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42-670: After the Japanese military attaché in Germany witnessed trials of the Messerschmitt Me 262 in 1942, the Imperial Japanese Navy issued a request to Nakajima to develop a similar aircraft to be used as a fast attack aircraft . Among the specifications for the design were the requirements that it should be able to be built largely by unskilled labor, and that the wings should be foldable . This latter feature

84-495: A diplomatic mission , typically an embassy . They are usually high-ranking members of the armed forces who retain their commission while being accorded full diplomatic status and immunity . Generally, a military attaché serves as a representative of their country's defense establishment , with responsibility over all aspects of bilateral military and defense relations. Their main roles include advising diplomatic officials on security matters and gathering intelligence on

126-563: A ducted fan with an afterburner . Subsequent designs were planned around the Ne-10 (TR-10) centrifugal -flow turbojet , and the Ne-12 , which added a four-stage axial compressor to the front of the Ne-10. Tests of this powerplant soon revealed that it would not produce anywhere near the power required to propel the aircraft, and the project was temporarily stalled. It was then decided to produce

168-587: A gold oak leaf collar device, similar to the ones worn by majors in the United States Air Force and United States Army , and identical to that worn by majors in the United States Marine Corps . In all dress uniforms, they wear sleeve braid or shoulder boards bearing a single gold quarter-inch stripe between two gold half-inch strips (nominal size). Above or inboard of the stripes, they wear their speciality insignia (i.e.,

210-410: A lieutenant of eight years or more wore two stripes with a thinner one in between, and ranked with a major. This distinction was ostensibly abolished when the rank of lieutenant commander was introduced, although promotion to the latter rank for officers on a full career commission (FCC) was automatic following accumulation of eight years' seniority as a lieutenant. Automatic promotion officially ceased in

252-648: A lieutenant was called a "lieutenant commanding" or "lieutenant commandant" in the United States Navy , and a "lieutenant in command", "lieutenant and commander", or "senior lieutenant" in the Royal Navy . The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862 and made it a distinct rank. The RN followed suit in March 1914. In the Royal Canadian Navy , the rank of lieutenant-commander (LCdr) is

294-511: A navy blue/black background. The top stripe has the ubiquitous loop used in all RN officer rank insignia, except for the rank of Midshipman. The RAF follows this pattern with its equivalent rank of squadron leader . Having fewer officer ranks than the army, the RN previously split some of its ranks by seniority (time in rank) to provide equivalence: hence a lieutenant with fewer than eight years seniority wore two stripes, and ranked with an army captain;

336-628: A new axial flow turbojet based on the German BMW 003 . Development of the engine was troubled, as it was based on little more than photographs and a single cut-away drawing of the BMW 003; however, a suitable unit, the Ishikawajima Ne-20 , was quickly built in 1945. By mid-1945, the Kikka project was making progress once again and at this stage, due to the deteriorating war situation, it

378-626: Is major , and in the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces is squadron leader . It is roughly equivalent to the Corvette Captain rank in central European countries and the Captain 3rd rank rank in eastern European/CIS countries. The NATO rank code is mostly OF-3. A Lieutenant Commander is a department officer or the executive officer ( second-in-command ) on many warships and smaller shore installations, or

420-486: Is being used, or the higher grade of the rank if the officer is being addressed or referred to in shorthand. Therefore Lieutenant Commander John Smith Royal Navy is addressed as "Commander" or "Commander Smith", and referred to as "Commander Smith". Famous examples of this are: - Lieutenant Commander Lionel Crabb Royal Navy who in conversation, biopics, Admiralty correspondence and even statements in Parliament by

462-766: Is currently still in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration and Storage Facility in Silver Hill, Maryland. The second Kikka is on display at the NASM Udvar-Hazy Center in the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar. Correspondence in 2001 with Japanese propulsion specialist Kazuhiko Ishizawa theorized that Nakajima constructed the Museum’s Kikka airframe for load testing, not for flight tests. This may explain why

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504-486: Is possible that the Navy considered employing the Kikka as a kamikaze weapon, although this prospect was questionable due to the high cost and complexity associated with manufacturing contemporary turbojet engines. Other more economical projects designed specifically for kamikaze attacks, such as the simpler Nakajima Tōka (designed to absorb Japanese stock of obsolete engines), the pulsejet-powered Kawanishi Baika , and

546-947: The Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901 in China. The military attaché advised the United States Ambassador to Japan on military matters, acted as a liaison between United States Army and the Imperial General Headquarters , and gathered and disseminated intelligence . The military attaché's office in Tokyo usually had two assistants and a number of "language officers" who were assigned specifically to learn Japanese while attached to Imperial Japanese Army regiments as observers. These "language officers" translated training and technical manuals and reported on conditions in Japanese military units. During

588-655: The Kikka was taken from the A6M Zero and the nose wheel from the tail of a Yokosuka P1Y bomber. The Kikka is often identified as the J9N1 , or occasionally J9Y1 , which according to a researcher at the National Air and Space Museum is incorrect. The official name given to the aircraft was Kikka ( 橘花 ) . Like Japanese aircraft intended for use in suicide missions, it received only a name. Imperial Japanese Naval aircraft were designated similar to U.S. Naval aircraft of

630-532: The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), military attachés from many Western military organizations served as observers with the land and naval forces of Russia and of Japan. The United States Army detailed eight officers to serve as military attachés with opposing forces in the field; and all served from the start of hostilities in 1904 through the signing of the peace protocols in September 1905. After

672-470: The commanding officer of a smaller ship/installation. They are also department officers in naval aviation squadrons. Some navies address Lieutenant Commanders by their full rank or the positions they occupy ("captain" if in command of a vessel). In the British Royal Navy , United States Navy and Commonwealth Navies however, officers are addressed by their full rank if their full name

714-405: The naval rank equal to major in the army or air force and is the first senior officer rank. Lieutenant commanders are senior to lieutenants (N) and to army and air force captains , and are junior to commanders and lieutenant colonels . The insignia worn by a Royal Navy lieutenant commander is two medium gold braid stripes with one thin gold stripe running in between, placed upon

756-408: The 18th century, DAs were increasingly assigned to embassies, and by the 19th century the practice had become widespread commensurate with the emergence of national defence departments/ministries and the building of colonial empires. The 20th century brought dramatic changes in the number and background of DAs, owing to the growing number of states, the increasingly complex nature of weapons systems, and

798-458: The Nakajima factory on 30 June 1945. The following month it was dismantled and delivered to Kisarazu Naval Airfield where it was re-assembled and prepared for flight testing. The first flight took place on 7 August 1945 (the day after Hiroshima was bombed by atomic bomb), with Lieutenant Commander Susumu Takaoka at the controls. The aircraft performed well during a 20-minute test flight, with

840-461: The Ne-20. Data from Kikka, Monogram Close-Up 19 General characteristics Performance Armament Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Military attach%C3%A9 A military attaché or defence attaché ( DA ), sometimes known as a " military diplomat ", is an official responsible for military matters within

882-465: The Prime Minister is almost invariably referred to as “Commander Crabb”. - Acting Temporary Lieutenant Commander Ewen Montagu RNVR , who is routinely referred to as "Commander Montagu" in historical and contemporary records, and in interviews by his colleagues on Operation Mincemeat . Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain . Such

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924-455: The RATO was actuated, immediately jolting the aircraft back onto its tail leaving the pilot with no effective tail control. After the nine-second burning time of the RATO ran out the nose came down and the nose wheel contacted the runway, resulting in a sudden deceleration, however both engines were still functioning normally. At this point the pilot opted to abort the take off, but fighting to brake

966-596: The United States and the Soviet Union. Soviet liaison-teams were conducting similar missions in West Germany. These tours had evolved into a legalized form of intelligence-gathering, usually accepted by both sides. The killing became a diplomatic incident. In retaliation, the United States expelled Soviet military attaché Stanislav Gromov, who was selected for his effectiveness in collecting intelligence on

1008-471: The United States for the Soviet Union from his post in Washington. Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant Commander (also hyphenated lieutenant-commander and abbreviated Lt Cdr , LtCdr. , LCDR , or LCdr ) is a commissioned officer rank in many navies . The rank is superior to a lieutenant and subordinate to a commander . The corresponding rank in most armies and air forces

1050-515: The aircraft and perform a ground loop only put him in danger of running it into other installations. Eventually the aircraft ran over a drainage ditch which caught the tricycle landing gear, the aircraft continued to skid forward and stopped short of the water's edge. Before it could be repaired Japan had surrendered and the war was over. At this point, the second prototype was close to completion, and approximately 23 more airframes were under construction. Five of these were two-seat trainers . After

1092-521: The armed forces, although some governments designate an attaché to represent a specific service branch, such as an air force or naval attaché. As a formal diplomatic practice, the defence attaché system is traced to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), when French Foreign Secretary Armand Jean du Plessis , First Duke of Richelieu dispatched military officers abroad to liaise with allied powers, monitor military developments and gather intelligence. In

1134-575: The better-known Yokosuka Ohka , were either underway or already in mass production. Compared to the Me 262 , the Kikka airframe was noticeably smaller and more conventional in design, with straight wings (lacking the slight sweepback of the Me 262) and tail surfaces. The triangular fuselage cross section characteristic of the German design was less pronounced, due to smaller fuel tanks . The main landing gear of

1176-484: The early 21st century and promotion is ostensibly now only awarded on merit. Throughout much of its existence, the British Royal Observer Corps (ROC) maintained a rank of observer lieutenant commander. The ROC wore a Royal Air Force uniform and their rank insignia appeared similar to that of an RAF squadron leader except that the stripes were shown entirely in black. Prior to the renaming,

1218-724: The embassy, he was attached to the French army command during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and later campaigns. The functions of a military attaché are illustrated by actions of U.S. military attachés in Japan around the time of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–1905. A series of military officers had been assigned to the American diplomatic mission in Tokyo since 1901, when the U.S. and Japan were co-operating closely in response to

1260-546: The engine nacelles of the strength tester were the same as the standard aircraft, and that the strength tester was stressed until failure. Based on this information, the mock nacelles were potentially added for display purposes after transit to the United States. Two Ne-20 jet engines had been taken to the US and sent for analysis to the Chrysler Corporation in 1946. This was only revealed in 2005 by W. I. Chapman, who

1302-457: The engine nacelles previously fitted on the Museum’s Kikka airframe are too small to enclose the Ne-20 engines. However, Ishizawa later stated that a limited survey at the Paul E. Garber facility concluded that this Kikka may not be a strength-tester due to the presence of wiring, hydraulics and controls. Furthermore, Susumu Watanabe, who was in charge of engine outfitting for the Kikka, recalled that

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1344-588: The enhanced importance of intelligence gathering, particularly during the Cold War. The DA system was formally recognized in the Vienna Convention of 1961, which codified the rights and responsibilities of diplomats. General Edward Stopford Claremont , served as the first British military attaché (at first described as "military commissioner") based in Paris for 25 years from 1856 to 1881. Though based in

1386-456: The host country's armed forces; they may also be tasked with other security issues, such as migration or law enforcement matters. The duties, qualifications, and management of a military attaché varies between governments. The term " attaché " is French and denotes an individual who is assigned ("attached") to a diplomatic mission to fulfill a particular specialized function. Generically, a military or defense attaché may come from any branch of

1428-454: The only concern being the length of the takeoff run. For the second test flight, four days later (4 days prior to Japan's declaration of surrender), rocket-assisted take-off (RATO) units were fitted to the aircraft. The pilot had been uneasy about the angle at which the rocket tubes had been set, but with no time to correct them they decided to simply reduce the thrust of the rockets from 800 kg to only 400 kg. Four seconds into take off

1470-439: The planes under construction at the end of the war were to be completed as two-seat trainers. Other follow-on versions proposed included a reconnaissance aircraft , and a fighter armed with two 30 mm Type 5 cannons with 50 rounds per gun. The fighter was expected to be powered by a more advanced development of the Ne-20, known as Ne-20 Kai 6.37 kN (650 kgf), which was planned to have approximately 30% more thrust than

1512-624: The rank had been known as observer lieutenant (first class) . In the United States , the rank of lieutenant commander exists in the United States Navy , United States Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps . Within the U.S. Navy, lieutenant commanders are listed as junior officers . There are two insignia used by U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard lieutenant commanders. On service khakis and all working uniforms, lieutenant commanders wear

1554-456: The time frame. A first letter, denoting the role/type of aircraft, separated by a number that denotes where in the series of aircraft of the same role the aircraft resides, followed by a second letter denoting the design and manufacturing firm, and finally, a second number denoting the aircraft subtype. The first three characters remain constant through all the sub-variants an aircraft might be built to. The first prototype commenced ground tests at

1596-545: The war, airframes 3, 4, and 5 (and possibly other partial airframes) were brought to the U.S. for study. Today, two examples survive in the National Air and Space Museum : The first is a Kikka that was taken to the Patuxent River Naval Air Base , Maryland for analysis. This aircraft is very incomplete and is believed to have been patched together from a variety of semi-completed airframes. It

1638-558: The war, the reports of British officers attached to the Japanese forces in the field were combined and published in four volumes. During this conflict, some attachés served primarily in Manchuria, and others served primarily in Tokyo. Some, like Italian naval officer Ernesto Burzagli , saw service both at sea and in Tokyo. The agreed conditions that allow military attachés to gather information can be misunderstood with fatal results. United States military attaché Maj. Arthur D. Nicholson

1680-490: Was in charge of the project at the time. A working engine was assembled with the parts of the two Ne-20s, and tested for 11 hours and 46 minutes. A report was issued on 7 April 1947, titled "Japanese NE-20 turbo jet engine. Construction and performance". The document is now on display at the Tokyo National Science Museum . Nakajima Aircraft Company developed some variants of the aircraft: Five of

1722-541: Was killed on March 24, 1985, while photographing a military installation in East Germany 160 kilometres (100 miles) northwest of Berlin. He was reportedly observing from a point not marked off-limits, though near a place that was. According to Sgt. Jessie Schatz, Nicholson's driver, there were no warning shots and the Soviets refused to give Nicholson medical attention for nearly an hour. His role had been agreed to by

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1764-462: Was to enable the aircraft to be hidden in caves and tunnels around Japan as the navy began to prepare for the defense of the home islands. Nakajima designers Kenichi Matsumura and Kazuo Ohno laid out an aircraft that bore a strong but superficial resemblance to the Me 262. The Kikka was designed in preliminary form to use the Tsu-11 , a rudimentary motorjet style jet engine that was essentially

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