Adolf Naef (1 May 1883 – 11 May 1949) was a Swiss zoologist and palaeontologist who worked on cephalopods and systematics . Although he struggled with academic politics throughout his career and difficult conditions during World War I and II , his work had lasting influences on the fields of phylogenetics , morphology , and embryology .
41-528: Naef , Naeff or Näf is a Swiss surname that may refer to Adolf Naef (1883–1949), Swiss zoologist and palaeontologist Adrian Naef (born 1948), Swiss writer and musician Céline Naef (born 2005), Swiss tennis player Ernest Näf (1920–20??), Swiss racing cyclist Fritz Naef (1934–2014), Swiss ice hockey player Ralph Näf (born 1980), Swiss cross-country mountain biker Robert Adolf Naef (1907–1975), Swiss banker and astronomer 1906 Naef ,
82-694: A Western-style education in the English language, or the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut ) in Beirut, run by American missionaries. The new school would provide an alternative to the student missions to Europe begun under Muhammad Ali . Controversy surrounding Zaydan's publications would later prevent him from taking a teaching post at the university. A number of other prominent Egyptians played
123-481: A lack of professional faculty to fulfill the founders' educational vision. There were simply no Egyptians with doctoral degrees, the ability to teach in Arabic and a familiarity with Western literature in their fields with whom to fill professorial posts. Thus European Orientalists who lectured in classical Arabic filled many posts until the 1930s. The university also sent its own students on educational missions to obtain
164-469: A modern, professional education to Egyptians. Armenian bureaucrat Yaqub Artin made the first known published reference to establishing an Egyptian university in 1894. In a report, he suggested "the existing higher professional schools could well provide the basis for a university." These higher schools included the School of Management and Languages, established in 1868 (which became the School of Law in 1886),
205-558: A part of her fundraising campaign for the establishment of Egypt's first formal university. Following the Denshawai incident , Mustafa Kamil al-Ghamrawi, a wealthy notable from Beni Suef , pledged 500 Egyptian pounds towards a university in September 1906. Mustafa Kamil published a call for supplementary funds, while Saad Zaghlul and Qasim Amin arranged a meeting attended by Muhammad Farid and 23 other prominent Egyptians. The members of
246-596: A professorship at the University of Zagreb in 1922, Naef shifted the primary focus of his work to vertebrates. Nevertheless, he returned to the Naples Zoological Station in 1926 to complete his cephalopod monograph, which was published in two parts in the Station's Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der Angrenzenden Meers-Abschitte (Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli) series, which formed
287-551: A program: Construction Engineering. In 2009, it introduced the Water and Environmental Engineering Program. The British colonial government, particularly Lord Cromer, had long opposed the establishment of such a university. Only a year after his departure from Egypt, under Sir Eldon Gorst, was the Egyptian University finally established. The Egyptian educational system remained neglected by the colonial government under
328-412: A purpose that cephalopods served well. This group contains relatively few species (compared to, say, gastropods ) spanning relatively high morphological diversity—ideal material for the systematist. Naef also found that cephalopod embryology and paleontology were quite amenable to study. Although Naef professed no "special interest" in cephalopods, his work significantly advanced scientific knowledge of
369-441: A role in the university's foundation. A collection of large landowners, bureaucrats, members of the royal family , and journalists, lawyers, and school teachers including Mustafa Kamil , disciples of Muhammad Abduh such as Qasim Amin and Saad Zaghlul , and eventually Khedive Abbas II and Prince Ahmad Fu’ad I became involved. As Donald M. Reid writes, "Royalist partisans stressed Fu'ad's founding role, Watanists (supporters of
410-460: A single concept because their objects are so similar. I have therefore proposed the name 'systematic morphology' for this concept ... It is intended to show that there is an inner relationship between natural systematics and (comparative) morphology.” Naef's concern was with the discovery of natural, as opposed to artificial, classification, a problem examined in detail by A. P. de Candolle . Naef expressed it so: "For decades, phylogenetics lacked
451-520: A state institution under Fuad I. The liberal arts college (kulliyat al-adab) of 1908 was joined with the schools of law and medicine, and a new faculty of science was added. Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid became the first president. Cairo University is usually ranked among the best universities in Egypt, and one of the top universities in Africa. In QS ranking 2021 , Cairo University was ranked the 2nd in Egypt and
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#1732780906366492-476: A stony asteroid named after Robert Naef Observatory Naef Épendes , an astronomical observatory at Épendes, Switzerland, named after Robert Naef Roslï Näf (1911–1996), Swiss Red Cross nurse Wilhelm Matthias Naeff (1802–1881), Swiss politician [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Naef . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding
533-420: A valid methodological basis and developed on the decayed trunk of a withering tradition rooted in the idealistic morphology and the systematics of pre-Darwinian times. There was talk of systematic 'tact' and morphological 'instinct', terms which were felt rather than understood and consequently insufficient to form the frame of a science which required sound definitions and clearly formulated principles." And thus
574-720: A variety of animals, he ended up studying the embryology of the squid Loligo vulgaris . He published his dissertation one year later. In 1910, Naef accepted a position of a permanent visiting scientist at the Zoological Station, where he began work on a cephalopod monograph that had been started by Giuseppe Jatta . He took a concurrent teaching position at the University of Zurich, working remotely from Naples. During World War I , conditions in Italy deteriorated until finally Naef decided to return to Zurich. After finding
615-819: Is Egypt 's premier public university . Its main campus is in Giza , immediately across the Nile from Cairo . It was founded on 21 December 1908; after being housed in various parts of Cairo, its faculties, beginning with the Faculty of Arts, were established on its current main campus in Giza in October 1929. The university was known as the Egyptian University from 1908 to 1940, and King Fuad I University and Fu'ād al-Awwal University from 1940 to 1952. The university
656-442: Is the second oldest institution of higher education in Egypt after Al-Azhar University , notwithstanding the pre-existing higher professional schools that later became constituent colleges of the university. The university was founded and funded as the Egyptian University by a committee of private citizens with royal patronage in 1908 and became a state institution under King Fuad I in 1925. In 1940, four years following his death,
697-464: The National Party ) pointed out Mustafa Kamil's call for a university, and Wafdists emphasized the contributions of Saad Zaghlul, Muhammad Abduh, and Qasim Amin." Wealthy Egyptians began to independently pledge funds to the establishment of a university as early as 1905. Significant contributions were made by Princess Fatma Ismail . In the early 1900s, she donated land to the university as
738-462: The University of Zurich , but soon switched to natural sciences. He graduated in 1908 and went on to pursue a PhD under the guidance of Arnold Lang (1855—1914), a former professor of Jena University and close friend of Ernst Haeckel as well as a long-time associate of Anton Dohrn . Naef visited Dohrn's Zoological Station in Naples , Italy in 1908. Although initially planning to collect eggs from
779-558: The 6th across Africa, and it was rated 561-570 worldwide. In the ARWU 2020 ranking , the university was ranked 1st in Egypt. It was rated 401-500 worldwide. According to the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) 2020–21, the university was ranked 1st in Egypt, and the 558th worldwide. Cairo University includes a School of Law and a School of Medicine . The Medical School, also known as Kasr Alaini ( القصر العيني , Qasr-el-'Ayni),
820-527: The British representative in Egypt, Lord Cromer , remained opposed to establishing of higher education in the country for fear that it would foment unrest. The university opened as a small private institution in 1908. Its early founding and location made it a model for later universities throughout the Arab world. It was taken over as a state university in 1925 and became Cairo University in 1954. The university
861-464: The Khedive. Donald M. Reid speculates that this was due to fear that European-style education would foment political unrest or nationalistic sentiments . Cromer also opposed providing financial aid to the university after the private committee began to pursue the matter independently of the colonial government. In its early years, the university did not have a campus but rather advertised lectures in
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#1732780906366902-559: The School of Irrigation and Construction (known as the School of Engineering) in 1866, Dar al-Ulum in 1872, the School of Agriculture in 1867 and the School of Antiquities 1869. Syrian journalist Jurji Zaydan called for an "Egyptian college school" (madrasa kulliya misriyya ) in 1900 in his monthly magazine Al-Hilal . He provided two models for this institute of higher education: the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh , India, which delivered
943-479: The basis for his two short but significant monographs on systematic theory. In 1927 Naef became Professor of Zoology at the University of Cairo , and in 1929 Director of the Zoological Department. He expected this position to be a temporary one until he could find a job at a European university. In fact, in 1931 Naef was nearly hired as chair of zoology at the University of Basle , but the position
984-440: The challenge of understanding evolutionary relationships among organisms. He argued that direct morphological observations form the necessary basis for systematics. Naef described his approach as Systematische Morphologie , the details of which he sketched out as early as 1913: "Phylogenetic and natural systematics deal with the same factual material, and although each has different basic concepts, both disciplines can be united in
1025-487: The direction of Lord Cromer. Two decades after the establishment of British rule, education received less than 1 percent of the state budget. Cromer publicly stated that free public education was not an appropriate policy for a nation such as Egypt, although the funds were found to refurbish the law school in Cairo so Egyptians did not have to go abroad to obtain legal degrees during Sir John Scott 's time as Judicial Advisor to
1066-432: The group and he maintained a connection to cephalopod studies throughout his career. He described dozens of new species, genera and families—both living and fossil—and created the first chart of cephalopod embryonic stages, which is still in use today. Naef's hypotheses about cephalopod evolution continue to inform contemporary research. He found evidence for fins on belemnites almost a hundred years before their existence
1107-568: The meeting founded a committee with Zaghlul as vice-president and Amin as secretary, and all but three pledged at least 100 Egyptian pounds towards the university. However, splinters quickly emerged between the Watanists, the disciples of Abduh and the Royalists, leaving the project in the hands of the Palace. By the time of its establishment in 1908, Prince Fuad I was the rector, and only one of
1148-445: The men who had met in 1906 remained in the committee. Concerning the faculty of engineering In 2006, the college began implementing the credit hour system by launching the following programs: construction engineering, computer and telecommunications engineering. In 2007 programs that were developed: mechanical design engineering, architecture engineering and construction technology and petrochemical engineering. In 2008, it introduced
1189-471: The necessary training. First, the university hired Italians Carlo Nallino, David Santillana and Ignazio Guidi, due to King Fuad I's connections with Italy. Following the departure of the Italians after the invasion of Libya, French orientalists Gaston Wiet and Louis Massignon took up posts on the faculty. The Germans and British were less represented. In 1925, the university was re-founded and expanded as
1230-644: The person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naef&oldid=1162685114 " Categories : Surnames of Swiss origin Surnames German-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Adolf Naef Naef was born in Herisau, Switzerland, to parents Martin and Berta. In 1904, he began studying philosophy and literature at
1271-421: The press. Lectures would be held in various palaces and conference halls. After a grand opening ceremony in 1908, it remained on financial insecure footing for a number of years, nearly collapsing during World War I. Upon its founding in 1908, the Egyptian University had a women's section but this was closed in 1912. Women were first readmitted to the arts faculty in 1928. Problems during this period also included
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1312-434: The primacy of direct observation in favor of pursuing the metaphysical "true nature" of phylogenetics. It was Naef's abiding fascination with evolution and systematics that brought him to the study of cephalopods. Invited by Dohrn to complete a cephalopod monograph, he took this project as an opportunity to put his own systematic theories into practice. He aimed to construct the first complete phylogeny for any single group,
1353-524: The religious university of Al Azhar , and became the prime indigenous model for other state universities. In 1928, the first group of female students enrolled at the university. On 27 January 2020, Egypt's High Administrative Court approved Cairo University's decision to ban its professors from wearing the niqab or face veil which was introduced in 2015. At the turn of the century, Egyptian intellectuals and public figures began making calls to establish an Egyptian institute of higher education to provide
1394-456: The time became a part of the university (except Al-Azhar), like Kasr Alainy (Medical School), Muhandess Khana (School of Engineering), Dar Al-Uloom (House of Science) and others that were established by Muhammad Ali Pasha . They became Faculties of the university after joining (e.g. the Faculty of Medicine or Faculty of Engineering ). Other Faculties were later founded by the university after
1435-404: The university was renamed King Fuad I University in his honor. It was renamed a second time after the 1952 Egyptian Revolution . The university currently enrolls approximately 155,000 students in 20 faculties and 3 institutions. It counts three Nobel Laureates among its graduates and is one of the 50 largest institutions of higher education in the world by enrollment. Before he retired in 1907,
1476-490: Was born Systematische Morphologie , perhaps the beginnings of cladistics , in its most general form. Towards the end of his career, Naef published several detailed accounts of Systematische Morphologie , including a succinct summary in the widely read 2nd edition of the Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften . This work strongly influenced Willi Hennig , who developed a similar philosophy but disagreed with Naef on
1517-516: Was finally proven, and he was the first to propose that modern squids evolved directly from belemnites. After a period of skepticism, this idea has recently been gathering traction. Naef's suggestion that argonauts could have evolved from ammonoids , however, has been refuted. In 1930, the extinct spirulid genus Naefia was named in his honor by paleontologist Walter Wetzel. University of Cairo Cairo University ( Arabic : جامعة القاهرة , romanized : Jāmiʿat al-Qāhira )
1558-527: Was founded on 21 December 1908, as the result of an effort to establish a national center for higher education. Several constituent colleges preceded the establishment of the university including the College of Engineering ( كلية الهندسة ) in 1816, which was shut down by the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , Sa'id Pasha , in 1854. Cairo University was founded as a European-inspired civil university, in contrast to
1599-454: Was given to Adolf Portmann instead. Naef remained at Cairo for the rest of his career. He planned a comprehensive Textbook of Vertebrate Zoology, but his work on the project was stifled by isolating governmental regulations during World War II . After the war, Naef attempted to continue with his publications. Soon, however, he developed pancreatic cancer. He returned to Zurich in 1949 and died on May 11; few obituaries were published. Naef
1640-604: Was married three times: first, to Elisabeth Rosenbaum on March 30, 1907. Their daughter Gerda was born on December 25 of the same year. In 1909, Elisabeth began studying medicine at the University of Zurich; she and Naef divorced in 1910. Naef's second marriage, begun soon afterward, also ended in divorce, in 1915. In 1917 he met his third wife, Maria Bendiner, and although they would not marry until 1924, this marriage lasted until Naef's death. The couple had two daughters. Along with his mentors and peers, Naef readily accepted Darwin 's theory of descent with modification , and embraced
1681-484: Was one of the first medical schools in Africa and the Middle East. Its first building was donated by Alaini Pasha. It has since undergone extensive expansion. The first president of Cairo University, then known as the Egyptian University, was Professor Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , who served from 1925 to 1941. After the Egyptian University's establishment in 1908, all Institutions of higher education that were in Egypt at