syndical freedom and democracy, where
2645-529: Is no Spanish word; mezquite "mesquite", zapote "sapota", jícama "jicama", ixtle "ixtle", cenzontle "mockingbird", tuza "husk", pozole , tamales , huacal "crate", comal "hotplate", huipil "embroidered blouse", metate "stone for grinding", etc. The strength of the Nahuatl substrate influence is felt less each day, since there are no new contributions. The influence of Nahuatl on phonology seems restricted to
2760-466: Is not a real pronoun of indirect object, since it is still used in non-verbal constructions, such as hijo "son" -> híjo le "damn", ahora "now" -> óra le "wow"," ¿que hubo? " "what's up?" -> quihúbo le "how's it going?", etc. Although the suffix -le hypothesis as influence of Nahuatl has been widely questioned; Navarro Ibarra (2009) finds another explanation about -le intensifying character. The author warns that it
2875-420: Is not distinguished from /s/ . Thus, casa 'house' and caza 'hunt' are homophones. Present in most of the interior of Mexico is the preservation, or absence of debuccalization , of syllable-final /s/ . The fact that the areas with the strongest preservation of final /s/ are also those with the most frequent unstressed vowel reduction gives the sibilant /s/ a special prominence in these dialects. On
2990-510: Is often assimilated to /w/ . Speakers from the Yucatán, especially men or those who are older, often pronounce the voiceless stops /p, t, k/ with aspiration . Like most Spanish dialects and varieties, Mexican Spanish has five vowels: close unrounded front /i/ , close rounded back /u/ , mid unrounded front /e/ , mid rounded back /o/ , and open unrounded /a/ . A striking feature of Mexican Spanish, particularly that of central Mexico,
3105-402: Is subject to López Obrador's decisions rather than having a more consistent ideology as a party. A 2018 article in the magazine Clarín describes MORENA's position as "oscillating between populism and social democracy ". Chamber of Deputies Senate elections Mexican Spanish Mexican Spanish ( Spanish : español mexicano ) is the variety of dialects and sociolects of
3220-401: Is the high rate of reduction , which can involve shortening and centralization , devoicing , or both, and even elision of unstressed vowels, as in [ˈtɾasts] ( trastes , 'cooking utensils'). This process is most frequent when a vowel is in contact with the phoneme /s/ , so that /s/ + vowel + /s/ is the construction when the vowel is most frequently affected. It can be the case that
3335-586: The /t/ and /l/ in such a sequence in the same syllable, a trait shared with the Spanish of the rest of Latin America, that of the Canary Islands, and the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, including Bilbao and Galicia. This includes words of Greek and Latin origin with ⟨tl⟩ such as Atlántico and atleta . In contrast, in most of Spain, the /t/ would form part of
3450-628: The 2000 presidential elections , the candidate of the Alianza por el Cambio ("Alliance for Change"), formed by the PAN and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), Vicente Fox Quesada won 42.5% of the popular vote and was elected president of Mexico . Fox was the first opposition candidate to defeat the candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and its precursors after 71 years. It
3565-723: The 2012 legislative elections , PAN won 38 seats in the Senate and 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, but the party did not win the presidential election in 2012 or 2018 . The members of this party are colloquially called Panistas . Notoriously, the two presidents of the Republic elected as PAN candidates (Vicente Fox and Felipe Calderón) have both left the party. Fox supported Institutional Revolutionary Party presidential candidates in 2012 and 2018, while Calderón founded his own party named " México Libre ". The National Action Party
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3680-600: The 2015 legislative election . The 2015 legislative election marked the first time MORENA participated as an official political party, winning 35 seats in the Chamber of Deputies , which included 14 district seats and 21 proportional representation seats. In the lead-up to the 2018 general election, speculation emerged that Mexico's four left-wing parties—Morena, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD),
3795-576: The Church had condemned the use of these kind of pills, calling them "abortion pills". The PAN produced a television spot against state-financed abortion, one that features popular comedian Chespirito (who was also featured on a TV spot promoting Vicente Fox in the 2000 presidential elections) and a second one that accuses the PRI and PRD of wanting to kill the unborn. After the abortion bill, which made abortion available, anonymous, and free or government-paid,
3910-666: The LXI Legislature . In the 2010 local elections, the PRD, along with the PT and CON, formed alliances with the right-wing National Action Party (PAN) in several key gubernatorial races to counter the Institutional Revolutionary Party 's (PRI) growing influence, further separating López Obrador and his allies from the party. Drawing from his successful mobilization of activists during the "National Movement in Defense of Oil, Heritage, and
4025-460: The Labor Party (PT), and Citizens' Movement (MC)—might form a coalition. However, Andrés Manuel López Obrador dismissed this possibility due to political differences, especially after the 2017 State of Mexico gubernatorial election, where PRD and MC candidates chose to continue their campaigns rather than support Morena's candidate. The PT, however, aligned with Morena after its candidate in
4140-559: The Mexico City Metro ). The spelling ⟨x⟩ can additionally represent the phoneme /x/ (also mostly in place names), as in México itself ( /ˈmexiko/ ); or /s/ , as in the place name Xochimilco —as well as the /ks/ sequence (in words of Greco-Latin origin, such as anexar /anekˈsar/ ), which is common to all varieties of Spanish. In many Nahuatl words in which ⟨x⟩ originally represented [ʃ] ,
4255-531: The PRD left the party, joined the Morena-led government coalition of López Obrador, and gave the government a two-thirds majority, allowing for the passage of constitutional reform. In the 2021 Mexican legislative election , as part of Juntos Hacemos Historia , the party won seven seats in the Chamber of Deputies, while Morena's coalition lost seats in the lower house of Congress. The ruling coalition maintained
4370-570: The PRI . Six years later, PAN candidate Felipe Calderón succeeded Fox following victory in the 2006 presidential election . In 2000–2012, PAN was the strongest party in both houses of the Congress of the Union (the federal legislature) but lacked a majority in either house. In the 2006 legislative elections , the party won 207 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 52 out of 128 Senators . In
4485-502: The Second Vatican Council , toward a greater affinity for the poor; however, more traditional Catholics were critical of that stance and nonreligious groups were also in opposition, since they wanted the party to be less explicitly Catholic and draw in more urban professionals and business groups, who would vote for a nonreligious opposition party. The conflict came to a head, and in 1977 the progressive Catholic wing left
4600-631: The Second World War . Efraín González Luna, a former member of the Mexican Catholic Student Union (Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos) (UNEC), a long-time militant Catholic and practicing lawyer from Guadalajara, helped broker the party's informal alliance with the Catholic Church. However, the relationship between the PAN and the Catholic Church was not without tension. The party's founder Gómez Morín
4715-539: The Spanish language spoken in the United Mexican States . Mexico has the largest number of Spanish speakers, more than double any other country in the world. Spanish is spoken by over 99% of the population, being the mother tongue of 93.8%, and the second language of 5.4%. The territory of contemporary Mexico is not coextensive with what might be termed Mexican Spanish, since linguistic boundaries rarely coincide with political ones. The Spanish spoken in
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4830-658: The United States , have contributed greatly to making Mexican Spanish the most widely spoken variety of Spanish in the United States. Finally, the Spanish spoken in coastal areas often exhibits certain phonetic traits in common with the Caribbean rather than with that of central Mexico, and the Spanish of the Yucatán Peninsula is quite distinct from other varieties. It should also be noted that there
4945-489: The poem of Mio Cid written around the year 1200, you can already find various examples of dative possessive or ethical. Mexico has a border of more than 2,500 kilometers with the United States , and receives major influxes of American and Canadian tourists every year. More than 63% of the 57 million Latinos in the United States are assumed as of Mexican origin. English is the most studied foreign language in Mexico , and
5060-551: The polite personal pronoun usted in the majority of social situations, especially in Northern Mexico . In the north, children even address their parents with usted . In rural areas of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Tlaxcala, many people use a number of distinct non-standard morphological forms: 2nd person preterite verb forms ending in -ates, ites , imperfect forms such as traiba, creiba instead of traía, creía 'brought, believed',
5175-506: The subjunctive , as indicated by a study finding that, among residents of Reynosa , greater contact with the American side correlated with lower use of the subjunctive. This parallels a greater reduction in the use of the subjunctive among Mexican-Americans. The center of Hispanic Linguistics of UNAM carried out a number of surveys in the project of coordinated study of the cultured linguistic norms of major cities of Ibero-America and of
5290-412: The war on drugs , which was implemented in the country during the presidency of Felipe Calderón (2006–2012) and which they oppose, arguing that it is a "failed" strategy that has only sown "insecurity and instability" among Mexicans. Among other things, they advocate the legalization of drugs , such as marijuana , considering that such a proposal would make it possible to find "mechanisms for peace and
5405-423: The 2006 presidential election in 2006 , the PAN candidate Felipe Calderón was elected to succeed Vicente Fox. Calderón was the son of one of the founders of the PAN, and was himself a former party president. He was selected as the PAN's candidate, after beating his opponents Santiago Creel ( Secretary of the Interior during Fox's term) and Alberto Cárdenas (former governor of Jalisco ) in every voting round in
5520-413: The Democratic Revolution (PRD), Labor Party (PT), and Citizens' Movement (MC) in a coalition called Progressive Movement . On election day, López Obrador's surveillance plan was successful, with Morena achieving total coverage across all 300 electoral districts. Despite these efforts, López Obrador once again finished in second place. After the election, growing disagreements between López Obrador and
5635-674: The Federal District had, for the first time, members of the PAN. In 1989, Ernesto Ruffo Appel (Baja California) became the first opposition governor. Two years later, his future successor in the Baja California government, Héctor Terán Terán , became the first federal senator from the PAN. From 1992 to 2000, PAN candidates won the elections for governorships in Guanajuato , Chihuahua , Jalisco , Querétaro , Nuevo León , Aguascalientes , Yucatán and Morelos . In
5750-546: The Federal District based on conscience. The PAN has opposed measures to establish civil unions in Mexico City and Coahuila . On 9 November 2006, the government of the Federal District approved the first law establishing civil unions in Mexico . The members of the PAN, and a member of New Alliance were the only legislators that voted against it. The same year, the local legislature of Coahuila approved
5865-709: The Human Rights Commission of the Federal District, for his lack of moral quality. The PAN, with the members of the Association of Catholic Lawyers, gathered signatures and turned them in to the Federal District Electoral Institute (IEDF) to void the abortion bill and force a referendum, which was also rejected by the IEDF. In May 2007, the PAN started a campaign to encourage rejections to perform abortion among doctors in
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#17327720297085980-501: The Iberian Peninsula. The total number of anglicisms was about 4% among Mexican speakers of urban norms. However, this figure includes anglicisms that permeated general Spanish long ago and which are not particular to Mexico, such as buffete, náilon "nylon", dólar "dollar", hockey, rimel , ron "rum", vagón "railroad car", búfer "buffer", and others. National Action Party (Mexico) The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido Acción Nacional , PAN )
6095-672: The Mexican Constitution prohibits reducing the salary of judges at any time during their appointment to maintain judicial independence, judges on the Supreme Court took a 25% pay cut starting in 2019. Various outlets have described MORENA as a big tent party, "not in the strict sense a political party, but an alliance of diverse movements and political actors, whose main reference is its founder and presidential candidate, Andrés Manuel López Obrador." Due to López Obrador's pragmatism , some critics have claimed that MORENA
6210-687: The PAN in Zacatecas, Chiapas and Oaxaca. In 2009, the PAN held 33 seats in the Senate and 142 seats in the Chamber of deputies. In 2012, the PAN lost the Presidential Election to Enrique Peña Nieto of the PRI . They also won 38 seats in the Senate (a gain of 3 seats), and 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (a loss of 28 seats). The government of president of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto (EPN) has faced multiple scandals, and allegations of corruption. Reforma who has run surveys of presidential approval since 1995, revealed EPN had received
6325-418: The PAN lost the elections for the state government of Mexico State and Nayarit to the PRI. The former was considered one of the most important elections in the country because of the number of voters involved, which is higher than the elections for head of government of the Federal District . (See: 2003 Mexican elections , 2004 Mexican elections and 2005 Mexican elections for results.) Significantly in
6440-474: The PAN lost the governorship and the majority in the state congress of Yucatán to the PRI as well as the municipal presidency of Aguascalientes , but kept both the governorship and the majority in the state congress of Baja California . The PRI also obtained more municipal presidents and local congresspeople in Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Chiapas and Oaxaca. The PRD obtained more posts than
6555-458: The PAN lost the governorship of Nuevo León to the PRI and, the following year, failed to win back the state of Chihuahua from the PRI. Coupled with a bitterly fought election in Colima that was cancelled and later re-run, these developments were interpreted by some political analysts to be a significant rejection of the PAN in advance of the 2006 presidential election . In contrast, 2004 did see
6670-509: The PAN win for the first time in Tlaxcala , in a state that would not normally be considered PAN territory, although its candidate was a member of the PRI until a few months before the elections. It also managed to hold on to Querétaro (by a mere 3% margin against the PRI) and Aguascalientes (although in 2007, it lost most of the municipalities and the local Congress to the PRI). However, in 2005
6785-512: The PRD leadership over the future of Morena led to López Obrador's departure from the PRD on 9 September 2012. The PRD leadership had considered forming a legislative bloc with the PAN, a move López Obrador criticized, later accusing the party of having "betrayed the people" by aligning with both the PAN and later with Peña Nieto 's PRI. On 20 November 2012, the Morena's first National Congress took place, where it formally started its transition from
6900-400: The PRI; we have two options: to go alone or with Morena." In December 2017, the alliance was solidified under the name Juntos Haremos Historia ("Together We Will Make History"), with López Obrador as the coalition's presidential nominee. López Obrador won the election in a landslide with 53% of the popular vote. The party won 55 seats in the Senate, 156 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and
7015-680: The Pacific Coast, the Canary Islands , and most of Andalusia and Extremadura in Spain). Thus, in these dialects, México, Jalapa , and caja are respectively pronounced [ˈmehiko] , [haˈlapa] , and [ˈkaha] . In northwestern Mexico and rural Michoacan, [tʃ] , represented by ⟨ch⟩ , tends to be deaffricated to [ʃ] , a phonetic feature also typical of southwestern Andalusian Spanish dialects. All varieties of Mexican Spanish are characterized by yeísmo :
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#17327720297087130-715: The Popular Economy," López Obrador believed it was feasible to establish a citizen network operating without party affiliations, motivated solely by support for his candidacy. On 10 January 2011, he called for the formation of a social and political movement dedicated to defending the vote in preparation for the upcoming general election, naming it the National Regeneration Movement (Morena). Morena aimed to establish "Voter Defense Committees" in 66,000 electoral sections across Mexico to monitor for potential election fraud. This initiative became one of
7245-478: The Spanish of Mexico has many Nahuatlismos that confer a lexical personality of its own. It can happen that the Nahuatl word coexists with the Spanish word, as in the cases of cuate "buddy" and amigo "friend", guajolote "turkey" and pavo "turkey", chamaco "kid" and niño "boy", mecate "rope" and reata "rope", etc. On other occasions, the indigenous word differs slightly from
7360-501: The Spanish, as in the case of huarache , which is another type of sandal; tlapalería , hardware store, molcajete , a stone mortar, etc. Other times, the Nahuatl word has almost completely displaced the Spanish, tecolote "owl", atole "cornflour drink", popote "straw", milpa "cornfield", ejote "green bean", jacal "shack", papalote "kite", etc. There are many indigenismos "words of indigenous origin" who designate Mexican realities for which there
7475-541: The State doesn't intervene in the inner affairs of the trade organizations". The party sets to stop the privatization of Pemex and the granting of lands to foreign mining companies who "devastate the lands, pay no taxes and harm the environment". On social issues, the party's platform embraces a progressive agenda in favor of women's rights and the LGBT community in Mexico , supporting causes such as same-sex marriage and
7590-534: The State of Mexico withdrew in favor of Morena's. Seeking an alliance, it was formalized in October 2017 at the PT’s National Congress, where party leader Alberto Anaya was re-elected for another six-year term. By late November 2017, discussions began with the right-wing Christian-conservative Social Encounter Party (PES) , whose president, Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes , stated: "We don't negotiate with
7705-427: The adoption of such policies as correspond to the problems faced by the nation at any given moment. Thus both right- and left-wing policies may be considered equally carefully in formulation of national policy. This theory of National Action politics, rejecting a fundamental adherence to right or left, is held within a strongly Christian context, and falls under the umbrella of Christian democracy . The party theory
7820-430: The decriminalization of abortion at the national level . It is worth noting that Andrés Manuel López Obrador became the first Mexican president-elect to include the LGBT community in an election victory speech. Almost a year later, on 17 May 2019, Lopez Obrador officially decreed the "National Day against Homophobia, Lesbophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia" in Mexico. The party advocates an alternative security strategy to
7935-571: The diminutive does not necessarily denote small size, but rather often implies an affectionate attitude; thus one may speak of " una casita grande " ('a nice, big house'). When the diminutive suffix is applied to an adjective, often a near-equivalent idea can be expressed in English by "nice and [adjective]". So, for example, a mattress ( Spanish : un colchón ) described as blandito might be "nice and soft", while calling it blando might be heard to mean "too soft". In some regions of Mexico,
8050-403: The diminutive is found across all socioeconomic classes, but its "excessive" use is commonly associated with lower-class speech. The augmentative suffix -(z)ote is typically used in Mexico to make nouns larger, more powerful, etc. For example, the word camión , in Mexico, means bus ; the suffixed form camionzote means "big or long bus". It can be repeated just as in the case of
8165-535: The diminutive suffix -ito is also used to form affectives to express politeness or submission ( cafecito , literally "little coffee"; cabecita , literally "little head"; chavito "little boy"), and is attached to names ( Marquitos , from Marcos ; Juanito , from Juan —cf. Eng. Johnny ) denoting affection. In the northern parts of the country, the suffix -ito is often replaced in informal situations by -illo ( cafecillo , cabecilla , morrillo , Juanillo ). Frequent use of
8280-443: The familiar Mexican proverb " Camarón que se duerme se lo lleva la corriente " (A sleeping shrimp is carried away by the tide), without realizing the vulgarity associated with the word in Mexico. The prince, also unaware of the differences, proceeded to say the word, to the bemusement and offense of some of the attendees. New Mexico Spanish has many similarities with an older version of Mexican Spanish, and can be considered part of
8395-586: The familiar second person singular). The traditional familiar second person plural pronoun vosotros —in colloquial use only in Spain—is found in Mexico only in certain archaic texts and ceremonial language. However, since it is used in many Spanish-language Bibles throughout the country, most Mexicans are familiar with the form and understand it. An instance of it is found in the national anthem , which all Mexicans learn to sing: Mexicanos, al grito de guerra / el acero aprestad y el bridón . Mexicans tend to use
8510-399: The first female federal deputy. In 1967, Norma Villarreal de Zambrano ( San Pedro Garza García , Nuevo León ) became the first female municipal president. Until the 1980s, the PAN was a weak opposition party that was considered pro-Catholic and pro-business, but never garnered many votes. Its strength, however, was that it was pro-democracy and pro-rule of law, so that its political profile
8625-458: The first four federal deputies from the opposition in post-revolutionary Mexico. The following year, Manuel Torres Serranía from Quiroga , Michoacán became the party's first municipal president and Alfonso Hernández Sánchez (from Zamora , Michoacán) its first state deputy. In 1962, Rosario Alcalá (Aguascalientes) became the first female candidate for state governor and two years later Florentina Villalobos Chaparro ( Parral , Chihuahua ) became
8740-464: The foundation of the PAN in September 1939. The Jesuit student organization, Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos (UNEC), provided a well-organized network of adherents who successfully fought the imposition of a particular ideological view by the state. Gómez Morín was not himself a militant Catholic, but he was a devout believer who rejected liberalism and individualism. In 1939, Gómez Morín and
8855-533: The general lack of s-aspiration in the center of the country, /s/ is often elided before /r/ or /l/ , and the phrase buenas noches is often pronounced without the first /s/ . There is a set of voiced obstruents — /b/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ , and sometimes /ʝ/ —which alternate between approximant and plosive allophones depending on the environment. /bw/ often becomes /gw/ , especially in more rural speech, such that abuelo and bueno may be pronounced as agüelo and güeno . In addition, /gw/
8970-403: The governorships of Mexico City , Chiapas , Tabasco , and Veracruz . Before and after the 2018 election, many PRD politicians, including incumbent mayors and legislators, left the party to join Morena, asserting that it represented a true leftist movement. Notably, key PRD founder Ifigenia Martínez y Hernández was among those who made the switch to Morena. In early 2019, nine deputies from
9085-409: The largest social mobilizations in the country's history, rivaled only by the PRI's mobilizations during the mid-20th century. The movement was officially founded as a civil association on 2 October 2011, with López Obrador claiming that the movement had attracted nearly four million supporters within nine months. For the 2012 general election , López Obrador was once again nominated by the Party of
9200-482: The law of civil unions to which the PAN also opposed. The PAN also lodged an unconstitutionality plea before the Supreme Court of Justice of the State of Coahuila, alleging that the constitution has vowed to protect the institution of the family. Guillermo Bustamente Manilla, a member of the PAN and the president of the National Parents Union (UNPF) is the father of Guillermo Bustamante Artasánchez,
9315-613: The left, MORENA has not sought to reduce inequality by increasing taxes on the wealthy. Instead, the party has focused on reducing the pay gap between lower-level employees and high-level government workers salaries, such as politicians and judges, through austerity measures. The party announced support for a plan by López Obrador to cut salaries of higher-ranking public officials (including the President), lay off up to 70 percent of non-unionized federal workers, and reduce spending by cracking down on corruption and tax fraud. As Article 94 of
9430-408: The legislative bloc Broad Progressive Front to promote López Obrador's political platform. However, during the legislative session, many PRD legislators began to distance themselves from López Obrador, who was increasingly perceived as radical due to his "legitimate presidency" claims. In the 2008 PRD leadership election, Jesús Ortega emerged victorious over López Obrador ally Alejandro Encinas for
9545-656: The letters ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩ correspond to the same phoneme, /ʝ/ . That phoneme, in most variants of Mexican Spanish, is pronounced as either a palatal fricative [ ʝ ] or an approximant [ ʝ˕ ] in most cases, although after a pause it is instead realized as an affricate [ ɟʝ ] . In the north and in rural Michoacan, /ʝ/ is consistently rendered as an approximant and may even be elided when between vowels and in contact with /i/ or /e/ , as in gallina 'hen', silla 'chair', and sella 'seal'. As in all American dialects of Spanish, Mexican Spanish has seseo , so /θ/
9660-501: The monosyllabic pronunciation of digraphs -tz- and -tl- (Mexico: [aˈt͡ɬantiko] / Spain : [aðˈlantiko] ), and to the various pronunciations of the letter -x- , coming to represent the sounds [ks] , [gz] , [s] , [x] and [ʃ] . In the grammar, one can cite as influence of Nahuatl the extensive use of diminutives: The most common Spanish diminutive suffix is -ito/-ita . English examples are –y in doggy or -let in booklet. It can also be cited as influence of Nahuatl
9775-505: The other Spanish-speaking countries—the vowels lose strength, while consonants are fully pronounced. Malmberg attributes this to a Nahuatl substratum , as part of a broader cultural phenomenon that preserves aspects of indigenous culture through place names of Nahuatl origin, statues that commemorate Aztec rulers, etc. The Mexican linguist Juan M. Lope Blanch , however, finds similar weakening of vowels in regions of several other Spanish-speaking countries; he also finds no similarity between
9890-514: The other hand, /s/ -weakening is very frequent on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and is also fairly frequent in northern and northwestern Mexico, and in parts of Oaxaca and the Yucatán peninsula. In all these regions, /s/ -weakening acts as a sociolinguistic marker, being more prevalent in rural areas and among the lower classes. The prevalence of a weakened syllable-final /s/ in so many peripheral areas of Mexico suggests that such weakening
10005-532: The party presidency. In 2008, López Obrador transformed his "legitimate presidency" into the "National Movement in Defense of Oil, Heritage, and the Popular Economy" in response to a proposed energy reform. The movement mobilized 200,000 activists, successfully blocking the reform, which aimed to privatize the state-owned petroleum company , Pemex . By the 2009 legislative election , numerous López Obrador allies were sidelined by party leadership, which removed them from candidacies and diminished their influence in
10120-420: The party primaries. On 2 July 2006, Felipe Calderón secured a plurality of the votes cast. Finishing less than one percent behind was Andrés Manuel López Obrador , who challenged the results of the election on possible grounds of electoral fraud. In addition to the presidency, the PAN won 206 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 52 in the Senate, securing it the largest single party blocs in both houses. In 2007,
10235-477: The party. The PAN had strength in Northern Mexico and its candidates had won elections earlier on, but these victories were small in comparison to those of the Institutional Revolutionary Party . In 1946, PAN members Miguel Ramírez Munguía ( Tacámbaro , Michoacán ), Juan Gutiérrez Lascurain ( Federal District ), Antonio L. Rodríguez ( Nuevo León ) and Aquiles Elorduy García ( Aguascalientes ) became
10350-502: The previous syllable's coda, and be subject to weakening, as in [aðˈlantiko] , [aðˈleta] . Some claim that in Mexican Spanish, the sequence /tl/ is really a single phoneme , the same as the lateral affricate of Nahuatl. On the other hand, José Ignacio Hualde and Patricio Carrasco argue that /tl/ is best analyzed as an onset cluster on the basis that Mexicans take the same amount of time to pronounce /tl/ as they do to pronounce /pl/ and /kl/ . They predicted that if /tl/ were
10465-460: The pronunciation has changed to [x] (or [h] )—e.g. Jalapa/Xalapa [xaˈlapa] . Regarding the pronunciation of the phoneme /x/ , the articulation in most of Mexico is velar [x] , as in caja [ˈkaxa] ('box'). However, in some (but not all) dialects of southern Mexico, the normal articulation is glottal [ h ] (as it is in most dialects of the Caribbean,
10580-637: The reconstruction of the social fabric". MORENA also declares to be in favor of improving conditions of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and carrying out the 1996 San Andrés Accords , which were signed by the EZLN and representatives of the Mexican government, but later unenforced by then-President Ernesto Zedillo . The party states to be against the monopolization of the mass media, especially television, by Televisa and TV Azteca , which in 2018 owned 90% of Mexican television. Contrary to other parties of
10695-417: The sequences ⟨tz⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ , corresponding to the voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s] and the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] , present in many indigenous languages of Mexico, as in the words tlapalería [t͡ɬapaleˈɾia] ('hardware store') and coatzacoalquense [koat͡sakoalˈkense] ('from [the city of] Coatzacoalcos '). Mexican Spanish always pronounces
10810-461: The signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Mexico and the Netherlands, the then Crown Prince of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander , made a statement to the audience with a word that, in Mexican Spanish, is considered very vulgar. Evidently oblivious to the word's different connotations in different countries, the prince's Argentine interpreter used the word chingada as the ending to
10925-474: The southernmost state of Chiapas , bordering Guatemala , resembles the variety of Central American Spanish spoken in that country, where voseo is used. Meanwhile, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to a large number of Mexicans residing in what had become US territory, and many of their descendants have continued to speak Spanish. In addition, the waves of 19th- and 20th-century migration from Mexico to
11040-896: The speech of central Mexico, having its apparent origin in the State of Mexico , is the use of negation in an unmarked yes/no question . Thus, in place of " ¿Quieres...? " (Would you like...?), there is a tendency to ask " ¿No quieres...? " (Wouldn't you like...?). Mexican Spanish retains a number of words that are considered archaic in Spain. Also, there are a number of words widely used in Mexico which have Nahuatl, Mayan or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna and toponyms . Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, like chocolate and aguacate ("avocado"), and some are only used in Mexico. The latter include guajolote "turkey" < Nahuatl huaxōlōtl [waˈʃoːloːt͡ɬ] (although pavo
11155-433: The suffixes -ito and -ísimo ; therefore camionzotototote means very, very, very big bus . The suffix -uco or -ucho and its feminine counterparts -uca and -ucha respectively, are used as a disparaging form of a noun; for example, the word casa , meaning "house", can be modified with that suffix ( casucha ) to change the word's meaning to make it disparaging, and sometimes offensive; so
11270-609: The syntax of Mexican Spanish (as well as that of other areas in the Americas), manifested, for example, in the redundant use of verbal clitics , particularly lo . This is more common among bilinguals or in isolated rural areas. Mucho muy can be used colloquially in place of the superlative -ísimo , as in: Mexican Spanish, like that of many other parts of the Americas, prefers the preposition por in expressions of time spans, as in A more or less recent phenomenon in
11385-810: The third most spoken after Spanish and the native languages taken together. Given these circumstances, anglicisms in Mexican Spanish are continuously increasing (as they are also in the rest of the Americas and Spain), including filmar "to film", béisbol "baseball", club "club", coctel "cocktail", líder "leader", cheque "check", sándwich "sandwich", etc. Mexican Spanish also uses other anglicisms that are not used in all Spanish-speaking countries, including bye , ok , nice , cool , checar "to check", fólder "folder", overol "overalls", réferi "referee", lonchera "lunch bag", clóset "closet", maple "maple syrup", baby shower , etc. English influence, at least in border cities, may result in lower use of
11500-411: The traditional Spanish of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Central Mexico is noted for the frequent use of diminutive suffixes with many nouns, adverbs, and adjectives, even where no semantic diminution of size or intensity is implied. Most frequent is the -ito/ita suffix, which replaces the final vowel on words that have one. Words ending with -n use the suffix -cito/cita . Use of
11615-481: The use of the suffix -Le to give an emphatic character to the imperative . For example: brinca "jump" -> brínca le "jump", come "eat" -> cóme le "eat", pasa "go/proceed" -> pása le "go/proceed", etc. This suffix is considered to be a crossover of the Spanish indirect object pronoun -le with the Nahua excitable interjections, such as cuele "strain." However, this suffix
11730-407: The vowel behavior of Nahuatl and that of Central Mexican Spanish; and thirdly, he finds Nahuatl syllable structure no more complex than that of Spanish. Furthermore, Nahuatl is not alone as a possible influence, as there are currently more than 90 native languages spoken in Mexico. Due to influence from indigenous languages , such as Nahuatl , Mexican Spanish has incorporated many words containing
11845-428: The word casucha often refers to a shanty, hut or hovel. The word madera ("wood") can take the suffix -uca ( maderuca ) to mean "rotten, ugly wood". Other suffixes include, but are not limited to: -azo as in carrazo , which refers to a very impressive car ( carro ) such as a Ferrari or Mercedes-Benz; -ón , for example narizón , meaning "big-nosed" ( nariz = "nose"), or patona ,
11960-417: The words pesos , pesas , and peces are pronounced the same [ˈpesəs] . The vowels are slightly less frequently reduced or eliminated in the constructions /t, p, k, d/ + vowel + /s/ , so that the words pastas , pastes , and pastos may also be pronounced the same [ˈpasts] . Mexican Spanish is a tuteante form of the language (i.e. using tú and its traditional verb forms for
12075-451: Was a party of "civic example", an independent loyal opposition that generally did not win elections at any level. However, in the 1980s it began a transformation to a political power, beginning at the local and state levels in the North of Mexico. A split in the PAN occurred in 1977, with the pro-Catholic faction and the more secular wing splitting. The PAN had updated its positions following
12190-533: Was a significant victory not only for the PAN, but Mexican democracy. In the senate elections of the same date, the Alliance won 46 out of 128 seats in the Senate. The Alliance broke off the following year and the PVEM has since participated together with the PRI in most elections. In the 2003 mid-term elections , the party won 30.74% of the popular vote and 153 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. In 2003,
12305-456: Was approved at the local legislature, the PAN requested the Human Rights Commission of the Federal District (CDHDF) to enact actions on the unconstitutionality of the measure, the CDHDF rejected the request as it found no basis of unconstitutionality. After unsuccessfully appealing to unconstitutionality, the PAN declared that it may request the remotion of Emilio Álvarez Icaza , the president of
12420-655: Was at one point more prevalent in peripheral areas, but that the influence of Mexico City has led to the diffusion of a style of pronunciation without /s/ -weakening, especially among the urban middle classes. /s/ -weakening on both the Pacific and the Gulf Coast was strengthened by influences from Andalusian , Canarian , and Caribbean Spanish dialects. Also, the dialects spoken in rural Chihuahua , Sonora , and Sinaloa , like that of New Mexico , have developed aspiration of syllable-initial /s/ , as in words like pasar 'to pass' and señor 'sir'. Despite
12535-413: Was founded by another former UNEC member, Carlos Séptien García. The PAN originally brought together the Mexican socio-economic elite opposed to President Lázaro Cárdenas ' reforms. In particular, it opposed his plan for free secular education, the nationalization of oil and land reform. The party, which at the time included personalities sympathetic to fascism , campaigned for Mexico's neutrality during
12650-533: Was founded in 1939 by Manuel Gómez Morín , who had held a number of important government posts in the 1920s and 1930s. He saw the need for the creation of a permanent political party rather than an ephemeral organization to oppose the expansion of power by the post-revolutionary Mexican state. When Gómez Morín was rector of UNAM between 1933 and 1935, the government attempted to impose socialist education. In defending academic freedom, Gómez Morín forged connections with individuals and groups that later came together in
12765-446: Was in contrast to the dominant Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) that was widely and increasingly seen as corrupt. The PAN came to be viewed as viable opposition party for a wider range of voters as it became more secular and as Mexicans increasingly moved to cities. As the PAN increasingly called for end of fraud in Mexican elections, it appealed to a wider range of people. In 1988, the newly created Assembly of Representatives of
12880-539: Was largely developed by early figures such as Gómez Morín and his associates. However, some observers consider the PAN claim to National Action politics to be weakened by the apparent persistent predominance of conservatism in PAN policy in practice. The PAN has similarities with Europe and Latin America's Christian democratic parties. The PAN currently occupies the right of Mexico's political spectrum, advocating free enterprise , pragmatism , small government , privatization and libertarian reforms as well. The PAN
12995-513: Was leery of clerical oversight of the party, although its members were mainly urban Catholic professionals and businessmen. For its part, the Church hierarchy did not want to identify itself with a particular political party, since the Constitution of 1917 forbade it. In the 1950s, the PAN, which had been seen to be Catholic in its makeup, became more ideologically secular. The PAN initially
13110-513: Was nominated by the left-wing Coalition for the Good of All , which comprised the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Labor Party (PT), and Convergence (CON). After losing the election, López Obrador alleged election fraud . Although the electoral courts dismissed his claims, he declared himself the "legitimate president." During the LX Legislature , the left-wing parties formed
13225-506: Was part of the Juntos Hacemos Historia alliance for the 2021 legislative election . In the 2024 election , Morena's candidate for president, Claudia Sheinbaum , was elected in a landslide victory and became Mexico's first female president-elect. She succeeded Andrés Manuel López Obrador on October 1. In the 2006 presidential election, the popular former Head of Government of Mexico City , Andrés Manuel López Obrador ,
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